1) Determine the vector equation of the line passing through the points −1,0,2 and 2, −1,3 .

2 −1 3 𝑥) 2 3
𝑥
A direction vector is −1 − 0 = −1 . Therefore, the vector equation is * = −1 + 𝑡 −1 .
3 2 1 𝑥+ 3 1

3 −1
2) Write the equation of the plane passing through 𝑃 = −1 with normal vector 𝒏 = 1 in (a)
4 −2
normal form and (b) general form.

−1 𝑥) − 3
a) 1 ⋅ 𝑥* + 1 = 0
−2 𝑥+ − 4
b) −𝑥) + 𝑥* − 2𝑥+ = −12

3) Write the equation of the plane passing through the point 𝑃 = (6, −4, −3) with direction vectors 𝒖 =
0 −1
1 and 𝒗 = 1 .
1 1
𝑥 6 0 −1
𝑦 = −4 + 𝑡 1 + 𝑠 1 .
𝑧 −3 1 1

4) Write the vector equation of the plane passing through the points 𝑃 = 1,1,0 , 𝑄 = 1,0,1 and 𝑅 =
0,1, −1 .

1 1 0
We need to find two direction vectors for the plane. We pick 𝑃𝑄 = 0 − 1 = −1 and 𝑃𝑅 =
1 0 1
0 1 −1 𝑥 1 0 −1
1 − 1 = 0 . So the equation of the plane is 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡 −1 + 𝑠 0 .
−1 0 −1 𝑧 0 1 −1

2
5) The line 𝑙 passes through the point 𝑃 = 1, −1,1 and has direction vector 𝒅 = 3 . Determine
−1
whether the plane 𝒫 with equation 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 and the line 𝑙 are parallel, perpendicular or
neither.
 4 2 4
The normal vector of the plane is 𝒏 = −1 and since 𝒅 ⋅ 𝒏 = 3 ⋅ −1 = 0, the line is parallel
5 −1 5
to the plane.
𝒏

6) Find the vector form of the equation of the line in ℝ+ that passes through 𝑃 = −1,0,3 and is
perpendicular to the plane with general equation 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5.

1
The normal to the plane is 𝒏 = −3 . If the line wants to be perpendicular to the plane, then 𝒅,
2
the direction vector of the line, must be parallel to 𝒏. So we can use 𝒏 as the direction vector of
𝑥 −1 1
the line. Now the vector equation of the line is 𝑦 = 0 + 𝑡 −3 .
𝑧 3 2
𝒏

𝑥 1 −2
7) Find the distance from the point 𝑃 = (0,1,1) to the line 𝑙: 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡 0 .
𝑧 1 3

1 0 1 −1
For 𝑡 = 0, we can pick 𝑄 = 1 as a point on the line and 𝑄𝑃 = 1 − 1 = 0 . The distance
1 1 1 0
will be
9
−
−1 2 −2 13 117
𝑄𝑃 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝒅 𝑄𝑃 = 0 − 0 = 0 = .
13 6 13
0 3
−
13
8) Find the distance from the point 𝑄 = 1,2, −1 to the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0.

1
For the sample point 𝑃 = 1, −1,0 on the plane, we need to build the vector 𝑃𝑄 = 2 −
−1
1 0
−1 = 3 . The distance is
0 −1
0 1
3 ⋅ 1
1 4 1 4
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝒏 𝑃𝑄 = −1 −1 = = 3.
1 1
1 1 3 3
−1 −1
1 ⋅ 1
−1 −1

1) Find the standard matrix of the following linear transformations:

𝑥 2𝑥 − 3𝑧
a) 𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑧
𝑧 𝑥−𝑦

2 0 −3
𝑇 = 1 0 1
1 −1 0

𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑥
b) 𝑇 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 3𝑦
−3𝑥 − 2𝑦

1 2
𝑇 = −1 −3
−3 −2

2) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ* → ℝ* that rotates each point 𝜃 ∘ counterclockwise about
the origin, where 𝜃 ∘ is one of the following:
N
a) 𝜃 =
+
) +
𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥 − 3𝑦
* *
𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦 = * 3𝑥 + 𝑦
+ )
* *
N
b) 𝜃 =
O
* *
𝑥 − 𝑥 * 𝑥−𝑦
* *
𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑦
* * *
* *
*N
c) 𝜃 =
+
 ) +
𝑥 − − 𝑥 ) −𝑥 − 3𝑦
* *
𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦 =*
+ ) 3𝑥 − 𝑦
−
* *

3) Find the standard matrix of 𝑆 ∘ 𝑇, where 𝑇 and 𝑆 are defined as follows:

𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
a) 𝑇 𝑦 = , 𝑆 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
−𝑥
𝑥−𝑦

1 3 1 3 −3 1
0 1 0 1
𝑇 = , 𝑆 = 2 1 ⇒ 𝑆∘𝑇 = 𝑆 𝑇 = 2 1 = −1 2
−1 0 −1 0
1 −1 1 −1 1 1
𝑦 − 3𝑥 −3 1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
𝑆∘𝑇 𝑦 =𝑆 = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = −1 2 𝑦
−𝑥
𝑦+𝑥 1 1
𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
b) 𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦+𝑧 , 𝑆 𝑦 = 𝑦−𝑧
𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑥

1 1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 1 0
𝑇 = 0 1 1 ,𝑆 = 0 1 −1 ⇒ 𝑆∘𝑇 = 𝑆 𝑇 = 0 1 −1 0 1 1
1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 −1
= −1 1 0
0 −1 1
𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑧 1 0 −1 𝑥
𝑆∘𝑇 𝑦 =𝑆 𝑦+𝑧 = −𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1 1 0 𝑦
𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 −𝑦 + 𝑧 0 −1 1 𝑧

4) Find the standard matrix of a linear transformation that first rotates a point counterclockwise
about the origin by 𝜋/4 radians and then projects the result onto the 𝑦-axis.

N N
cos − sin
O O
The standard matrix of the first linear transformation is N
and the
N
sin cos
O O
0 0
standard matrix of the second linear transformation is . So the standard matrix of the
0 1
N N * *
0 0 cos O − sin 0 0 * − 0 0
O *
result is = = * * .
0 1 sin N cos
N 0 1 * *
* *
O O * *
5) Find the standard matrix of the linear transformation T: ℝ* → ℝ* that first reflects a vector
1
through the x-axis and then projects it onto the line l with direction vector d = . Also, write
2
the equation of this linear transformation.

1
Solution: The standard matrix of the projection onto the line with direction vector 𝑑 =
2
1 1* 1×2 = 1 1 2 .
1* + 2* 1×2 2* 5 2 4

1 0
The standard matrix of the reflection is . So the standard matrix of the composite is
0 −1
1 1 2 1 0 1 1 −2
= .
5 2 4 0 −1 5 2 −4
`a*b
𝑥 ) 1 −2 𝑥 _
So the equation of the linear transformation is 𝑇 𝑦 = = .
_ 2 −4 𝑦 *`aOb
_

𝑥) 𝑥) + 2𝑥*
6) Find the inverse of the linear transformation 𝑇 𝑥* = , if it exists.
𝑥) − 𝑥*

) *
a)
1 2 a) 1 2 ) −1 −2 + +
Since 𝑇 = and 𝑇 = =− = ) ) we have
1 −1 1 −1 + −1 1 −
+ +
1 2 𝑥) + 2𝑥*
𝑥) 𝑥) 𝑥
= 3 3 3
)
𝑇 a) 𝑥* = 𝑇 a)
𝑥* = 𝑥 − 𝑥* .
1 1 𝑥* )
−
3 3 3

7) Find the standard matrix of the following linear transformations:

𝑥 2𝑥 − 3𝑧
c) 𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑧
𝑧 𝑥−𝑦

2 0 −3
𝑇 = 1 0 1
1 −1 0

𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑥
d) 𝑇 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 3𝑦
−3𝑥 − 2𝑦
 1 2
𝑇 = −1 −3
−3 −2

8) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ* → ℝ* that rotates each point 𝜃 ∘ counterclockwise about
the origin, where 𝜃 ∘ is one of the following:
N
d) 𝜃 =
+
) +
𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥 − 3𝑦
* *
𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦 = * 3𝑥 + 𝑦
+ )
* *
N
e) 𝜃 =
O
* *
𝑥 − 𝑥 * 𝑥−𝑦
* *
𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑦
* * *
* *
*N
f) 𝜃=
+
) +
𝑥 − − 𝑥 ) −𝑥 − 3𝑦
* *
𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦 =*
+ ) 3𝑥 − 𝑦
−
* *

9) Find the standard matrix of 𝑆 ∘ 𝑇, where 𝑇 and 𝑆 are defined as follows:

𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
c) 𝑇 𝑦 = , 𝑆 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
−𝑥
𝑥−𝑦

1 3 1 3 −3 1
0 1 0 1
𝑇 = , 𝑆 = 2 1 ⇒ 𝑆∘𝑇 = 𝑆 𝑇 = 2 1 = −1 2
−1 0 −1 0
1 −1 1 −1 1 1
𝑦 − 3𝑥 −3 1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
𝑆∘𝑇 𝑦 =𝑆 = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = −1 2 𝑦
−𝑥
𝑦+𝑥 1 1
𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
d) 𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑦+𝑧 , 𝑆 𝑦 = 𝑦−𝑧
𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑥

1 1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 1 0
𝑇 = 0 1 1 , 𝑆 = 0 1 −1 ⇒ 𝑆∘𝑇 = 𝑆 𝑇 = 0 1 −1 0 1 1
1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 −1
= −1 1 0
0 −1 1
 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑧 1 0 −1 𝑥
𝑆∘𝑇 𝑦 =𝑆 𝑦+𝑧 = −𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1 1 0 𝑦
𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 −𝑦 + 𝑧 0 −1 1 𝑧

10) Find the standard matrix of a linear transformation that first rotates a point counterclockwise
about the origin by 𝜋/4 radians and then projects the result onto the 𝑦-axis.

N N
cos − sin
O O
The standard matrix of the first linear transformation is N
and the N
sin cos
O O
0 0
standard matrix of the second linear transformation is . So the standard matrix of the
0 1
N N * *
0 0 cos O − sin 0 0 * − 0 0
O *
result is = = * * .
0 1 sin N cos
N 0 1 * *
* *
O O * *

11) Find the standard matrix of the linear transformation T: ℝ* → ℝ* that first reflects a vector
1
through the x-axis and then projects it onto the line l with direction vector d = . Also, write
2
the equation of this linear transformation.

1
Solution: The standard matrix of the projection onto the line with direction vector 𝑑 =
2
1 1 *
1×2 = 1 1 2
.
1* + 2* 1×2 2* 5 2 4

1 0
The standard matrix of the reflection is . So the standard matrix of the composite is
0 −1
1 1 2 1 0 1 1 −2
= .
5 2 4 0 −1 5 2 −4
`a*b
𝑥 ) 1 −2 𝑥 _
So the equation of the linear transformation is 𝑇 𝑦 = = .
_ 2 −4 𝑦 *`aOb
_

𝑥) 𝑥) + 2𝑥*
12) Find the inverse of the linear transformation 𝑇 𝑥* = , if it exists.
𝑥) − 𝑥*

) *
a)
1 2 a) 1 2 ) −1 −2 + +
Since 𝑇 = and 𝑇 = =− = ) ) we have
1 −1 1 −1 + −1 1 −
+ +
1 2 𝑥) + 2𝑥*
𝑥) 𝑥) 3 𝑥) =
𝑇 a) 𝑥* = 𝑇 a)
𝑥* = 3 3
𝑥) − 𝑥* .
1 1 𝑥*
−
3 3 3
1) Perform the following operations, if possible:
−1 5
1 2 6
a) 2 3 =
3 0 1
1 4
9 35
−2 19

1 1 −1 2 −2 1
b) 0 1 2 1 1 0 =
1 0 1 2 −1 1
1 0 0
5 −1 2
4 −3 2

1
c) 2 2 1 −1 1 =
3
2 1 −1 1
4 2 −2 2
6 3 −3 3

1
d) 2 1 −1 1 2 =
3
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

*
1 1 −1
e) 0 1 2 =
1 0 1
0 2 0
2 1 4
2 1 0

3 1 2 4 1 0
f) 2 −5 =
−2 0 6 2 0 1
−4 − 18
−34 − 10

2) Find the inverse of the following matrices, if possible:

2 −2 1
a) 1 1 0
2 −1 1
1 1 −1
−1 0 1
−3 − 2 4
 2 0 −1
b) 1 5 1
2 3 0
−3 − 3 5
2 2 −3
−7 − 6 10

1 −1 2
c) 3 1 2
2 3 −1
𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒!
1 Exercises on Determinants - Solutions

Find the determinant of the following matrices:

1 1 −1
1) det � 0 1 2�=
1 0 1
4
2 0 −1
2) det � 1 5 1� =
2 3 0
1

1 −1 2
3) det � 3 1 2� =
−2 3 1
24
1 0 1
4) det � 4 7 3�=
−2 2 −4
−12

5) Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 be two 3 × 3 matrices with det 𝐴𝐴 = −1 and det 𝐵𝐵 = 2. Compute the following:

a) det(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) =
−2
b) det(𝐵𝐵5 ) =
(det(𝐵𝐵))5 = 25 = 32
c) det(2𝐴𝐴) =
23 det(𝐴𝐴) = 23 × (−1) = −8
d) det(𝐵𝐵−1 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) =
det(𝐴𝐴) = − 1

6) Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the following vectors:

2 −1
a) � � , � �
3 4
We can think of these vectors as vectors in ℝ3 by considering their third coordinates as
2 −1
zero; i.e., we can find the area of the parallelogram formed by �3� and � 4 �. The area is
0 0
2 −1 𝒆𝒆𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟑𝟑
��3� × � 4 �� = �det � 2 3 0 ��
0 0 −1 4 0
0
3 0 2 0 2 3
= �det � � 𝒆𝒆𝟏𝟏 − det � � 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 + det � � 𝒆𝒆𝟑𝟑 � = ‖11𝒆𝒆𝟑𝟑 ‖ = �� 0 ��
4 0 −1 0 −1 4
11
= 11
2 Exercises on Determinants - Solutions

1 −1
b) �2� , � 0 �
3 5
1 −1 𝒆𝒆𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟑𝟑
��2� × � 0 �� = �det � 1 2 3 ��
3 5 −1 0 5
2 3 1 3 1 2
= �det � � 𝒆𝒆 − det � � 𝒆𝒆 + det � � 𝒆𝒆 �
0 5 𝟏𝟏 −1 5 𝟐𝟐 −1 0 𝟑𝟑
10
= ‖10𝒆𝒆𝟏𝟏 − 8𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 + 2𝒆𝒆𝟑𝟑 ‖ = ��−8�� = √100 + 64 + 4 = √168
2

7) Find the determinant of the following matrices using row operations:

1 2 −1
a) � 0 3 1�
1 5 0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴−1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 3 1 2 −1
�⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� � 0 3 1 � and since there are two identical rows the
0 3 1
determinant is zero.

1 0 1
b) �4 7 3�
0 7 −1
1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴−4 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 2 0 1
�⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� �0 7 − 1� and since there are two identical rows the
0 7 −1
determinant is zero.

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
8) If det �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓� = 4 find the following
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖
3𝑔𝑔 3ℎ 3𝑖𝑖
a) det � 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 �
𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
= 3 det � 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 � = ⏟ − 3 det � 𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 � =⏟ 3 det �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓� = 3 × 4
𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅1 ⟷𝑅𝑅2 𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅2 ⟷𝑅𝑅3 𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖
= 12

𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖
b) det �2𝑑𝑑 − 3𝑔𝑔 2𝑒𝑒 − 3ℎ 2𝑓𝑓 − 3𝑖𝑖�
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
=
⏟ det �2𝑑𝑑 2𝑒𝑒 2𝑓𝑓� ⏟ − det �2𝑑𝑑
= 2𝑒𝑒 2𝑓𝑓� = − 2 det �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓� =
𝑅𝑅2 +3𝑅𝑅1 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅1 ⟷𝑅𝑅3 𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖
− 2 × 4 = −8
3 Exercises on Determinants - Solutions

9) Find the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the following vectors:

1 −1 1
a) �2� , � 1 � , �−1�
3 0 1
1 −1 1
Volume = �det �2 1 − 1� � = 3
3 0 1

1 0 1
b) �0� , � 1 � , �−2�
2 −1 0
1 0 1
Volume = �det � 0 1 − 2 � � = |−4| = 4
2 −1 0
1 Exercises on Counting - Solutions

1) In how many ways can the letters of HOMOMORPHISM be arranged?

Solution: There are 2 H’s, 3 O’s, 3 M’s, 1 R, 1 I, 1 S and 1 P and totally 12 letters. So it can be
12!
arranged in ways.
2!3!3!1!1!1!1!

2) The Math club has 30 members. They vote to change the location of Friday's party. 21 vote in
favour. 9 vote against. They strike a committee of six people to settle the issue.
a) In how many ways can the six people be selected?
b) In how many ways can the six people be selected if 4 must be from the 21 supporting the change
and 2 must be from those that do not support the change?
c) In how many ways can the six people be selected if a clear majority must come from the group
supporting the change?

Solution:

30
a) � �
6
21 9
b) � � � �
4 2
21 9 21 9 21 9
c) � � � � + � � � � + � � � �
6 0 5 1 4 2

3) In how many ways can the letters of QUALITATIVE be arranged if the QU must remain together
but can be in either order?

Solution: There are 2 A’s, 1 L, 2 I’s, 2 T’s, 1 V, 1 E and 1 QU. So totally there are 10 letters (we
10!
think of QU as one letter) and QU can be rearranged in 2! Ways. So there are 2! ways
2!1!2!2!1!1!
to arrange QUALITATIVE.

4) Suppose a collection of 50 math puzzles contains 6 puzzles with missing pieces. A sample of 7 is
selected to check for missing pieces. In how many ways can the sample be taken? In how many
samples are there exactly 2 puzzles with missing pieces?

50
Solution: A sample of 7 can be taken in � � ways.
7
44 6
There are 44 puzzles without a missing piece. So the answer is � � � �.
5 2
2 Exercises on Counting - Solutions

5) A combination lock requires three selections of numbers, each from 1 to 25.

a) How many different combinations are possible?
b) How many different combinations are possible if no number may be used twice?
c) How many different combinations are possible if the middle number cannot be the
same as the first and the third (but the first and third can be the same)?

Solution:
a) 253
25!
b) 𝑃𝑃(25,3) = (25−3)!
c) There are 25 choices for the middle number and the other two numbers cannot be the same,
therefore they are 24 choices for them: 24 × 25 × 24.

6) A camera shop stocks eight different types of batteries, one of which is type A7b. Assume
there are at least 30 batteries of each type. How many ways can a total inventory of 30
batteries be distributed among the eight different types?

8 + 30 − 1
Solution: � �
30