Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Collage of Engineering and Technology– Smart Village

Basic and Applied Sciences Department - Cairo

Mathematics
Lecture#4
Plane Transformations : Plane
Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Dr. Mohamed Salah

Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Descartes coordinate system.

The Distance Formula

The distance between two points
(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 𝑖𝑠
(𝑎1 − 𝑏1 )2 +(𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )2

write the pairs of numbers in columns. Thus, for example,

1
instead of (1, 2), we will write
2 2
Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Example 1:Translations
1 −2 −1
+ =
2 2 4
1 −2 −1
+ =
2 −3 −1
1 1 2
+ =
2 −1 1
1 4 5
+ =
2 −3 −1

The vector that starts at the origin and ends at the point A
in the plane is called the position vector of the point A.
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 Example 1
Perform the addition of the following points (given
through their coordinates).
−2 2 4 −4
a) + b) +
0 2 1 −1

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Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices

Matrices
𝑎1 𝑎2
A two-by-two matrix. 𝑏 𝑏2
1

The numbers 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 and 𝑎4 in the matrix are called the

entries of the matrix.

n-by-m matrix is a rectangular array of numbers with 𝑛

rows and 𝑚 columns. The numbers 𝑛 and 𝑚 in this setting
are called the dimensions of the matrix

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Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Add the matrices
1 2 3 4 1+3 2+4
+ =
−2 1 5 6 −2 + 5 1 + 6

Multiply the matrix by the number

Example: multiply by 3
1 2 1×3 2×3
3 = :
−2 1 −2 × 3 1 × 3
The product formula:
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑐1 𝑎1 × 𝑐1 + 𝑎2 × (𝑐2 )
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝑏1 × 𝑐1 + 𝑏2 × (𝑐2 )

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Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 2: Multiplication by a Matrix
1 2 −1
We will find the product of and using the
3 4 0
product formula:
1 2 −1 1 × −1 + 2 × (0) −1
= =
3 4 0 3 × −1 + 4 × (0) −3
1 2
We see that multiplication by the matrix
3 4
rearranges the points in the plane, each one
being moved to the product of the matrix
1 2
with that point (as a pair of numbers
3 4
written in a column). In the shown Figure we
visualize what we have found so far.
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Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 3: Some Reflections
−1 0 𝑎
If multiply the matrix in any vector
0 1 𝑏
−1 0 𝑎 −𝑎
=
0 1 𝑏 𝑏

Geometrically, this means that

both points are at equal distance
from the vertical axis, but they
are on the opposite sides of it

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 Example 2
1
Find algebraically the image of the point under the
3
composition of the reflection with respect to the
horizontal axis followed by the reflection with respect to
the vertical axis.

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Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 4: Rotations About the Origin
(Algebraic description of rotations
around the origin) To get the
coordinates of the image of the point
𝑎
(a, b) (or ) under the rotation around
𝑏
the origin through an angle α, we
simply need to multiply the matrix
cos 𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑎
by the point .
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑏

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 Example 3
1
Find algebraically the image of the point under the
3
rotation around the origin through the angle of 45°.

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Plane Symmetries, Vectors, and Matrices
Example 5: Rotations about Any Point

𝑎
the image of any point under
𝑏
𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝐶, 60 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣 °𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝑂, 60)°𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣
cos 𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑎 −2 2
Are + +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑏 −3 3

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 Example 4
1
Find algebraically the image of the point under the
2
2
rotation around the point through the angle of 60°.
3

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 Example 5
𝑎
Find a formula for the image of any point under the
𝑏
reflection with respect to the line y = x.

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Exercises Page 87

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