PEP 5A Contents:

1. Clauses
Room: 308
2. Types of Clauses
3. Relative Clauses

Presented by:
4. Defining Relative Clauses
Muy Daravuth 5. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
1. Clauses
A clause is a combination of words that makes up a sentence. It consists of a subject and a
predicate.
Examples:
- He is working in his office.
- They always visit here on Sundays.

2. Types of Clauses
2.1. Main Clause or Independent Clause: It is a group of words with a subject and a verb.
It can stand alone and makes a complete sense.
Examples:
- I know how to drive a car, but I enjoy riding a bike.
- I was not keeping well, so I took a day off work.
2. Types of Clauses (Continue)
2.2. Subordinate Clause or Dependent Clause: It is a group of words that consists of a
subject and a verb. It always begins with a subordinating conjunction or a relative
pronoun. It doesn’t make a complete sense or meaning when it stands alone.
Examples: Examples:
- After I finish my English class. - After I finish my English class, I watch a movie.
- While he was driving. - While he was driving, his wife called him.
- When my friends arrived. - I was playing a piano, when my friends arrived,
- Who went out. - I know the woman who went out.
- Which I bought for her. - She loved the gift which I bought for her.
2.3. Types of Dependent Clause:
✓ Noun Clauses
✓ Adjective Clauses
✓ Conditional Clauses
✓ Comparative Clauses
3. Relative Clauses or Adjective Clauses
A Relative Clause is used to define who or what we are talking about. It starts with a
relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

❖ Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, and that.

➢ who (subject) for a person or people.
➢ whom (object) for a person or people.
➢ whose for possession.
➢ which for thing(s)
➢ that for a person and a thing

❖ Relative adverbs: where, when, why.

➢ where for a place.
➢ when for time.
➢ why for a reason.
Examples:
- The necklace which / that my mother bought for me was very expensive.
- The man whom you were talking to is my father.
- The girl whom your sister met at school yesterday is my niece.
- The woman who was shot to death is my friend’s mother.
- The boy whose sister works with me is a popular singer.
- I will never forget the day when I met Darareaksmey.
- It is the reason why I don’t want to meet her anymore.
- The National Museum where national and international tourists always visit is very
interesting.
4. Defining Relative Clauses
It identifies who or what we are speaking about. It tells us essential information about
the noun before it.
Examples:
- The necklace which / that my mother bought for me was very expensive.
- The man whom you were talking to is my father.
- The woman who was shot to death is my friend’s mother.
- The boy whose sister works with me is a popular singer.
- I don’t know the man whom you want to tell me about.
5. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
It gives extra information about the person or thing. It is not necessary; it is separated by
commas.
Examples:
- Clare, who I work with, is doing London marathon this year.
- The summer, when the sun is shining, is always my favorite time of the year.
- The centre of the village, where you’ll find the gardens, is very beautiful.
 ** NOTE: “that “ cannot be used in Non-Defining Relative Clauses.
- The books, that you borrowed from the library, are very interesting.

❖ Omission of Relative Pronouns

The relative pronoun can only be omitted when it is the object of the clause. When the
relative pronoun is the subject of the clause, it cannot be omitted.
Examples:
- An ambulance came to take the climber (whom) I helped.
- The hunter (who) my sister saw in the woods was caught by the police.
- The train (which) she was about to take was late.
- This is the terminal (that) I told you about.
- That’s the seat (which) my ticket has written on it.