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(Reaffirmed 2016)

IS 13360 (Part 9/See 5): 1999

(Reaffirmed 2015)
(Reaffirmed 2020)

(Reaffirmed 2014)

(Reaffirmed 2013)

Indian Standard (Reaffirmed 2012)

PLASTICS — METHODS OF TESTING
PART 9 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
(Reaffirmed 2011)
Section 5 Determination of Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics

(Reaffirmed 2010)
ICS 83.080; 17.180.99

(Reaffirmed 2009)

(Reaffirmed 2008)

(Reaffirmed 2007)

(Reaffirmed 2006)

(Reaffirmed 2005)

0 BIS 1999

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Jufy 1999 Price Group 2

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Methods of Test for Plastics Sectional Committee, PC13 23

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards after the draft finalized by the Methods of
Test for Plastics Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal and-Related Products Division
Council.

Light that is scattered upon passing through a film or sheet of a material can produce a hazy or smoky field
when objects are viewed through the material. Another effect can be veiling glare, as occurs in a automobile
windshield when driving into the sun.

Although haze measurements are made most commonly by the use of a hazemeter, a spectrophotometer may be
used, provided that it meets the geometric and spectral requirements of 3. The use of a spectrophotometer for
haze measurement of plastics can provide valuable diagnostic data on the origin of the haze.

Regular luminous transmittance is obtained by placing a clear specimen at some distance from the entrance port
of the integration sphere. However, when the specimen is hazy, the total hemispherical luminous transmittance
shall be measured by placing the specimen at the entrance port of the sphere. The measured total hemispherical
luminous transmittance will be greater than the regular luminous transmittance, depending on the optical
properties of the sample. With this test method, the specimen is necessarily placed at the entrance port of the
sphere in order to measure haze and total hemispherical luminous transmittance.

Haze data representative of the material maybe obtained by avoiding heterogeneous surface or internaldefects
not characteristic of the material.

Haze and luminous-transmittance data are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.
The derivation of formulae for haze is given in Annex A for information.

While preparing this standard considerable assistance has been derived from ASTM D 1003-95 ‘Standard test
method for haze and luminous transmittance of transparent plastics’ issued by American Society for Testing
and Materials, USA.

In reporting the results of a test of analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed
or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off
numerical values (revised)’.

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IS 13360 (Part 9/See 5) :1999

Indian standard
PLASTICS — METHODS OF TESTING
PART 9 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Section 5 Determination of Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics

1 SCOPE reflecting area of the sphere. The entrance and exit

ports shall be centered on the same great circle of the
1.1 This standard covers the evaluation of specific
sphere, and there shall be at least 170° of arc between
light-transmitting and wide-angle-light-scattering
centres, The exit port shall subtend an angle of 8° at
properties of planar sections of materials such as
the centre of the entrance port. With the light trap in
essentially transparent plastics. A procedure is
position, without the specimen, the axis of the
provided for the measurement of luminous transmit-
irradiating beam shall pass through the centres of the
tance and haze.
entrance and exit ports. For a haze meter, position
1.2 Material having a haze value greater than 30 the photocell or photocells on the sphere 90 * 10° from
percent is considered diffusing or translucent. the entrance port and baffle it from direct exposure to
the entrance port. In the pivotable modification where
2 TERMINOLOGY the interior wall adj scent to the exit port is used as
For the putpose of this standard the following the reflectance reference, the angle of rotation of the
definitions shall apply. sphere shall be 8.0 + 0.5°.

3.4 Illuminate the specimen by a substantially

2.1 Haze-in Transmission
unidirectional beam; the maximum angle that any ray
i) The scattering of light by a specimen respon- of this beam may make with the beam axis shall not
sible for the reduction in contrast of objects exceed 3°. This-beam shall not be vignetted at either
viewed through it, port of the sphere.
ii) The percent of transmitted light that is scat- 3.5 When the specimen is placed against.the entrance
tered so that its direction deviates more than port of the integrating sphere, the angle between the
a specified angle from the direction of the perpendicular to the specimen and a line connecting
incident beam and in this test method the the centres of entrance and exit ports shall not
specified angle is 2.5°. exceed 8°.
2.2 Luminous Transmittance 3.6 When the beam is unobstructed by a specimen,
its cross-section at the exit port shall be approximately
The ratio of the luminous flux transmitted by a body
circular, sharply defined and concentric within the exit
-to the flux incident upon it.
port, leaving .an annulus of 1.3 + 0.10 subtended at
3 APPARATUS the entrance port.
NOTES
3.1 The instrument used for measurement shall meet
1 It is important to verify whether the unobstructed-beam diame-
the geometric and spectral requirements specified
ter and centering at the exit port are maintained especially if the
in 3.2 to 3.10. source aperture and focus are changed.
2 The tolerance stated on the annulus of 0.1” corresponds to an
3.2 A light source and a photodetector shall be
uncertainty of+ 0.6 percent in a haze reading. This is relevant for
supplied, and the combination shall be filtered to assessing the precision and bias of this test method.
provide an output corresponding to the luminosity
response of the 1931 CIE Standard Calorimetric 3.7 The surfaces of the interior of the integrating
Observer with CIE Standard Illuminant C, or, alter- sphere, baffles, and reflectance standard, if used, shall
natively, Illuminant A. The output shall be be substantially equal reflectance, matte and highly
proportional to within 1 percent to the incident flux reflecting throughout the visible spectrum.
over the range of flux used. Spectral conditions for 3.8 A light trap shall be provided that will absorb the
source and detector must be constant throughout the beam completely when no specimen is present, or the
test of each specimen. instrument design shall obviate the need for a light
3.3 Use an integrating sphere to collect transmitted trap.
flux; the sphere may be of any diameter as long as the 3.9 A schematic drawing of the optics of a hazemeter
total port area do not exceed 4.0 percent of the internal is shown in Fig 1.
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IS 13360 (Part 9/See 5) :1999

PHOTO
DETECTOR-

FILTER
CONDENSER
SOURCE

--- - .. —-—
&d

/
ENTRANCE
WINDOW J APERTUREJ
;PECIMEN
u J

REFLECTANCE STANDARD DOTTED

LINES SHOW POSITION OF REFLE-
CTANCE STANOARD FOR TOTAL
TRANSMITTANCE RESOURCEMENT /

FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC OF HAZEMETER

3.10 Aseries ofcalibrateci haze standards is required 5.2 Test Conditions

for periodic verification of the accuracy of instrumental
Conduct the tests in the standard laboratory
response. Ideally, if the haze of narrow-angle- atmosphere of 27 * 2°C and 65 + 5 percent relative
scattering specimens (such as plastic films) is to be humidity. In cases of disagreements, the tolerances
measured, narrow-angle-scattering glass haze shall be * 1“C and + 2 percent relative humidity.
standards shall be used, however, these are not-known
to be commercially available. In their absence, wide- 6 PROCEDURE
angle-plastics standards may be used, but these are
6.1 Determine the Following Four Readings
less sensitive to the size and centering of the annulus.
Reading Speci- Light ReJect- Quanti&
4 TEST SPECIMENS
Desig- men Tvap ante Represented
4.1 Cut each test specimen to a size large enough to nation in in Standard
cover the entrance port of the sphere. A disc 50 mm Position Position in
in diameter, or a square with sides of the same Position
dimensions is suggested. The specimen shall have T] No No Yes Incident light
substantially plane-parallel surfaces free of dust,
r2 Yes No Yes Total light
grease, scratches and blemishes and it shall be free of transmitted by
visibly distinct internal voids and particles, unless it specimen
is specifically desired to measure the contribution to
T3 No Yes No Light scattered by
haze due to these imperfections. instrument
4.2 Prepare three specimens to test each sample of a T4 Yes Yes No Light scattered by
given material unless specified otherwise in the instrument and
applicable product specification. specimen

5 CONDITIONING 6.2 Repeat readings for Tl, T2, T3 and T4 with

additional specified positions of the specimen to
5.1 Conditiotiing determine uniformity.

Condition the test specimens at 27 + 2°C and 65 + 5 7 CALCULATION

percent relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior
7.1 Calculate total transmittance, T, (Note), equal
to test, for those tests where conditioning is required.
In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be + 1“C G
and * 2 percent relative humidity. to~.
1
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IS 13360 -(Part 9/See 5) :1999

7.2 Calculate diffuse transmittance T~ (see Note), as of the specimen. For greatest accuracy of luminous transmittance
measurement, compare the transmittance ufthe specimen with that
follows:
of a calibrated standard of similar luminous transmittance.

8 TEST REPORT
The test report shall include the following information:

a) Source of identity of specimen;

b) Nominal thickness of specimen to the nearest
7.3 Calculate percent haze as foliows:
0.025 mm;
loo c) Total luminous transmittance, T,, to the
Haze, percent = Lx
~
t nearest 0.1 percent (indicate the average
NOTE — To obtain the greatest accuracy in luminous
when reporting average values and specify
transmittance measurement when using a single-beam instrument, whether CIE illuminant C or A is used);
it is necessary to use a standard, calibrated with a double-beam d) Diffuse luminous transmittance, T~ to the
instrument, because insertion of the sample in the single-beam nearest 0.1 percent (indicate the average
instrument changes the efficiency of the sphere. This change may
when reporting average values); and
result in spuriously high readings for clear, colocsdess samples
and significant errors for dark or highly saturated colours. In
e) Percent haze, to the nearest 0.1 percent
these cases, the photometer shall be used as a comparison (indicate the average when reporting average
instrument with a standard of known transmittance similar to that values).

ANNEX A
(Foreword)
DERIVATION OF FORMULAE FOR HAZE

A-1 The derivation of the formula for haze is as A-1.3 If T, is greater than zero due to light scattered
follows. by the instrument, the total scattered light, Tq,will be
greater than the light scattered by the specimen by an
A-1.1 Total luminous transmittance, T,, is calculated
amount proportional to TJ and equal to TJ times TJT1.
as follows:
The corrected amount of light scattered by the
spec{imen will then be:
(T)

(.’1)
A-1.4 The diffuse luminous transmittance, T~,is then
where
calculated as follows:
Tz = total light transmitted by the specimen, . /’.-”\
and
T, = incident light.

A-1.2 If 7’J, the light scattered by the instrument, is A-1.5 Percentage haze is then calculated from the
zero, the diffuse luminous transmittance, T.,
. is ratio of diffuse, T~, to total luminous transmittance,
calculated as fo”llows: Tt, as follows:

Haze, percent = (T,/TJ x 100

where = {[T, -T, (T2/T,)]/T,/(T2/T,)}
x 100
= {[T, - T3(T2/T,)]/T2}x 100
T4 = light scattered by the instrument and
= [( T,/T,) - (T3/T,)]x 100
specimen.

3
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Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of /ndian Standards Act, 1986 to
promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality
certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country.

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(Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are isshed to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards
are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such
review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed,
it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession
of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and
‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. PCD 23 (1584).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected I

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