MATH 114 Lecture 1 PDF

MATH 114
Plane &
Spherical
Triangle
Plane & Spherical Trigonometry
Trigonometry
 Derived
from Greek language, means
“measurement of triangles”
MATH 114
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Angle
 An angle is formed by rotating a given ray

about its endpoint to some terminal
position. The original ray is the initial side
of the angle, and the second ray is the
terminal side of the angle. The common
endpoint is the vertex of the angle.
MATH 114
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Angle
 positive
angles - formed by a
counterclockwise rotation
 negative angles - formed by a clockwise

rotation
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Degree
 One degree is the measure of an angle

1
formed by rotating a ray of a
360
complete revolution. The symbol for
degree is °.
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Degree
 Example
MATH 114
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Degree
 Protractor
– used to measure/draw an
angle in degrees
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Classifications
 180º angles are

straight angles.
 90º angles are

right angles
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Classifications
 Angles that have a measure
greater than 0º but less than
90º are acute angles
 Angles that have a measure

greater than 90º but less than
180º are obtuse angles
MATH 114
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Angle
 An angle superimposed
in a Cartesian coordinate
system is in standard
position if its vertex is at
the origin and its initial
side is on the positive x-
axis
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Angle
 Complementary Angles -
Two positive angles are
complementary angles if
the sum of the measures of
the angles is 90º Each
angle is the complement
of the other angles.
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Angle
 Supplementary Angles -
Two positive angles are
supplementary angles if
the sum of the measures
of the angles is 180º. Each
angle is the supplement
of the other angle
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Find the Measure of the

Example1 Complement and the
Supplement of an Angle
For each angle, find the measure (if possible)

of its complement and of its supplement.
a. 𝜃 =40º
b. 𝜃 =125º
MATH 114
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Angle
 If the terminal side of an

angle in standard position
lies on a coordinate axis,
then the angle is classified
as a quadrantal angle
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Angle
 Angles in standard position

that have the same sides
are coterminal angles.
Every angle has an
unlimited number of
coterminal angles
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Coterminal Angles
 Given< 𝜃 in standard position with

measure 𝑥º then the measures of the
angles that are coterminal with < 𝜃 are
given by
x° + k(360°)
where k is an integer.
MATH 114
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Classify by Quadrant and

Example 2 Find a Coterminal Angle
Assume the following angles are in standard position.

Determine the measure of the positive angle with
measure less than 360º that is coterminal with the
given angle and then classify the angle by quadrant.
𝑎. 𝛼 = 550°
b. 𝛽= -225°
c. 𝛾 = 1105°
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Radian
One radian is the measure of the central angle
subtended by an arc of length r on a circle of radius r.
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Radian Measure
Given an arc of length s on a circle of radius r, the
measure of the central angle subtended by the arc is
𝑠
𝜃 = 𝑟 radians.
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Example
Consider that an arc with a length of 15 centimeters
on a circle with a radius of 5 centimeters subtends an
angle of 3 radians,
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Radian – Degree Conversion

To convert from radians to degrees, multiply by
180°
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
To convert from degrees to radians, multiply by
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180°
MATH 114
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Example 3 Convert from Degrees to Radians
Convert each angle in degrees to radians.
a. 60°
b. 315°
c. -150°
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Example 4 Convert from Radians to Degrees
Convert each angle in radians to degrees.
3𝜋
a. 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
4
b. 1 radian
5𝜋
c. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
6
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Special angles
MATH 114
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Special angles
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Arc and Arc Length

Let r be the length of the radius of a circle and be the
nonnegative radian measure of a central angle of the
circle. Then the length of the arc s that subtends the
central angle is
s=r𝜽
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Example 5 Find the Length of an Arc
Find the length of an arc that subtends a central

angle of 120° in a circle with a radius of 10
centimeters.
MATH 114
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References
 Dilley, et al. Algebra 2 with Trigonometry. D.C.
Heath & Co., 1990.
 Leithold, Louis. College Algebra and
Trigonometry. Addison-Wesley, 1992.
 Sobel, Max A. and Norbert Lerner. Algebra
and Trigonometry, 4th ed. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, Inc., 1995.
 Aufmann, Barker, Nation. College Algebra
and Trigonometry, 7th edition, 2011
 Larson, Algebra and Trigonometry, 8th edition,
2011

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MATH 114

 An angle is formed by rotating a given ray

 negative angles - formed by a clockwise

 One degree is the measure of an angle

 180º angles are

 90º angles are

 Angles that have a measure

Find the Measure of the

For each angle, find the measure (if possible)

 If the terminal side of an

 Angles in standard position

 Given< 𝜃 in standard position with

Classify by Quadrant and

Assume the following angles are in standard position.

Radian – Degree Conversion

To convert from degrees to radians, multiply by

Example 3 Convert from Degrees to Radians

Convert each angle in degrees to radians.

Example 4 Convert from Radians to Degrees

Convert each angle in radians to degrees.

Arc and Arc Length

Example 5 Find the Length of an Arc

Find the length of an arc that subtends a central

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