5.

1
Angles and Their Measure
A ray, or half-line, is that portion of a
line that starts at a point V on the line and
extends indefinitely in one direction.
The starting point V of a ray is called its
vertex.

V Ray
If two lines are drawn with a
common vertex, they form an
angle. One of the rays of an angle
is called the initial side and the
other the terminal side.
 i de
na ls
mi
r
Te

α
Vertex Initial Side

Counterclockwise rotation
Positive Angle
 i de
na ls
β m i
e r
T

Vertex Initial Side

Clockwise rotation
Negative Angle
 i de
na ls
γ Ter m i

Vertex Initial Side

Counterclockwise rotation
Positive Angle
An angle θ is said to be in standard position
if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular
coordinate system and its initial side
coincides with with positive x - axis.
y
Terminal
side
θ
Vertex Initial side x
When an angle θ is in standard
position, the terminal side either will
lie in a quadrant, in which case we
say θ lies in that quadrant, or it
will lie on the x-axis or the y-axis, in
which case we say θ is a quadrantal
angle.
 y

x
θ

θ lies in Quadrant III

 y

x
θ

θ is a quadrantal angle
Angles are commonly measured in
either
1) Degrees
2) Radians
The angle formed by rotating the initial side
exactly once in the counterclockwise direction
until it coincides with itself (1 revolution) is
said to measure 360 degrees, abbreviated

Terminal side
Initial side
Vertex
Terminal
side

Vertex Initial side

o 1
90 angle; revolution
4
Terminal side Vertex Initial side

o 1
180 angle; revolution
2
 o
Draw a -135 angle.
y

Vertex Initial side

x
o
e

−135
sid
al
in
rm
Te
Consider a circle of radius r.
Construct an angle whose vertex is at
the center of this circle, called the
central angle, and whose rays subtend
an arc on the circle whose length is r.
The measure of such an angle is 1
radian.
 r

123
r
1 radian
Theorem Arc Length

For a circle of radius r, a central angle

of radians subtends an arc whose
length s is
Find the length of the arc of a circle of
radius 4 meters subtended by a central
angle of 2 radians.

r = 4 meters and = 2 radians

= 4(2) = 8 meters.
Suppose an object moves along a circle
of radius r at a constant speed. If s is
the distance traveled in time t along
this circle, then the linear speed v of
the object is defined as
As the object travels along the circle,
suppose that (measured in radians) is the
central angle swept out in time t. Then the
angular speed of this object is the angle
(measured in radians) swept out divided by
the elapsed time.