Chapter 5 Trigonometric Ratios

CHAPTER Trigonometric
5 Ratios
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107
5.1 Sine, Cosine and Tangent of Acute Angles in
Right-angled Triangles
How do you identify the opposite side, adjacent side and LEARNING
hypotenuse? STANDARD
Identify the opposite side
Do you know how the height of an object and adjacent side based
ZKLFK LV GL൶FXOW WR EH PHDVXUHG VXFK DV on an acute angle in a
buildings and mountains are determined? right-angled triangle.
)RU H[DPSOH LQ WKH GLDJUDP RQ WKH t

right, if the distance, s and the angle of
elevation is known, then, the height, t of
the building can be calculated by using the
trigonometric concepts. Angle of elevation
Distance, s
P
The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle PQR. As you
have learnt in the chapter Pythagoras theorem in Form 1, the side PR is
known as the hypotenuse, which is the longest side in the right-angled
triangle PQR. Do the other two sides PQ and QR have special names like
5
the longest side PR has?

CHAPTER
Q R
([DPLQH'LDJUDPDQG'LDJUDPEHORZ
P P TIPS
y
Acute angle
opposite hypotenuse adjacent hypotenuse
side side ‫ޒ‬θ‫ޒ‬
x
R R TIPS
Q adjacent side Q opposite side
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 y
Based on PRQ in Diagram 1, QR is known as the adjacent side while

PQ is known as opposite side. x
x + y =
Based on QPR in Diagram 2, PQ is the adjacent side while QR is the x and y are acute
angles.
opposite side.
Take note that in both Diagram 1 and Diagram 2, the position of the hypotenuse PRLV¿[HGZKLFK
is opposite the 90° angle.
For a right-angled triangle:

(a) The hypotenuse is the longest side which is opposite the 90° angle.
(b) The adjacent side and the opposite side change based on the position of the referred acute
angle.
108
Chapter 5 Trigonometric Ratios
Example 1
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IRUDOOWKHIROORZLQJULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHV
S
D B C E
M F
K
T
A L
Solution: P Q R
Triangle Angle Hypotenuse Opposite side Adjacent side

BAC AC BC AB
ÄBC
BCA AC AB BC
LKM KM LM KL
¨KLM
LMK KM KL LM
¨PQT TPQ PT QT PQ
¨RQS QRS RS QS QR
MIND TEST 5.1a
5
CHAPTER
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E
P D
K N
F E
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Triangle Angle Hypotenuse Opposite side Adjacent side

QPR
¨345
PRQ
MNK
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FEG
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EGF
BAE
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109
What is the relationship between acute angles and the LEARNING
ratios of the sides of right-angled triangles? STANDARD
Make and verify the
Brainstorming 1 conjecture about the
In groups relationship between acute
Aim: 7R LGHQWLI\ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DFXWH DQJOHV DQG WKH angles and the ratios of
UDWLRVRIWKHVLGHVRIULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHV the sides of right-angled
WULDQJOHVDQGKHQFHGH¿QH
Materials6TXDUHJULGSDSHUUXOHUDQGSHQFLO sine, cosine and tangent.
Steps:
1. 'UDZDULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHPQRZKHUHWKHOHQJWKPQLVXQLWVDQGWKHOHQJWKQRLV
XQLWV
2. 'UDZDIHZVWUDLJKWOLQHVSDUDOOHOWRRQ/DEHOWKHPDVR Q, R QDQGRQDVVKRZQLQ
WKHGLDJUDPEHORZ
R
R
TIPS
Use the Pythagoras
R
theorem to determine the
length of PR1, PR2, PR3
R and PR.
5
CHAPTER
P Q Q Q Q
3. &RPSOHWHWKHWDEOHEHORZZLWKWKHUHTXLUHGPHDVXUHPHQWV
Opposite side Adjacent side Opposite side
Acute angle ———————– ———————– ———————–
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent side
RQ PQ RQ
²²
PR
² ²²
PR
² ²² ²
PQ 4

RQ PQ RQ

——
PR
²²
PR
²²
PQ

QPR
RQ PQ RQ
²²
PR
²²
P R
²²
PQ

RQ PQ RQ
²±
PR
²±
PR
²±
PQ
Discussion:
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7KH UHODWLRQVKLSV RI WKH UDWLRV REWDLQHG IURP %UDLQVWRUPLQJ DUH REMINDER
WULJRQRPHWULFUDWLRVNQRZQDVsine, cosine and tangentWKDWLV
Ƈ VLQ VLQH
Ƈ FRV FRVLQH
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originates from Greek
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WDQJHQW ²²²²²²±
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Metron to measure
Example 2
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5
\
CHAPTER
sin x cos x tan x sin y cos y tan y
x
Solution: Q P
sin x cos x tan x sin y cos y tan y
QR PQ QR PQ QR PQ
—– —– —– —– —– —–
PR PR PQ PR PR QR
MIND TEST 5.1b

1. &RPSOHWHWKHWDEOHEDVHGRQWKHULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHVEHORZ
D E K Q
x \
L
\
F x \\
x P S R
M
Triangles sin x cos x tan x sin y cos y tan y
¨DEF
¨KLM
¨PQR
111
What is the impact of changing the size of the angles on LEARNING
the values of sine, cosine and tangent? STANDARD
Make and verify the
conjecture about the
Brainstorming 2 In pairs impact of changing the
size of the angles on the
Aim 7RLGHQWLI\WKHLPSDFWRIFKDQJLQJWKHVL]HRIWKHDQJOHVRQWKH values of sine, cosine and
YDOXHVRIVLQHFRVLQHDQGWDQJHQW tangent.
Materials6TXDUHJULGSDSHUUXOHUSURWUDFWRUDQGSHQFLO
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R

R
R

P FP Q P FP Q P FP Q P FP Q
3. &RPSOHWHWKHWDEOHEHORZ
5
sin 10 sin 20 sin 30 sin 40 sin 50 sin 60 sin 70 sin 80
CHAPTER
RQ PQ
—–
PR
—–
PR

²² ²²

cos 10 cos 20 cos 30 cos 40 cos 50 cos 60 cos 70 cos 80
PQ RQ
—–
PR
—–
PR

²± ²±

tan 10 tan 20 tan 30 tan 40 tan 50 tan 60 tan 70 tan 80
RQ PQ
—–
PQ
—–
RQ

²± ²±

112
Discussion:
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TIPS
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FRV FRV
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zero
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5
Example 3
CHAPTER
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FP FP
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DQJOH\DUHHTXDO6WDWHWKHUHDVRQIRU\RXUDQVZHU x \
FP FP
Solution:

VLQx = — FRVx = — WDQx = —
4

VLQ\ ²± ² FRV\ ²± ² WDQ\ ²± ²

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MIND TEST 5.1c

1. 7KHGLDJUDPRQWKHULJKWVKRZVWZRULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHV FP
FP FP
FP
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x DQG DQJOH \ DUH HTXDO 6WDWH WKH UHDVRQ IRU \RXU FP FP
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113
2. The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle. S
(a) Determine the trigonometric ratio for

2.1 cm
i. sin 15° ii. cos 15° iii. tan 15°
iv. sin 30° v. cos 30° vi. tan 30° R
(b) Is the increase in the value of the trigonometric ratio for 1.9 cm
15°
angle 15° and angle 30° proportional to the increase in 15°
the angle? P 7 cm Q
How do you determine the values of sine, cosine and LEARNING

tangent of acute angles? STANDARD
Determine the values of
sine, cosine and tangent of
Example 4 acute angles.
The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle PQR. Calculate Q 15 cm P

the value of
(a) length of PR (b) sin PRQ (c) cos PRQ (d) tan QPR
8 cm
Solution:
(a) length of PR (b) sin PRQ (c) cos PRQ (d) tan QPR R
5
15 8 8 FLASHBACK
PR ¥2 + 82 =— =— =—
17 17
CHAPTER
15
= ¥289 Pythagoras theorem
c2 = a2 + b2
= 17 cm c
b a2 = c2 – b2
a b2 = c2 – a2
Example 5
The diagram on the right shows right-angled triangles PQT and RQS.
PQR is a straight line. Given that the length of SQ is 6 cm, calculate S
the value of
(a) length of QR (b) length of PT (c) sin QRS
(d) cos TPQ (e) tan PTQ (f) tan QSR T 10 cm
Solution:
(a) length of QR (b) length of PT (c) sin QRS
6 P FP Q R
QR ¥2 – 62 PT ¥2 + 32 =—
10
= ¥ = ¥25
3
= 8 cm = 5 cm =—
5
(d) cos TPQ (e) tan PTQ (f) tan QSR REMINDER
8
=— =— =— Ratio value should be
5 3 6 given in the simplest term.

=—
3
114
What is the relationship between sine, cosine and tangent?

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\

x VLQθ \ FRVθ
x
θ 7KXV DISCUSSION CORNER
P \ Q
VLQθ If θ is QRP, is the ratio
WDQθ ²²± sin θ
FRVθ of tan θ still –––––?
cos θ
Discuss.
Example 6
QU I Z
,IVLQθ DQGFRVθ FDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRIWDQθ
5
1
CHAPTER
Solution: If tan θ ²
2
VLQș
WDQθ ²²± state the possible values
FRVș of sin θ and cos θ.

²²

²
4 SMART MIND

Given that sin θ x,
determine the possible
Example 7 values of cos θand tanθ.

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¥

Solution:
VLQθ
WDQθ ²²±
FRVθ DISCUSSION CORNER
–
²² ²²± If tan θ what type
¥ FRVθ of triangle is being
– represented?
FRVθ ²²

—– ¥
¥
FRVθ ²²

115
Example 8
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*LYHQWKDWPR FPDQGVLQQPR ²FDOFXODWH

D WKHOHQJWKRIQR
E FRVQPR R
P FP
Solution:

D VLQQPR = — E PQ ¥±

QR ¥ SMART MIND
²± ²
PR PQ FP 3
Given sin θ ²DQGWKH
QR PQ 5
²± ² 7KXVFRVQPR = — length of hypotenuse is
PR
20 cm, determine cos θ
and tan θ.
QR ²²
—

QR FP
4
—

Example 9
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*LYHQ WKDW PQR DQG STQ DUH VWUDLJKW OLQHV FDOFXODWH WKH YDOXH RI
5
FRVx FP
T
CHAPTER
Solution: FP
RQ 'HWHUPLQHWKH x
FRVx —– YDOXHRIRQ¿UVW P FP R
SR Q
TQ ¥± ; SQ TQ RQ ¥±

¥ ¥
DISCUSSION CORNER
TQ FP SQ FP FP
Given that the hypotenuse
RQ of a right-angled triangle is
7KXVFRVx ²±
SR ¥FPGetermine tan θif
1 .
cosθ ²±
² ¥2

²

S
Example 10
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PS6WDWHWKHDQVZHUFRUUHFWWRWZRGHFLPDOSODFHV

P Q R
FP
116
Understanding the problem Implementing the strategy

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LVWKHK\SRWHQXVHRI¨PRS WKXVPQS = – ±
SQR ±PQS
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SQR ±
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QR ²±±±
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Making a conclusion
FP PS FP
PS FPGS
MIND TEST 5.1d FLASHBACK

1. &DOFXODWHWKHYDOXHVRIVLQθFRVθDQGθIRUHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJ Pythagoras triples
ULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHV
5
A B C
CHAPTER
D E P F 3 4 5
θ 5 12 13
6 10
FP P 15 17
FP P P 7 24 25
P
θ 40 41
θ
FP P
G H I
θ FP θ
FP
PP
θ P
PP P
2. &DOFXODWH WKH YDOXH RI x ZLWKRXW GUDZLQJ DQ\ ULJKWDQJOHG WULDQJOHV RU XVLQJ 3\WKDJRUDV
WKHRUHPRUDFDOFXODWRU
¥
D VLQθ ²FRVθ ²±WDQθ x E VLQθ ²FRVθ x,WDQθ
¥

¥
F VLQθ xFRVθ ²WDQθ ²±± G VLQθ ²FRVθ xWDQθ ²±

4¥
117
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D VLQQRP ² E VLQLKM ² F VLQACB ²

P L
q q
A C
P M
q
P PP
Q R
K B
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D FRVSRT ²
E FRVHJI ² F FRVDFE

S H
z D
FP
R z
FP J
z
T I E PP F
5. &DOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRIxIRUHDFKRIWKHULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHVEHORZ

D WDQBAC E WDQPRQ ² F WDQLKM ²
4 K
FP
5
A B P
x
CHAPTER
FP
x L
x
Q
C PP
R M
6. 7KHGLDJUDPRQWKHULJKWVKRZVULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHVPQR P

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4
LQFPWKHOHQJWKRI
S
D PR
E RS
Q FP R
7. 7KHGLDJUDPRQWKHULJKWVKRZVULJKWDQJOHGWULDQJOHVDFE E

DQGEHI,IWDQx ²DF FPDQGEFEH

GHWHUPLQHWKHOHQJWKRIEILQFP
x
D
F
x
H I
118
How do you determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent LEARNING
of 30°, 45° and 60° angles without using a calculator? STANDARD
S S K Determine the values of
sine, cosine and tangent

of 30°, 45° and 60° angles
XQLWV XQLWV without using a calculator.
¥
–
¥
–

TIPS

QS ¥2 – 12
P Q R L M QS ¥
XQLW Q XQLW R
KM ¥2 + 12
'LDJUDPD 'LDJUDPE 'LDJUDP KM ¥
'LDJUDP E DERYH LV KDOI RI WKH HTXLODWHUDO WULDQJOH PRS ZKHUH WKH OHQJWK RI PQR LV XQLWV
'LDJUDPVKRZVDQLVRVFHOHVWULDQJOHKLM
7KHWDEOHEHORZVKRZVWKHYDOXHVRIWKHWULJRQRPHWULFUDWLRVRIDQGDQJOHVWKDWFDQ
EHFDOFXODWHGZLWKRXWXVLQJDFDOFXODWRUEDVHGRQ'LDJUDPEDQG'LDJUDP
Angle 30° 60° 45°
Ratio BULLETIN
¥ —
VLQθ – — Surd is an irrational
¥
number in the root form

FRVθ — – —
¥ such as ¥2 , ¥3 and
¥ ¥17 . ¥3 is read as surd

— three.
WDQθ
¥ ¥
Example 11
5
CHAPTER
&DOFXODWHWKHIROORZLQJYDOXHVZLWKRXWXVLQJDFDOFXODWRU
D VLQFRV E FRV±VLQ F WDQ±FRV
G VLQFRV±WDQ H WDQVLQVLQ
Solution:
D VLQFRV E FRV±VLQ F WDQ±FRV

²² ¥
¥¥ ²î²
¥

— ± ¥—

± —

¥ ¥ ±
¥ ¥
² ¥ ²±±±±±
¥ ²±

¥ ¥
¥ ²±

G VLQFRV±WDQ H WDQVLQVLQ

¥
— 4 ¥

— ±¥

4 ¥
—
¥

— —

¥
¥¥±¥ ¥ TIPS
²² ²î²
±¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥2 × 2
¥2 × ¥2
¥ ¥4
±¥ ¥
²±

¥
119
MIND TEST 5.1e
1. 'HWHUPLQHWKHIROORZLQJYDOXHVZLWKRXWXVLQJDFDOFXODWRU
D FRVWDQ E FRVWDQ F WDQFRV
G VLQ±FRV H VLQ±FRV I WDQ±FRV
J VLQFRVWDQ K WDQVLQ±FRVVLQ
L WDQVLQFRV M WDQVLQ±VLQFRV
What is the unit of measure for angles?
$QJOHVDUHPHDVXUHGLQWKHXQLWRIGHJUHHV$QJOHVFDQDOVREHH[SUHVVHGLQXQLWVRIGHJUHHV

PLQXWHV'DQGVHFRQGV'' WKDWLV
'
' ''
Example 12
D &RQYHUWWRGHJUHHVDQGPLQXWHV E &RQYHUWWKHDQJOH'WRGHJUHHV
Solution:
D E '
'
×'

—–

5
'

CHAPTER
'

MIND TEST 5.1f
1. &RQYHUWHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJDQJOHVWRGHJUHHVDQGPLQXWHV
D E F G
H I J K
2. 6WDWHHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJDQJOHLQGHJUHHV
D ' E ' F ' G '
H ' I ' J ' K '
How do you determine the values of sine, cosine and LEARNING

tangent? STANDARD
Perform calculations
'R\RXNQRZWKDWDVFLHQWL¿FFDOFXODWRUFDQEHXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKH involving sine, cosine
WULJRQRPHWULFUDWLRRIDQDQJOH" and tangent.
Example 13
8VHDVFLHQWL¿FFDOFXODWRUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHIROORZLQJYDOXHVFRUUHFWWRIRXUGHFLPDOSODFHV
D VLQ' E FRV F WDQ'
120
Solution:
D VLQ'
BULLETIN
SMART FINGER sin 4 5 6 = 0.7083398377
1,234567.89
7 8
4 5
1 2
AC 0
9 ÷
6 x
3 -
. +
°''' °'''
The button °''' should
E FRV be pressed only when
the question is given in
SMART FINGER Â 7
1,234567.89
cos 2 0 = 0.9354440308 degrees and minutes.

7 8 9 ÷
4 5 6 x
1 2 3 -
AC 0 . +
F WDQ'
SMART FINGER tan 6 4 °''' 12 °''' = 2.068599355
1,234567.89
7 8 9 ÷
4 5 6 x
1 2 3 -
AC 0 . +
MIND TEST 5.1g

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How do you calculate the size of an angle by using trigonometric ratios sine, cosine and
tangent?
,IWKHYDOXHRIWKHWULJRQRPHWULFUDWLRLVJLYHQ\RXFDQXVHDVFLHQWL¿FFDOFXODWRUWRGHWHUPLQHWKH
5
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Example 14
8VHDVFLHQWL¿FFDOFXODWRUWRFDOFXODWHWKHIROORZLQJxYDOXHV
D VLQx E FRVx F WDQx
Solution:
REMINDER
D VLQx
x VLQ± If the unit of second is 30"
or more, the minute unit
x $QVZHULQGHJUHHV
will be added by 1'.
x ' $QVZHULQGHJUHHVDQGPLQXWHV
SMART FINGER shift sin 0 . 8 3 7 7 = 56.89803635 °'''5653'52.93''

1,234567.89
7 8 9 ÷
4 5 6 x
1 2 3 -
AC 0 . +
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!
'
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E FRVx
x FRV±
x
x '
SMART FINGER shift cos 0 . 7 0 2 1 = 45.40426895 45° 24' 15.37''
1,234567.89
7 8
4 5
1 2
AC 0
9 ÷
6 x
3 -
. + °'''
F WDQx
x WDQ±
x
x '
SMART FINGER shift tan 2 . 4 8 7 6 = 68.10017426 68° 6' 0.63''
1,234567.89
9 ÷
°'''
7 8
4 5 6 x
1 2 3 -
AC 0 . +
MIND TEST 5.1h

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D WDQx E FRVx F VLQx G VLQx
H FRVx I WDQx J FRVx K VLQx
L WDQx M VLQx N WDQx O FRVx
How do you solve problems involving sine, cosine and LEARNING

tangent? STANDARD
5
Solve problems involving

CHAPTER
sine, cosine and tangent.

Example 15
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R
FDOFXODWHWKHOHQJWKRIWKHODGGHUPRLQPHWUHV
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PR
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PR PGS
Example 15
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Ratio of sine Ratio of cosine Ratio of tangent

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K\SRWHQXVH K\SRWHQXVH DGMDFHQWVLGH

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127

Chapter 5 Trigonometric Ratios

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Chapter 5 Trigonometric Ratios

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CHAPTER Trigonometric

$O%DWWDQL RU 0XKDPPDG ,EQ -DELU ,EQ 6LQDQ

)RU H[DPSOH LQ WKH GLDJUDP RQ WKH t

the longest side PR has?

Based on PRQ in Diagram 1, QR is known as the adjacent side while

For a right-angled triangle:

Triangle Angle Hypotenuse Opposite side Adjacent side

MIND TEST 5.1a

Triangle Angle Hypotenuse Opposite side Adjacent side

RQ PQ RQ

MIND TEST 5.1b

MIND TEST 5.1c

(a) Determine the trigonometric ratio for

How do you determine the values of sine, cosine and LEARNING

The diagram on the right shows a right-angled triangle PQR. Calculate Q 15 cm P

What is the relationship between sine, cosine and tangent?

TQ ¥± ; SQ TQ  RQ ¥±

Understanding the problem Implementing the strategy

MIND TEST 5.1d FLASHBACK

What is the unit of measure for angles?

$QJOHVDUHPHDVXUHGLQWKHXQLWRIGHJUHHV  $QJOHVFDQDOVREHH[SUHVVHGLQXQLWVRIGHJUHHV  

How do you determine the values of sine, cosine and LEARNING

cos 2 0 = 0.9354440308 degrees and minutes.

MIND TEST 5.1g

SMART FINGER shift sin 0 . 8 3 7 7 = 56.89803635 °'''5653'52.93''

MIND TEST 5.1h

How do you solve problems involving sine, cosine and LEARNING

Solve problems involving

sine, cosine and tangent.

Understanding the problem Planning a strategy

Implementing the strategy Making a conclusion

MIND TEST 5.1i

Ratio of sine Ratio of cosine Ratio of tangent

ABC BCA &XWRXWWKHWULDQJOH 3ROH

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$O%DWWDQL RU 0XKDPPDG ,EQ -DELU ,EQ 6LQDQ

)RU H[DPSOH LQ WKH GLDJUDP RQ WKH t

Based on PRQ in Diagram 1, QR is known as the adjacent side while

RQ PQ RQ

TQ ¥± ; SQ TQ RQ ¥±

$QJOHVDUHPHDVXUHGLQWKHXQLWRIGHJUHHV$QJOHVFDQDOVREHH[SUHVVHGLQXQLWVRIGHJUHHV

SMART FINGER shift sin 0 . 8 3 7 7 = 56.89803635 °'''5653'52.93''

ABC BCA &XWRXWWKHWULDQJOH 3ROH