CHAPTER Indices

1
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1.1 Index Notation

1.2 Law of Indices

Why
Why do
do you
you learn
learn this
this chapter?
chapter?
‡ :ULWLQJDQXPEHULQLQGH[QRWDWLRQHQDEOHVWKH
number stated in a simple and easily understood
form. Various operations of mathematics that
involve numbers in index notation can be
performed by using laws of indices.
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engineering, accounting, finance, astronomy,
computer and so on.

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catchment area. Kenyir Lake, which was built in
the year 1985, supplies water to Sultan Mahmud
Power Station. The estimated catchment area at the
main dam is 2 600 km2 with a reservoir volume of
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the volume of water in the catchment area will increase
sharply. What action should be taken to address this
situation?
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Index notation is an important element in the

development of mathematics and computer
programming. The use of positive indices
was introduced by Rene Descartes (1637), a
well-known French mathematician. Sir Isaac
Newton, a well-known British mathematician,
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negative indices and fractional indices.

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1
 1.1 Index Notation
1
CHAPTER

What is repeated multiplication in index form? LEARNING

STANDARD
The development of technology not only makes most of our daily
Represent repeated
WDVNV HDVLHU LW DOVR VDYHV H[SHQVHV LQ YDULRXV ¿HOGV )RU LQVWDQFH multiplication in index form
the use of memory cards in digital cameras enable users to store and describe its meaning.
photographs in a large number and to delete or edit unsuitable
photographs before printing.
DISCUSSION CORNER
Discuss the value of the
capacity of a pen drive.

BULLETIN
7KHQXFOHDU¿VVLRQRI
uranium U-320 follows the
pattern 30, 31, 32, …

In the early stage, memory cards were made with a capacity of 4MB. The capacity increases
over time to meet the demands of users. Do you know that the capacity of memory cards is
calculated using a special form that is 2n?
 ,Q)RUP\RXKDYHOHDUQWWKDW3 = 4 × 4 × 4. The number 43 is written in index notation, 4
is the base and 3 is the index or exponent. The number is read as ‘4 to the power of 3’.
Hence, a number in index notation or in index form can be written as;

an Index
Base
You have also learnt that 42 = 4 × 4 and 43 îî)RUH[DPSOH
4×4=42 The value of index is 2
Repeated two times The value of index is the same as the number of times
4 is multiplied repeatedly.
4×4×4=43 The value of index is 3
Repeated three times The value of index is the same as the number of times
4 is multiplied repeatedly.
Example 1
Write the following repeated multiplications in index form an. REMINDER
(a) 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 (b) 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3
25  2 × 5 43  4 × 3
         an  a × n
(c) (–2) × (–2) × (–2) (d) — × — × — × — × —
4 4 4 4 4
(e) m × m × m × m × m × m × m (f) n × n × n × n × n × n × n × n

2
 Chapter 1 Indices

Solution:
(a) 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 56 (b) 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 = (0.3)4

1
repeated six times repeated four times

CHAPTER
          5
(c) (–2) × (–2) × (–2) = (–2)3 (d) — × — × — × — × — = —
4 4 4 4 4 4 ( )
repeated three times
UHSHDWHG¿YHWLPHV
(e) m × m × m × m × m × m × m = m7 (f) n × n × n × n × n × n × n × n = n8
repeated seven times repeated eight times

)URPWKHVROXWLRQLQ([DPSOHLWLVIRXQGWKDWWKHYDOXHRILQGH[LQDQLQGH[IRUPLVWKHVDPHDV
the number of times the base is multiplied repeatedly. In general,

an = a × a × a × … × a ; a
n factors

MIND TEST 1.1a

1. Complete the following table with base or index for the given numbers or algebraic terms.

53 (– 4)7 Base Index

5
 7
(—2 ) m6 (– —37 ) 4

—
2
n0 (0.2)9 6
n
9
  2
x20 ( )
2—
3 x
4
2
8 8

2. State the following repeated multiplications in index form an.

(a) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 (b) 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5
     
(c) — × — × — × — (d) (–m) × (–m) × (–m) × (–m) × (–m)
2 2 2 2
                
 H ²î²î²
3 3 3
   ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
I – – × – – × – – × – – × – – × – –
n n n n n n

3. Convert the numbers or algebraic terms in index form into repeated multiplications.
   3      5    3
(a) (–3) (b) (2.5)4 (c) —
3
(d) – 2 — ( )
4 ( )
(g) (—
m)
  6      8
(e) k (f) (–p)7 (h) (3n)5

3
 How do you convert a number into a number in index LEARNING
form? STANDARD
1

A number can be written in index form if a suitable base is selected. You Rewrite a number in index
form and vice versa.
CHAPTER

can use repeated division method or repeated multiplication method to

convert a number into a number in index form.

Example 2 FLASHBACK
Write 64 in index form using base of 2, base of 4 and base of 8. 4 × 4 × 4 = 43

Solution:

Repeated Division Method

(a) Base of 2 (b) Base of 4 (c) Base of 8

‡LVGLYLGHGUHSHDWHGO\ ‡LVGLYLGHG ‡LVGLYLGHG
by 2. repeatedly by 4. repeatedly by 8.
2 ) 64 4 ) 64
2 ) 32 8 ) 64
n=3   n=2
  8) 8
n=6 4) 4  
2) 8  
2) 4 Hence, 64 = 82
2) 2 Hence, 64 = 43
 
The division is
continued until
LVREWDLQHG
Hence, 64 = 26

Repeated Multiplication Method

(a) Base of 2 (b) Base of 4 (c) Base of 8

2×2×2×2×2×2 4×4×4 8 × 8 = 64
4 
Hence, 64 = 82
8 64
 DISCUSSION CORNER
Hence, 64 = 43
32 Which method is easier
to convert a number into
64 a number in index form?
Is it the repeated division
or repeated multiplication
Hence, 64 = 26
method? Discuss.

4
 Chapter 1 Indices

Example 3
32 2
Write ——– in index form using base of —.

1
  

CHAPTER
Solution:
Repeated Division Method Repeated Multiplication Method
2 2 2 2 2
2 ) 32   —×—×—×—×—
5 5 5 5 5
  5 ) 625
2) 8 4
n=5 n=5   —–
2) 4 25
5) 25
2) 2 5) 5 8
—–
    

5
—–
32 2 625
Hence, ——– = —
  ( ) 32
——–

32 2 5
Hence, ——– = —
 ( )

MIND TEST 1.1b

1. Write each of the following numbers in index form using the stated base in brackets.
64 4
 D 
  
[base of 3] E 
  
[base of 5]
 
(c) —–
 [
base of —
5 ]
         
(d) 0.00032 [base of 0.2] H ± [base of (– 4)] (f) —
 [
base of – —
4 ( )]
How do you determine the value of the number in index form , an?
The value of an FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG E\ UHSHDWHG PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ PHWKRG RU XVLQJ D VFLHQWL¿F
calculator.
Example 4
Calculate the values of the given numbers in index form. QU I Z
(a) 25 (b) (0.6)3 (m)4 = 16
What are the possible
2×2×2×2×2 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 values of m?
4 × 2 0.36 × 0.6
   î    
    î  3 
32
Hence, 25 = 32 Hence, 0.63 

5
 Example 5 SMART FINGER
1,234567.89
7 8
4 5
1 2
AC 0
9 ÷
6 x
3 -
. +
REMINDER
(a) 54 = 625 5 ^ 4 =
Negative or fractional base
1

must be placed within

(b) (–7)3 = –343
CHAPTER

( (–) 7 ) ^ 3 = brackets when using a

calculator to calculate
   4 
( )
(c) — = —–
   
( 2 ab/c 3 ) ^ 4 =
values of given numbers.

3 2
64
(d) (²) = —– ( 1 ab/c 3 ab/c 5 ) ^ 2 = DISCUSSION CORNER
5 25
Calculate questions (c),
(e) (– 0.5)6  ( (–) 0 . 5 ) ^ 6 = (d) and (e) in Example 5
without using brackets.
Are the answers the
same? Discuss.
MIND TEST 1.1c
1. Calculate the value of each of the following numbers in index form.
(a) 94 (b) (– 4)5 (c) (2.5)3 (d) (– 3.2)3
   5    4    2    3
(e) —
8 ( ) (f) – —
6 ( ) (g) ²
3 ( )
(h) – 2 —
3 ( )
1.2 Law of Indices

What is the relationship between multiplication of

LEARNING
numbers in index form with the same base and repeated STANDARD
multiplication? Relate the multiplication
of numbers in index
Brainstorming 1 In pairs form with the same
base, to repeated
Aim: To identify the relationship between multiplication of
multiplications, and hence
numbers in index form with the same base and repeated make generalisation.
multiplication.
Steps:
1. Study example (a) and complete examples (b) and (c).
2. Discuss with your friend and state three other examples.
3. ([KLELWWKUHHH[DPSOHVLQWKHPDWKHPDWLFVFRUQHUIRURWKHUJURXSVWRJLYHIHHGEDFN
Multiplication of Repeated multiplication
numbers in index form
3 factors 4 factors 7 factors (overall)
(a) 23 × 24
(2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 27
23 × 24 = 2 7 7=3+4
23 × 24 = 2 3 + 4
2 factors 3 factors 5 factors (overall)
(b) 32 × 33
(3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3) = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 35
32 × 33 = 3
32 × 33 = 3

6
 Chapter 1 Indices

Multiplication of Repeated multiplication

numbers in index form

1
4 factors 2 factors 6 factors (overall)
(c) 54 × 52

CHAPTER
(5 × 5 × 5 × 5) × (5 × 5) = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 56
54 × 52 = 5
54 × 52 = 5
Discussion:
What is your conclusion regarding the relationship between multiplication of numbers in index
form and repeated multiplication?

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW
23 × 24 = 23 + 4 DISCUSSION CORNER
32 × 33 = 32 + 3 Given,
54 × 52 = 54 + 2 am × an = bm × bn.
Is a = b? Discuss.
In general, am × an = a m + n
Example 6
Simplify each of the following.
 2  3       
(a) 7 × 7 (b) (0.2)2 × (0.2)4 × (0.2)5 (c) 2k2 × 4k3 (d) 3m4 × —m5îm
6
Solution:
(a) 72 × 73 (b) (0.2)2 × (0.2)4 × (0.2)5 REMINDER
= 72 + 3 = (0.2)2 + 4 + 5
= 75 = (0.2) a = a1

  2 3   4  5
(c) 2k × 4k (d) 3m × —m îm
6
= (2 × 4)(k2 × k3)   
î²îm4 × m5 × m)
Operation of 6
WKHFRHI¿FLHQWV
= 8k2 + 3 = 6m SMART MIND
= 8k5 = 6m a b 8
If m × m = m , such
that a > 0 and b > 0,
what are the possible
MIND TEST 1.2a values of a and b?

1. Simplify each of the following.

(a) 32 × 3 × 34 (b) (– 0.4)4 × (– 0.4)3 × (– 0.4)

( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 3 4
(c) — × — × —
7 7 7
5
( 2 2
5 ) (
2 3
5
2
(d) ±² × ±² × ±²
5 ) ( )5

  4m2 × —
(e)  m3 × (– 3)m4  n 6 × —
(f)  n2 × —
 n3 × n
2 25 4
   4   2    5 
(g) –x × — x × — x (h) – — y × (– 6)y3 × — y4
4 5 2 3
7
 How do you simplify a number or an algebraic term in index TIPS
form with different bases? Group the numbers or
1

algebraic terms with the

VDPHEDVH¿UVW7KHQDGG
CHAPTER

the indices for the terms

Example 7
Simplify each of the following.
(a) m3 × n2 × m4 × n5
 2  3
(c) p × m × p4 × n3 × m4 × n2
Solution:
(a) m3 × n2 × m4 × n5
= m3 × m4 × n2 × n5
with the same base.
(b) (0.3)2 × (0.2)2 × 0.3 × (0.2)5 × (0.3)3
  4 
(d) –m × 2n5 × 3m × — n2
4
(b) (0.3)2 × (0.2)2 × 0.3 × (0.2)5 × (0.3)3
Group the terms = (0.3)2 × (0.3) × (0.3)3 × (0.2)2 × (0.2)5
with the same base.
= m3 + 4 × n2 + 5 = (0.3) × (0.2)(2 + 5)
= m7 × n7 Add the indices for terms = (0.3)6 × (0.2)7
7 7
with the same base.
=m n
 2  3   4 
(c) p × m × p4 × n3 × m4 × n2 (d) –m × 2n5 × 3m × —n2
4
= m3 × m4 × n3 × n2 × p2 × p4    
±îîî²m4 × m× n5 × n2
= m3 + 4 × n3 + 2 × p2 + 4 4
3  5 + 2
= m7 n5 p6 = – —m n
2 REMINDER
3 5 7 –an ±a)n
= – —m n
2 Example:
±2±2
MIND TEST 1.2b ±

1. State in the simplest index form.

(a) 54 × 93 × 5 × 92 (b) (0.4)2î3îî5î
   5 3   4   
 F x × y × — x × — y (d) –2k5 × p6 × — p5 × 3k
2 3 4

What is the relationship between division of numbers in LEARNING

index form with the same base and repeated multiplication? STANDARD
Relate the division of
Brainstorming 2 In pairs
numbers in index form
with the same base, to
repeated multiplications,
Aim: To identify the relationship between division of numbers in and hence make
index form with the same base and repeated multiplication. generalisation.
Steps:
1. Study example (a) and complete examples (b) and (c).
2. Discuss with your friend and state three other examples.
3. 3UHVHQW\RXU¿QGLQJV

8
 Chapter 1 Indices

Division of numbers Repeated multiplication

in index form

1
5 factors
(a) 45 ÷ 42

CHAPTER
45 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 43
—2 = —————––––
4 4×4 3 factors (Remainder)
2 factors
45 ÷ =4342 3=5–2
45 ÷ 42 = 4 5–2
6 factors
(b) 26 ÷ 22
26 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24
—2 = —————––––—–
2 2×2 4 factors (Remainder)
2 factors
26 ÷ =2 22
26 ÷ 22 = 2
5 factors
(c) (–3)5 ÷ (–3)3
(–3)5 (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × (–3) = (–3) × (–3) = (–3)2
——3 = —————––––—–––——––
(–3) (–3) × (–3)× (–3) 2 factors (Remainder)
3 factors
(–3)5 ÷ (–3)3 = (–3)
(–3)5 ÷ (–3)3 = (–3)

Discussion
What is the relationship between division of numbers in index form and repeated
multiplication?

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW SMART MIND

45 ÷ = 42 45 – 2 Given ma ±b = m7 and
26 ÷ 22 = 26 – 2 0 < a < 10. If a > b,
state the possible values
(–3)5 ÷ (–3)3 = (–3)5 – 3 of a and b.

In general, am ÷ an = a m – n

Example 8
Simplify each of the following.
(a) 54 ÷ 52 (b) (–3)4 ÷ (–3)2 ÷ (–3) (c) m4n3 ÷ m2n
(d) 25x2y3 ÷ 5xy (e) m ÷ 4m5 ÷ m2 I ±p8 ÷ 2p5 ÷ 4p2
Solution:
(a) 54 ÷ 52 (b) (–3)4 ÷ (–3)2 ÷ (–3) (c) m4n3 ÷ m2n
= 54 – 2 = (–3)4 ÷ (–3)2 ÷ (–3)  = m4n3 ÷ m2n
= 52 = (–3)±±  = m4 – 2 n±
= (–3)  = m2 n2
= –3

9
 (d) 25x2y3 ÷ 5xy H m ÷ 4m5 ÷ m2  I ±p8 ÷ 2p5 ÷ 4p2
    2 3         ± 8
= 25x y ÷ 5xy = — (m ÷ m5 ÷ m2) = —– (p ÷ p5) ÷ 4p2
4 2
1

25 = 3(m±) ÷ m2 = –8p8–5 ÷ 4p2

= — x± y±
CHAPTER

5
Operation of the = 3m5 – 2 = –8p3 ÷ 4p2
= 5xy2 FRHI¿FLHQWV 8 (p3 ÷ p2)
= 5xy2 = 3m3 =–—
4
= –2p3 – 2
= –2p
= –2p

MIND TEST 1.2c

1. Simplify each of the following.

(a) 45 ÷ 44 (b) 7 ÷ 76 ÷ 72 m8n6
(c) ——
m4n
27x4 y5
(d) ——–– (e) m7 ÷ m2 ÷ m4 (f) –25h4 ÷ 5h2 ÷ h
9x3y2
2. Copy and complete each of the following equations.
(a) 8 ÷ 84 ÷ 83 = 8 (b) m4n ÷m n5 = m2n
m n4 × m n2 27x3y6 × xy
(c) —————— = m 5n (d) —————– = 3x y5
m7n x2y3
2x × 3y
3. If ——— = 6, determine the value of x + y.
2 4 × 32

What is the relationship between a number in index form LEARNING

raised to a power and repeated multiplication? STANDARD
Relate the numbers in
Brainstorming 3 In pairs
index form raised to a
power, to repeated
multiplication, and hence
Aim: To identify the relationship between a number in index form make generalisation.
raised to a power and repeated multiplication.
Steps:
1. Study example (a) and complete examples (b) and (c).
2. Discuss with your friend and state three other examples.
3. 3UHVHQW\RXU¿QGLQJV
Index form raised Repeated multiplication in index form Conclusion
to a power
(a) (32)4 4 factors
32 × 32 × 32 × 32
(32)4 = 32(4)
= 32 + 2 + 2 + 2
4 times 2 is added 4 times = 38
= 32(4)

10
 Chapter 1 Indices

Index form raised Repeated multiplication in index form Conclusion

to a power

1
3 factors
(b) (54)3

CHAPTER
54 × 54 × 54 (54)3 = 5
= 54 + 4 + 4
3 times 4 is added 3 times =5
= 54(3)
6 factors
(c) (43)6
43 × × 43 × 43 × 43 × 43
43 (43)6 = 4
= 43 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
6 times 3 is added 6 times
=4
= 43(6)

Discussion:
What is your conclusion regarding the index form raised to a power and repeated multiplication
in index form?

The conclusion in Brainstorming 3 can be checked using the following method.

Example (a) Example (b) Example (c)

(32)4 = 32 × 32 × 32 × 32 (54)3 = 54 × 54 × 54 (43)6 = 43 × 43 × 43 × 43 × 43 × 43

= 32 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 54 + 4 + 4 = 43 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
= 38 = 5 = 4
3 = 32 × 4
2(4) 5 = 54 × 3
4(3) 4 = 43 × 6
3(6)

= 38 = 5 = 4

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW
SMART MIND
(32)4 = 32(4)
Given,
(54)3 = 54(3) mrt = 312
(43)6 = 43(6) What are the possible
values of m, r and t
if r > t ?
In general, (am)n = amn

Example 9
1. Simplify each of the following.
(a) (34)2 (b) (h3) (c) ((–y)6)3
2. Determine whether the following equations are true or false.
(a) (42)3 = (43)2 (b) (23)4 = (22)6 (c) (32)6 = (272)4

11
 Solution:
1. (a) (34)2 (b) (h3) (c) ((–y)6)3
= (–y)6(3)
1

= 34(2) = h
= (–y)
CHAPTER

= 38 = h30
2. (a) (42)3 = (43)2 (b) (23)4 = (22)6 (c) (32)6 = (272)4
left right left right left right
/HIW  /HIW /HIW
(42)3 = 42(3) = 46 (23)4 = 23(4) = 2  (32)6 = 32(6) = 3
Same Same
5LJKW 5LJKW 5LJKW
(43)2 = 43(2) = 46 (22)6 = 22(6) = 2 (272)4 = (33(2))4 Not the
same
Hence, (42)3= (43)2 Hence, (23)4 = (22)6 = 36(4)
is true. is true. = 324
Hence, (32)6 = (272)4
is false.

MIND TEST 1.2d

1. Use law of indices to simplify each of the following statements.
 D 5)2 (b) (3)2 (c) (72)3 (d) ((– 4)3)7
(e) (k8)3 (f) (g2) (g) ((–m)4)3 (h) ((–c)7)3
2. Determine whether the following equations are true or false.
(a) (24)5 = (22) (b) (33)7 = (272)4 (c) (52)5 2)3 (d) – (72)4 = (– 492)3

How do you use law of indices to perform operations of multiplication and division?

(am × bn)q
= (am)q × (bn)q (ambn)q = amq bnq
= amq × bnq

(am ÷ bn)q a m q a mq
= (am)q ÷ (bn)q (—–
b n) = —–
b nq
= amq ÷ bnq

Example 10

1. Simplify each of the following.

(a) (73 × 54)3 (b) (24 × 53î2)5 (c) (p2q3r)4 (d) (5m4n3)2
25 4 2x3 4 (3m2n3)3 (2x3y4)4 × (3xy2)3
( )
(e) —2
3
(f) (—–
3y )
7
(g) ———–
6m3n
(h) ———————
36xy

12
 Chapter 1 Indices

Solution:
FLASHBACK
(a) (73 × 54)3 (b) (24 × 53î2)5
am × an = am + n

1
= 73(3) × 54(3) = 24(5) × 53(5)î2(5) am ÷ an = am – n

CHAPTER
= 79 × 5 = 220 × 5î (am)n = amn

(c) (p2q3r)4 (d) (5m4n3)2 QU I Z

= p2(4) q3(4)r = 52m4(2)n3(2)
mm = 256.
= p8qr4 = 25m8n6 What is the value of m?

25 4 2x 3 4
( )
(e) —2
3
(f) (—–
3y ) 7
DISCUSSION CORNER
25(4) 24 x3(4) Why is 1n = 1 for all
= —– = —–––
32(4) 34y7(4) values of n?
220 x Discuss.
= —– = —–––
38 y28

(3m2n3)3 (2x3y4)4 × (3xy2)3

(g) ———– (h) ———————
6m3n 36xy
33m2(3)n3(3) 24x3(4)y4(4) × 33xy2(3)
= ———— = ————————–––
6m3n      36xy

27m6n9 xy × 27x3y6

= ——— = ———————
6m3n      36xy

    6 – 3 ±      î ± ±

=—m
2
n (
= ———– x
36 ) y

    3 8     x5 y
=—m n
2

MIND TEST 1.2e

1. Simplify each of the following.
(a) (2 × 34)2 E 3 × 95)3 F 3 ÷ 76)2 (d) (53 × 34)5
–3a5 6 2a5 3
(e) (m3n4p2)5 (f) (2w2 x 3)4 (g) ——–
b4( ) ( )
(h) —––
3b4
2. Simplify each of the following.
  3 × 42 2 33 × (62)3 4 2 34 2 ((– 4)6)2 × (–52)3
  (
(a) ——–— 2 ) (b) ————
64
(c) (—–
6 )3
÷ —–
6 3
(d) ———————
(– 4)6 × (–5)2
x2y6 × x3 (h3k2)4 (m5 n7)3 (b2d4)3
(e) ———— (f) ——— (g) ———– (h) ———
xy2 (hk)2 (m2n3)2 (b2d3)2
3. Simplify each of the following.
(2m2n4)3 × (3mn4)2 (5xy4)2 × 6xy 24d 3e 5 × (3d 3e 4)2
(a) ———————– (b) —————— (c) ——————––
   m7n   x4y6 (d 5e 6) × (6de 2)3

13
 1 ; D0? LEARNING
How do you verify a0 = 1 and a–n = —
an STANDARD
1

Verify that a0 = 
Brainstorming 4
CHAPTER

In pairs 1
and a–n = ––
n ; a.
a
Aim: To determine the value of a number or an algebraic term with
a zero index.
Steps:
1. Study and complete the following table.
2. What is your conclusion regarding zero index?

Division in Solution Conclusion

index form from the
Law of indices Repeated multiplication solution
2×2×2
(a) 23 ÷ 23 23 – 3 = 20 ———––   20 
2×2×2

m×m×m×m×m
(d) m5 ÷ m5 m 5 – 5 = m0 ²²²²²²²±±±  m0 
m×m×m×m×m

(c) 54 ÷ 54

(d) (–7)2 ÷ (–7)2

(e) n6 ÷ n6

Discussion:
1. Are your answers similar to the answers of the other groups?
2. What is your conclusion regarding zero index?

)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW
20 
m0 

7KHUHIRUHDQXPEHURUDQDOJHEUDLFWHUPZLWKD]HURLQGH[ZLOOJLYHDYDOXHRI
In general, a0 a

1
How do you verify a–n = ––– ?
an

Brainstorming 5 In groups

    
Aim: To verify a–n = —n .
a
Steps:
1. Study and complete the following table.

14
 Chapter 1 Indices

Solution Conclusion
Division in
index form from the

1
Law of indices Repeated multiplication solution

CHAPTER
îî
   
(a) 23 ÷ 25 23 – 5 = 2–2 —————–––– = –––– = –– 2 –2 = ––2
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 2 × 2 22 2

(b) m2 ÷ m5 m2 – 5 = m–3 —m ×—
m
m
–––——————— = ——––––– = ––3 m –3 = –––
m×m×m×m×m m×m×m m m3
(c) 32 ÷ 36

(d) (– 4)3 ÷ (– 4)7

(e) p4 ÷ p8

Discussion
1. Are your answers similar to the anwers of the other groups?
2. What is your conclusion? Scan the QR Code or visit
http://bukutekskssm.my/
)URP%UDLQVWRUPLQJLWLVIRXQGWKDW Mathematics/F3/Chapter1
AlternativeMethod.mp4
 –2   to watch a video that
2 =—
22 describes alternative

 –3  method to verify a± = —.
m = —3 an
m
BULLETIN

In general, a–n = ––n ; a  0 Negative index is a
a
number or an algebraic
Example 11 term that has an index of
a negative value.
1. State each of the following terms in positive index form.
   –2      TIPS
(a) a (b) x – 4 (c) –––
8–5 1
Ƈ a–n ±n±
        a
(d) ––– (e) 2m –3 (f) — n – 8 1
y –9 5 Ƈ an  ±±±
–n
a
–n
2
( )
(g) ––
3
±
(h) (––xy ) –7
( ) ( ba )
a
Ƈ ±±
b
= ±±
n

2. State each of the following in negative index form. REMINDER

     1
(a) —4 (b) —5 (c) 75 2a –n²±
3 m 2an

8
SMART MIND
(d) n20 (e) (––45 ) (f) (––mn )
4 ±
3. Simplify each of the following. ( )
±²
 
=x
y

(24)2 × (35)3 (4xy2)2 × x5y What are the values of x

(a) 32 × 34 ÷ 38 (b) ————— (c) ————— and y?
(28 × 36)2 (2x3y)5
15
 Solution:
1 1 1 1
1. (a) a–2 = –– (b) x – 4 = ––4 (c) ––– = 85 (d) ––– = y9
a2 8–5 y –9
1

x
CHAPTER

2 3 3 –10 10 –7 7
(e) 2m–3 = —3
m
(f) — n– 8 = —–8
5 5n ( ) = (––32 )
2
(g) ––
3
(h) (––xy ) = (––yx )
1 1 1 1
2. (a) — = 3– 4 (b) —5 = m–5 (c) 75 = — (d) n20 = —–
34 m 7–5 n–20
4 8 5 –8 m 15 n –15
( ) ( )
(e) –– = ––
5 4 n( ) ( )
(f) –– = ––
m
TIPS
(24)2 × (35)3 (4xy2)2 × x5y
3. (a) 32 × 34 ÷ 38 (b) ————— (c) —————
(28 × 36)2 (2x3y)5 y0 = 1
= 32 + 4 – 8
28 × 315 42x2y4 × x5y1 y1 = y
= 3–2 = ———– = —————
1 216 × 312 25x15y5
= —2 = 28 – 16 × 315 – 12
3 16
= — x2 + 5 – 15 y4 + 1 – 5
= 2– 8 × 33 32
33 1
= —8 = — x– 8 y0
2 2
1
= —–8
2x

MIND TEST 1.2f

1. State each of the following terms in positive index form.
1
(a) 5–3 (b) 8– 4 (c) x– 8 (d) y–16 (e) —–
a– 4
1 2 –4
(f) —––
20–2
(g) 3n– 4 (h) –5n– 6 (i) — m–5
7
(j) (– —83 )m
2 –12 –14 –10 –4 –5
( )
(k) —
5
(l) (– —37 ) x
( )
(m) —
y
2x
( )
(n) —–
3y
1
(o) (—)
2x

2. State each of the following terms in negative index form.

(a) —1 (b) — 1 (c) —1 1
(d) — (e) 102
5 4 83 m 7 n9
4 9 10
(f) (– 4)3 (g) m12 (h) n16 (i) —
7 ( ) (j) (—yx )
3. Simplify each of the following.
(42)3 × 45 (23 × 32)3 (52)5
(a) ———– 6 2
(b) ———–– (c) ———–––
(4 ) (2 × 34)5 (2 )–2 × (54)2
3

3m2n4 × (mn3)–2 (2m2n2)–3 × (3mn2)4 (4m2n4)2

(d) ——————– (e) ——————–––– (f) ——————–––
9m3n5 (9m3n)2 (2m n)5 × (3m4n)2
–2

16
 Chapter 1 Indices

How do you determine and state the relationship between LEARNING

fractional indices and roots and powers? STANDARD

1
1
— Determine and state the
Relationship between n¥a and a n relationship between

CHAPTER
fractional indices and
In Form 1, you have learnt about square and square root as well as cube roots and powers.
and cube root. Determine the value of x for
(a) x2 = 9 (b) x3 = 64 TIPS
Solution: Ƈ 9 = 32 Ƈ 64 = 43
(a) x2 = 9 Square roots are used (b) x3 = 64
to eliminate squares.
  ¥x2 ¥2 3¥x3 = 3¥3 Cube roots are used to
eliminate cubes.
x =3 x =4

Did you know that the values of x in examples (a) and (b) above can be determined by raising the
index to the power of its reciprocal?

(a) x2 = 9 The reciprocal (b) x3 = 64 BULLETIN

1 1 .
of 2 is —
x2 ( ) = 9 x3 ( ) = 64( )
1
— — 1
— 1
— 1
2 2 2 3 3 — is the reciprocal of a.
The reciprocal a
x1 = 43( 3 )
1
x1 = 32 (—2 )
1 —
1
of 3 is — .
3
x =3 x =4
From the two methods to determine the values of x in the examples SMART MIND
above, it is found that:
What is the solution for
2 –12
¥x = x 1 ¥– 4 ? Discuss.
3 –
¥x = x 3
1
–n
¥a = a ; D0
In general, n

Example 12
1
—
1. Convert each of the following terms into the form a n .
(a) 2¥ E 3¥± F 5¥m (d) 7¥n
2. Convert each of the following terms into the form n¥a .
1 1 1 1
— — — —
(a) 125 5 (b) 256 8 (c) (–1 000) 3 (d) n 12
3. Calculate the value of each of the following terms.
1 1
— —
(a) 5¥± E 6¥ F 3 G ±5
Solution:
1 1 1 1
— — — —
1. (a) 2¥36 = 36 2 (b) 3¥± ±3 F 5¥m = m 5 (d) 7¥n = n 7
1 1
– 1 1
— — —
2. (a) 125 5 = 5¥125 (b) 2568 = 8¥256 (c) (–1 000) 3 = 3¥(–1 000) (d) n12 = 12¥n

17
 1– 1
(c) 512 3 = 83(–3) (d) (–243) 5 = (–3)5(—5 )
1
— 1
— 1 — 1
3. (a) 5¥–32 = (–32) 5 (b) 6
¥729 = 729 6
= (–3)1
= 36 (—6 )
1
= (–2)5(—5 ) = 81
1
1

= –3
CHAPTER

= (–2)1 = 31 =8
= –2 =3 TIPS
<RXFDQXVHDVFLHQWL¿F
calculator to check the
answers.
MIND TEST 1.2g
1
1. Convert each of the following terms into the form a–n .
(a) 3¥125 (b) 7¥2 187 (c) 5¥–1 024 (d) 10
¥n
2. Convert each of the following terms into the form n¥a.
1 1 1 1
— — — ––
(a) 4 2 (b) 32 5 (c) (–729) 3 (d) n 15
3. Calculate the value of each of the following terms.
1 1
— —
(a) 3¥343 (b) 5¥–7 776 (c) 262 144 6 (d) (–32 768) 5

m 1 1
What is the relationship between a—n and (am)—
n , (a—
n )m, n¥am dan (n¥a)m?

You have learnt that:

1
amn = (am)n and n¥a1 = a—n

m 1 1
From the two laws of indices above, we can convert a—n into (am)— n , (a—
n )m, n am and (n a)m.
¥ ¥
Calculate the value of each of the following. Complete the table as shown in example (a).
m 1 1
a—n (am)—n (a—n )m n
¥a
m (n¥a)m
1 1 3¥642
(a)
2
64—3 (642) 1 —
3 (64 ) —3 2 (3¥64)2
(—3 ) 1 3 = 42
= 4 096 1
=4( ) 3—
3
(2) = ¥4 096
= 163 ( 3 ) = 42 = 16 = 16
—

= 16 = 16
3
(b) 16—4
2
(c) 243—5

Are your answers in (b) and (c) the same when you use different index forms? Discuss.

From the activity above, it is found that:

m 1 1
a—n = (am)—n = (a—n )m
m
a—n = n¥am = (n¥a)m

18
 Chapter 1 Indices

Example 13
–1 –1
1. Convert each of the following into the form (am) n and (a n )m.

1
3 2 3
— — —

CHAPTER
(a) 81 2 (b) 27 3 (c) h 5
2. Convert each of the following into the form n¥am and (n¥a)m.
2 5 2
— — (c) m—5
(a) 343 3 (b) 4 096 6
Solution:
3 1 2 1 3 1
— — — — — —
1. (a) 81 2 = (813) 2 (b) 27 3 = (272) 3 (c) h 5 = (h3) 5
3 1 2 1 3 1
— — — — — —
81 2 = (81 2 )3 27 3 = (27 3 )2 h 5 = (h 5 )3
2 5 2
— — (c) m—5 = 5¥m2
2. (a) 343 3 = 3¥2 (b) 4 096 6 = 6¥5
2 5 2
— —
343 3 = (3¥343)2 4 096 6 = (6¥4 096)5 m—5 = (5¥m)2

MIND TEST 1.2h

1. Complete the following table.
3 2
m
—
an 729 6
5
—
121 2
3
— 3
—
w7
2
—
x5 (—1681) —
4
(—hk ) —
3

1
—
(am) n
1
—
(a n )m

n m
¥a

(n¥ a )m

Example 14
1. Calculate the value of each of the following.
5 5
(a) 9—2 (b) 16—4

Solution:
5 5
1. (a) 9—2 (b) 16—4
5 5
Method 1 9—2 = (¥9)5 = (3)5 = 243 Method 1 16—4 = (4¥16)5 = 25 = 32
5 5
Method 2 9—2 = ¥95 = ¥59 049 = 243 Method 2 16—4 = 4¥165 = 4¥1 048 576 = 32

19
 MIND TEST 1.2i
1

1. Calculate the value of each of the following.

CHAPTER

2
— —2 2
— 3
—
(a) 27 3 (b) 32 5 (c) 128 7 (d) 256 8
4
— 2
— 3
— —3
(e) 64 3 (f) 1 024 5 (g) 1 296 4 (h) 49 2
—1 3
— 2
— —3
(i) 2 401 4 (j) 121 2 (k) 2 197 3 (l) 10 000 4
2. Complete the following diagrams with correct values.
(a) (b) 3
—
¥6 561
25

— 3 5 125
27 3

81 125
4 3
9
— — —
243 3 125 625 4

81 ¥15 625

How do you perform operations involving laws of

LEARNING
indices ? STANDARD
Law of indices Perform operations
1
involving laws of indices.
am × an = am + n a0 = 1 a––
m
n = n a
¥ 1
am ÷ an = am – n 1
1
a mn = am(—n ) = (a—n )m
––
(am)n = amn a–n = —
an a––n = n¥am = (n¥a)m

Example 15
1. Simplify each of the following.
3
— 1
— 1
—
(–3x)3 × (2x3y– 4)2 ¥m n 4 × (mn3) 3 (2h)2 × (16h8) 4
(a) ——————––– (b) ——————–– 1 (c) ——————–1
108x4 y3 (m–1¥n3)—6 (8—3 h)–2

Solution:
3 1 1
—
— —
(–3x)3 × (2x3y– 4)2 ¥m n 4 × (mn3) 3 (2h)2 × (16h8) 4
(a) ——————––– (b) ——————–– 1 (c) ——————– 1
108x4 y3 (m–1¥n3)— 6 (8— 3 h)
–2
1 3 1 3— 1
m2 n4× m3n (3)
1 1
(–3)3x3 × 22x3(2)y– 4(2)
— — —
22h2 × 16—4 h8(—4 )
= ——————–—–– = ——————––1 3 1 = ——————–
m–1(–6 )n—2 (–6 )
1
108x4 y3 8—(–2)
3 h(–2)
1
— 3
— 1
— 1 1
–27x3× 4x6y–8 m 2 n 4 × m 3 n1
= ——————– 2 h × 2 (—4 )h8(—
2 2 4 4 )
= —————— 1 1 = ——————– 1
108x4 y3 m– —6 n—4 23(–3 ) (–2)h(–2)
1 1 ––– 3
1 — 1 2 h2 × 21h2
2
= m 2 + 3 ( 6)n 4 + 1 4
–27 × 4 — — –—
( 108 )
= ——— x3 + 6 – 4 y – 8 – 3
= m1 n 2
3
—
= ————–
2–2 h–2
= 22 + 1 – (–2) h2 + 2 – (–2)
= –1 x5 y–11 3
—
= mn 2 = 25 h6
x5
= – —– = 32 h6
y11

20
 Chapter 1 Indices

Example 16
1. Calculate the value of each of the following.

1
1 1 3
— 1
–— 4
— 3
—
49—2 × 125– —3 (243 5 × 5 2 )2

CHAPTER
16 4 × 81 4
(a) ———————– (b) —————– 1
(c) —————–
4¥î5¥ (26 × 34)—2 4¥×¥4

Solution:
1 1 3
— 1
–— 4
— 3
—
49—2 × 125– —3 16 4 × 81 4 (243 5 × 5 2 )2
(a) ——————— (b) —————– 1
(c) —————
4¥î5¥ (26 × 34)—2 4¥×¥4

1 1 3 (2
24 ( 4 ) × 34 ( 4 )
3 1 4 (2)
72(—)
2 × 5
3(– —)
3 — –— —
243 5 × 5 2
— (2)
= ——————–
4 —1
5 1
— = —————––
3 1 2 1 = ————––––––
26 (—2 ) × 34 (—2 )
1
(7 ) 4 × (5 ) 5 —
81 4 × 25 2
4
—

71 × 5–1 23 × 3–1 8
3 ( 5 )× 5
5— 3
= ———– = ———–
71 × 51 23 × 32 = ————––
1 4
3 (4) ×5 (2)
4— 2—
= 71–1 × 5–1 –1 = 23 – 3 × 3–1 – 2
= 70 × 5–2 38 × 53
= 20 × 3–3 = ———
1 31 × 54
= 1 × —2 1
5 =1×— = 38 – 1 × 53 – 4
1 33
=— 1 = 37 × 5–1
25 =—
27 37
=—
5
2 187
= ——–
5
2
= 437 —
5

MIND TEST 1.2j

1. Simplify each of the following.
3 2 3 1 2
¥c d e × c—3 d 2e—3
(a) ———————–
(mn2)3 × (¥mn)4
(b) ——————– ¥x3yz2 × 4x2z
(c) ——————–
2
(c–3d 2e)2 (m6n3)—3 ¥x5yz8
2. Calculate the value of each of the following.
1 3
—
¥– 4 × 114 (5–3 × 36) 3 × 4¥ (26 × 34 × 52)—2
(a) ———— (b) ———————–– (c) —————————
49 × 121 1
(125 × 729 × 64)– —3 4¥î¥î3¥

1
— 2 1
9 —
¥512 × 3¥343 × ¥121
(d) ————————––––––
(24 × 36) 2 × 3¥î¥
(e) ———————–—– 64 3 × 3¥125 × (2 × —
(f) —————————– 5)
–3
1 3 1 3 1
(64)—3 × (81)—4 × (14 641)—4 16—4 × 27—3 42 × 4¥
m 1 n
÷ 812m .
— (– —) —
3. Given m = 2 and n = –3, calculate the value of 64 3 × 512 n

2
1 and b = —, —a
4. Given a = — calculate the value of 144a ÷ 64b × 256 b .
2 3

21
 How do you solve problems involving laws of indices? LEARNING
STANDARD
1

Solve problems involving

laws of indices.
CHAPTER

FLASHBACK
Example 17 Common prime factors
3
— of 6 and 12 are 2 and 3.
&DOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRI¥î ÷ 6 without using a calculator.
2

Understanding the Planning a strategy Implementing the strategy

problem Convert each base 3
—
¥î 2 ÷ 6
Calculate the value of into prime factors and 1
— —3
= 3 2 × (2 × 2 × 3) 2 ÷ (2 × 3)
numbers in index form calculate the value by 1
— 3
— 3
— 3
—
with different bases. applying laws of indices. = 3 2 × 2 2 × 2 2 × 3 2 ÷ (21 × 31)
—1 + —
3 – 1 3 + —
— 3 – 1
= 32 2 × 22 2
= 31 × 22
Making a conclusion = 12
3
—
¥î 2 ÷ 6 = 12

Example 18 REMINDER
Ƈ,Iam = an
Calculate the value of x for the equation 3x × 9x + 5 ÷ 34 = 1. then, m = n
Ƈ,Iam = bm
Understanding the Planning a strategy then, a = b
problem The question is an equation.
Calculate the value of Hence, the value on the left side Checking Answers
variable x which is part of the equation is the same as You can check the answer
of the indices. the value on the right side of the by substituting the value of
equation. Convert all the terms x into the original equation.
into index form with base of 3. 3x × 9x + 5 ÷ 34 = 1
Left Right

Substitute x = –2 into left

side of the equation.
3–2 × 9–2 + 5 ÷ 34
Implementing the strategy Making a conclusion
= 3–2 × 93 ÷ 34
3x × 9x + 5 ÷ 34 = 1 3x + 6 = 0 If 3x × 9x + 5 ÷ 34 = 1,
= 3–2 × 32(3) ÷ 34
3x × 32(x + 5) ÷ 34 = 30 3x = – 6 then, x = –2
= 3–2 + 6 – 4
3x + 2(x + 5) – 4 = 30 –6
x = —–
x + 2x + 10 – 4 0 3 = 30 The same value
3 =3 as the value on
x = –2 =1
33x + 6 = 30 the right side
of the equation.
am = an
m=n

22
 Chapter 1 Indices

Example 19 Checking Answers

x2
Calculate the possible values of x for the equation 3 × 32x = 315. Substitute the values of x

1
into the original equation.

CHAPTER
2
Understanding Planning a Implementing the strategy 3x × 32x = 315
the problem strategy If am an,
Left Right
3x2 × 32x = 315 then, =m = n. Substitute x = 3
Calculate All the
3x2 + 2x = 315 Left: Right:
the value of bases Solve the
x2 + 2x = 15 quadratic 2
x which is involved in 2 equation using 3(3) × 32(3) 315
part of the the equation x + 2x – 15 = 0 factorisation = 39 × 36
indices. are the (x – 3)(x + 5) = 0 method. = 39 + 6
same. x – 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 = 315 The same value

x=0+3 x=0–5 Substitute x = –5

Making a conclusion x=3 x = –5 Left: Right:
2
The possible values of x for 3(–5) × 32(–5) 315
2
the equation 3x × 32x= 315 = 325 × 3–10
are 3 and –5. = 325 + (–10)
= 315 The same value

Example 20 FLASHBACK
Simultaneous linear
Solve the following simultaneous equations. equations in two
1 variables can be solved
25m × 5n = 58 and 2m × —n = 2 using substitution
2
method or elimination
Solution: method.
1
25m × 5n = 58 2m × —n = 2
2
52(m) × 5n = 58 Checking Answers
52m + n = 58 2m × 2–n = 21 Substitute m = 3 and n = 2
2m + n = 8 1 2m + (–n) = 21 into original simultaneous
equations.
m–n=1 2
25m × 5n = 58
Left Right
Equation 1 and 2 can be solved by substitution method.
From 1 : Left: Right:
25m × 5n 58
2m + n = 8 = 52(m) × 5n
n = 8 – 2m 3 = 52(3) × 52
= 56 + 2
Substitute 3 into 2 Substitute m = 3 into 1 = 58 The same value

m 1
m–n=1 2m + n = 8 2 × —n = 2
2
m – (8 – 2m) = 1 2(3) + n = 8 You can also Left Right
substitute m = 3
m – 8 + 2m = 1 Left: Right:
6+n=8 into equation
1
m + 2m = 1 + 8 n=8–6 2 or 3 . 2m ×— 2n 2
3m = 9 n=2 1
= 23 × —22
9
m=— Hence, m = 3 and n = 2. = 23 × 2–2
3 = 23 + (–2)
= 21
m=3 =2 The same value

23
 Example 21
1
CHAPTER

My equation is
3(9x) = 27y.
My equation is
16(4x) = 16 y.

The values of the variables x

and y can be determined if you
can solve both the equations.

Chong and Navin performed an experiment to determine the relationship between variable x and
variable y. The equation Chong obtained was 16(4x) = 16 y, while the equation Navin got was
3(9 x ) = 27y. Calculate the values of x and y which satisfy the experiment Chong and Navin have
performed.
Solution:
16(4x) = 16y 3(9x) = 27y
You can also substitute
42(4x) = 42(y) 3(32x) = 33(y) y = 3 into equation
42 + x = 42y 31 + 2x = 33y 2 or 3 .
2 + x = 2y 1 1 + 2x = 3y 2

Equations 1 and 2 can be solved by elimination Substitute y = 3 into equation 1

method.
Multiply equation 1 1 : 2 + x = 2y
by 2 to equate the 2 + x = 2(3)
1 × 2 : 4 + 2x = 4y 3 FRHI¿FLHQWVRIYDULDEOHx. x =6–2
2 : 1 + 2x = 3y x =4
3– 2:
3+0=y Hence, x = 4, y = 3
y= 3

Dynamic Challenge

Test Yourself
1. State whether each of the following operations which involves the laws of indices is true or
false. If it is false, state the correct answer.
(a) a5 = a × a × a × a × a (b) 52 = 10 (c) 30 = 0
(d) (2x3)5 = 2x15 (e) m0n0 = 1 1
(f) 2a– 4 = —–
2a4
–4 4
2
—
(g) 32 5 = (2¥32)5 (h) (—mn ) = (—mn ) 1 625
(i) (5m—4 )– 4 = —–
m

24
 Chapter 1 Indices

2. Copy and complete the following diagram with suitable values.

1
5Ƒ × 55 53(Ƒ)

CHAPTER
3
(—51Ƒ) 512 ÷ 5Ƒ

1
—
5Ƒ 59 (¥25)Ƒ

56 × 5Ƒ
——––
52 (—15 )Ƒ
3
(5Ƒ)—2 (Ƒ¥125)Ƒ

3. Copy and complete the following diagram.

Operations that –2
involve laws
of indices 20 as
1
–—
3– 4 as
(—35 ) 2 –3
as 7 × 5 as
(5–1 × ¥25)3
Value

Skills Enhancement
1. Simplify each of the following.
1
(a) (mn4)3 ÷ m4n5 (b) 3x × — y4 × (xy)3 F ¥xy × 3¥xy2 × 6¥xy5
6
2. Calculate the value of each of the following.
1 2 3
(a) 64—3 × 5–3 (b) 7–1 × 125—3 (c) (256)—8 × 2–3
3 2 3 1
(d) 24 × 16– —4 (e) ¥49 × 3–2 ÷ (¥81)–1 (f) (125)—3 × (25)– —2 ÷ (625)– —4

3. Calculate the value of x for each of the following equations.

(a) 26 ÷ 2x = 8 (b) 3– 4 × 81 = 3x (c) axa8 = 1
(d) 4 × 8x + 1 = 22x (e) (ax)2 × a5 = a3x 210
(f) 2x = —–
16x
1
(g) 36 ÷ 3x = 81(x – 1) (h) (m2)x × m(x + 1) = m–2 (i) 25x ÷ 125 = —x
5

25
 Self Mastery

1. Calculate the value of each of the following without using a calculator.

1
CHAPTER

1 2 5 5 3 1 2
— — — — — — —
(a) 4 3 × 50 3 × 10 3 (b) 5 2 × 20 2 ÷ 10–2 (c) 60 2 × 125 3 ÷ ¥15
2. Calculate the value of x for each of the following equations.
—1 –—5 2
(b) 3x—3 = —27 x– —43 2
–— 5 —1
(a) 64x 2 = 27x 2 (c) 25x 3 – — x 3 = 0
4 3
3. Calculate the possible values of x for each of the following equations.
2 2 2
(a) ax ÷ a5x = a6 (b) 2x × 26x = 27 (c) 5x ÷ 53x = 625

4. Solve the following simultaneous equations.

(a) 81(x + 1) × 9x = 35 and 82x × 4(22y) = 128 (b) 4(4x) = 8y + 2 and 9x × 27y = 1

5. In an experiment performed by Susan, it was found

WKDW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI D PHWDO URVH IURP Û&WRTÛ&
according to equation T = 25(1.2)m when the metal
was heated for m seconds. Calculate the difference in
WHPSHUDWXUH EHWZHHQ WKH ¿IWK VHFRQG DQG WKH VL[WK
second, to the nearest degree Celsius.

6. Encik Azmi bought a locally made car for RM55 000.

After 6 years, Encik Azmi wishes to sell the car. Based
on the explanation from the used car dealers, the price 00
55 0
of Encik Azmi’s car will be calculated using the formula RM
8 n. In this situation, n is the number of years
RM55 000 — ( )
9
after the car is bought. What is the market value of Encik
Azmi’s car? State your answer correct to the nearest RM.

7. Mrs Kiran Kaur saved RM50 000 on 1 March 2019

in a local bank with an interest of 3.5% per annum.
After t years, Mrs Kiran Kaur’s total savings, in RM,
is 50 000 (1.035)t. Calculate her total savings on
1 March 2025, if Mrs Kiran Kaur does not withdraw
her savings.

26
 Chapter 1 Indices

P R O J E C T

1
Materials: One sheet of A4 paper, a pair of scissors, a long ruler, a pencil.

CHAPTER
Instructions: (a) Carry out the project in small groups.
(b) Cut the A4 paper into the biggest possible square.
Steps:
1. Draw the axes of symmetry (vertical and horizontal only) as shown in Diagram 1.
2. Calculate the number of squares formed. Write your answers in the space provided in
Sheet A.
3. Draw the vertical and horizontal axes of symmetry for each square as shown in
Diagram 2.
4. Calculate the number of squares formed. Write your answers in the space provided in
Sheet A.
5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 as many times as possible.
1 1 8

2 7

3 6

4 5
Diagram 1 Diagram 2

6. Compare your answers with those of other groups.

7. What can you say about the patterns in the column ‘Index form’
in Sheet A? Scan the QR Code or
visit http://bukutekskssm.
8. Discuss the patterns you identify. my/Mathematics/F3/
Chapter1SheetA.pdf
to download Sheet A.
Sheet A

Number of axis Number of

Index form Index form
of symmetry square
0 – 1 20
2 21 4 22
8 16

27
 CONCEPT MAP
1

Indices
CHAPTER

an
an Index =a×a×a×…×a 54 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
Base n factors m × m × m × m × m = m5

Multiplication Division Power

am × an = am + n am ÷ an = am – n (am)n = amn (am × an)p = amp × anp
23 × 25 = 23 + 5 36 ÷ 34 = 36 – 4 (34)2= 38 (3a4)3 = 27a12

Fractional index Negative index Zero index

1 –13 1
a = n¥a
—
n 8 = 3¥8 a–n = —n ; a  0 a0 = 1 ; a  0
m 1 1 –2 –1 –1 a
a—n = (am)—n = (a—
n )m 8 3 = (82) 3 = (8 3)2 20 = 1
1
m
a—n = n¥am = (n¥a)m
–2
8 3 = 3¥2 = (3¥8)2 5–3 = —3
5 m0 = 1

SELF-REFLECT

At the end of this chapter, I can:

1. Represent repeated multiplication in index form and describe its meaning.

2. Rewrite a number in index form and vice versa.

3. Relate the multiplication of numbers in index form with the same base, to repeated
multiplications, and hence make generalisation.
4. Relate the division of numbers in index form with the same base, to repeated
multiplications, and hence make generalisation.
Relate the numbers in index form raised to a power, to repeated multiplication, and hence
5.
make generalisation.

6. 1 ; a
Verify that a0 = 1 and a–n = —n a
7. Determine and state the relationship between fractional indices and roots and powers.

8. Perform operations involving laws of indices.

9. Solve problems involving laws of indices.

28
 Chapter 1 Indices

EXPLORING MATHEMATICS

1
Do you still remember the Pascal’s Triangle that you learnt in the Chapter 1 Patterns and

CHAPTER
Sequences in Form 2?
The Pascal’s Triangle, invented by a French mathematician, Blaise Pascal, has a lot of unique
properties. Let us explore two unique properties found in the Pascal’s Triangle.
Activity 1 Sum Index form
1 1 20
1 1 2 21
1 2 1 4 22
1 3 3 1
6 14 1 4
1
10 10 5 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
Sheet 1 Sheet 1(a)
Instructions:
1. Carry out the activity in pairs.
2. Construct the Pascal’s Triangle as in Sheet 1.
3. Calculate the sum of the numbers in each row. Write the sum in index form with base of 2.
4. Complete Sheet 1(a). Discuss the patterns of answers obtained with your friends.
5. Present your results.
TIPS
Activity 2 115 = 161 051
1 5 10 10 5 1
11n Value +1 +1
110 1 1 —
11

111 11 1 1 1 6 1 0 5 1
112 121 1 2 1
113 1 331 1 3 3 1
114 1 4 1 6 4
115 1 5
10 10 5 1
116 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
117 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
118 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
119 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1110 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
Sheet 2(a) Sheet 2
Instructions:
1. Carry out the activity in small groups.
2. Construct the Pascal’s Triangle as in Sheet 2.
3. Take note of the numbers in each row. Each number is the value of index with base of 11.
4. Complete Sheet 2(a) with the value of index with base of 11 without using a calculator.
5. Present your results.
6. Are your answers the same as those of other groups?

29