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Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. define the different key terms;
2. understand rotations of an angle;
3. find the complement and supplement of a given angle;
4. measure, angles and arcs in degrees and radians;
5. convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa; and
6. solve problems involving arc length, angular velocity, and linear velocity
with accuracy.

BASIC CONCEPTS
In trigonometry, an angle can be defined as the union of two rays with a common
endpoint called vertex. Rotating a ray about its vertex from one position, called the initial
side of the angle to another called the terminal side, forms an angle.

Vertex  α 

Figure 1. Angle
The measure of an angle is determined by the amount of rotation of ray. If an
angle is formed by a counterclockwise rotation, its measure is positive. If an angle is
formed by a clockwise rotation, its measure is negative.

Y 
Positive Angle 
Counterclockwise 

X 
Negative Angle 
Clockwise 

Figure 2. Positive and Negative Angle

When the vertex of an angle is at the origin of the coordinate plane and its initial side
coincides with the positive side of the x-axis, the angle is said to be in standard position.
Angles which has the same initial and terminal sides are coterminal angles
Y  Y 

α 
X  X 
 
Initial Side  β  Initial Side 

Figure 3. Angles in Standard Position Figure 4. Coterminal Angles

1 
 
Quadrantal Angles are angles in standard position whose terminal sides lies on the axis.

Terminal Side 
Y  Y  Y 

α  α  α 
X  X  X 

Terminal Side 
Initial  Initial  Initial 
(a) Terminal Side  (b) (c)

Figure 5. Quadrantal Angles

ANGLE MEASURE
In trigonometry, angles are labelled with Greek letter such as α(alpha), β(beta),
γ(gamma).There are several different units for measuring angles.
Radian System
One way measure angles is in radian (rad). The radian measure of a central
angle θ is the ratio of the intercepted arc s and radius r of the circle. Central angle θ is an
angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle and whose sides intersect the circle .
(Robles, 2010)
θ=
where θ = measure of the central angle in radian
r = radius of the circle
s = arc length
P 

s 
θ 
O  r  Q 

Figure 6. Central Angle θ

When the ray makes a complete rotation, the arc length is equal to the circumference of
the circle, then as s = C,
θ= 2
where θ = measure of the central angle in radian
r = radius of the circle
C= circumference of the circle

s =C = 2Πr 
θ  P 
O  r  Q 

Figure 7. One Complete Rotation

Sexagesimal System
The unit of measure is degree (º). A measure of One(1) degree on the central
angle means it intercepted an arc which is of the circumference of the circle. One
complete rotation of a ray is equivalent to 360º .

2 
 
 1
1º 
360
O 

Figure 8. Intercepted Arc of 1° Measure

Angle Conversion
From the previous topic, 1 complete rotation is equivalent to 2 in Radian system
and 360º in Sexagesimal System. Therefore,
2 =360º or 180°
Note: The ratio of this two quantities will be used as a conversion factor.

Sexagesimal System 
Radian system  180° 
 
  θ 
P  O  Q 

Figure 9. Relationship between Radian and Degree Measure

Converting Radian to Degree and Degree to Radian

°
To convert radian to degree, we multiply the given radian measure to . Notice that
180º is used as the numerator in order to have a degree unit on the answer.
Example1.
a. Convert
b. Convert
c. Convert
Solution
° °
a. 90°
° °
b. 17.19°
° °
c. 90°

Converting Degree to Radian

To convert degree to radian, we multiply the given radian measure to .
°
Notice that is used as the numerator in order to have a radian (rad) unit on the
answer.
Example 2.
a. Convert 20°
b. Convert 60° ian
c. Convert 240°
Solution

3 
 
 a. 20°
°

b. 60°
°

c. 240°
°

How to used calculator in converting degree-minute-second form to decimal degree.

Angles can be expressed as a decimal degree or degree-minute-second (dms)
form.
Express 28°30′40" in decimal degrees.
1. Enter 28 press ° ′ " key, then
2. Enter 30 press ° ′ " key, then
3. Enter 28 press °′"
4. You can see 28.31° as your decimal degree
Express 28.31° in dms form
1. Enter 28.31 press   key, then
2. press ° ′ " key, then
3. You can see 28°30′40" as your dms form

4