19

CH APTER

Measurement and Geometry

Trigonometric
functions
In Chapter 12, we saw how to extend the definition of the trigonometric
functions to the second quadrant so that we could deal with obtuse-angled
triangles. You probably realised that the ideas could be further extended so that
we could give meaning to the trigonometric ratios of angles that were greater
than 180°. We will do that in this chapter, and we will also draw the graphs of
the trigonometric functions for all positive and negative angle sizes.
The graphs of sine and cosine functions are used to model wave motion and are
therefore central to the applications of mathematics to any problem in which
periodic motion is involved – from the motion of the tides and ocean waves to
sound waves and modern telecommunications.

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 19a Angles in the four quadrants
We take a circle of radius 1, centre the origin, y
in the Cartesian plane. 1
From point P on the circle in the first quadrant, P (cos θ, sin θ)
we construct the right-angled triangle POQ sin θ 1 1 sin θ
with O at the origin. Let ∠POQ be θ. θ A θ
−1 O cos θ Q 1 x cos θ
The length OQ is the x-coordinate of P, and
OQ
since = cos θ, the x-coordinate of P is
1 −1
cosθ.
Similarly, the y-coordinate of P is the length PQ, which equals sin θ.
Hence, the coordinates of the point P are (cos θ, sin θ).

Positive and negative angles

In this chapter, angles measured anticlockwise from OA will be called positive angles.
Similarly, angles measured clockwise from OA will be called negative angles.
y y

40° A A
O x O −40° x

The definition of sine and cosine

Notice that each angle, positive or negative, determines a point, P, on the unit circle. For the moment
we will only deal with positive angles between 0° and 360°.
y y
1 1
P

θ A θ A
−1 O 1 x −1 O 1 x

P
−1 −1

0° < θ < 90° 180° < θ < 270°

For point P, determined by the angle θ, we define:

• the cosine of θ to be the x-coordinate of the point P
• the sine of θ to be the y-coordinate of the point P.

ChapTer 19 TrigonomeTriC FunCTionS

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 19A  Angles in the four quadrants

The four quadrants

The coordinate axes cut the plane into four quadrants. These are labelled anticlockwise around the
origin, as the first, second, third and fourth quadrants.
90°

Second quadrant First quadrant

180° 0°
O

Third quadrant Fourth quadrant

270°

The signs of sin θ and cos θ y

1
First quadrant P(cos θ, sin θ)
For θ in the first quadrant (0°< θ < 90°):
• the x-value is positive, so cos θ is positive −1 θ A
O 1 x
• the y-value is positive, so sin θ is positive.

−1

Second quadrant y

For θ in the second quadrant (90° < θ < 180°): 1

• the x-value is negative, so cos θ is negative P (cos θ, sin θ) R

• the y-value is positive, so sin θ is positive. θ A

−1 Q O 1 x

−1

Third quadrant y

For θ in the third quadrant (180° < θ < 270°): 1

• the x-value is negative, so cos θ is negative

• the y-value is negative, so sin θ is negative. θ A
−1 O 1 x

P (cos θ, sin θ)
−1

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  19A  Angles in the four quadrants

Fourth quadrant y

For θ in the fourth quadrant (270° < θ < 360°): 1

• the x-value is positive, so cos θ is positive

• the y-value is negative, so sin θ is negative. θ A
–1 O 1 x
The angles θ = 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° correspond
to the points (1, 0), (0, 1), ( −1, 0) and (0, −1). P (cos θ, sin θ)
Using the coordinates of these points and the definition
of sin θ and cos θ, we construct the following table. –1

P θ cos θ sin θ
(1, 0) 0° 1 0 y
(0,1) 90° 0 1
(0, 1)
( −1, 0) 180° −1 0
(0, −1) 270° 0 −1
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
O x
Notes:
• −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all θ
(0, –1)
• −1 ≤ cos θ   ≤ 1 for all θ
• In the first quadrant (0° < θ < 90°):
–– As θ increases, sin θ increases and cos θ decreases
–– For any value a such that 0 < a < 1, there is a unique value of θ such that sin θ   = a.
A similar statement holds for cosine.

The tangent ratio

sin θ  opposite 
For acute angles, we know that tan θ = = . For angles that are greater than 90°, we
cos θ  adjacent 
sin θ
can define the tangent of θ by tan θ = , where θ ≠ 90°, 270°.
cos θ
This means that tan θ will be positive in quadrants where sin θ and cos θ are both positive or both
negative. Hence, tan θ is positive in the first and third quadrants, and negative in the second and
fourth quadrants.
To assist in remembering the signs of the three 90°
trigonometric functions in the various Second quadrant First quadrant
quadrants, notice that only one ratio is positive
in the second, third and fourth quadrants. Sine All
Hence, we can remember the signs by the
diagram: 180° 0°
O

Tan Cosine

Third quadrant Fourth quadrant

270°

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 19A  Angles in the four quadrants

In the diagram, the bold letters tell you which ratio is positive in the given quadrant. The letters can
be remembered by the mnemonic:
All Stations To Central
You can also remember the signs by just thinking about the coordinates of the point P on the
unit circle corresponding to the given angle, since sin θ is the y-coordinate and cos θ is the
x-coordinate.
It is often useful to draw a diagram showing the angle when calculating values of sine, cosine
and tangent.

Example 1

Draw a diagram and state the sign of the given ratio.

a sin 150° b tan 300° c cos 210°

Solution

a The angle 150° lies in the second quadrant, y

hence sin 150° is positive. S 1 A
(Alternatively, P is above the x-axis, so sin θ, P
which is the y-coordinate of P, is positive.) 150°

–1 O 1 x

–1
T C

y
b The angle 300° lies in the fourth quadrant, 1
hence tan 300° is negative.
300°

–1 O 1 x

P
–1

y
c The angle 210° lies in the third quadrant,
1
hence cos 210° is negative.
210°

–1 O 1 x
P

–1

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  19A  Angles in the four quadrants

We can use a calculator to find the approximate numerical value of the trigonometric function of
a given angle. Make sure that your calculator is in degree mode.

Example 2

Use the calculator to find, to four decimal places:

a sin 100° b tan 320° c cos 200°

Solution

From the calculator:

a sin 100° ≈ 0.9848
(The angle 100° is in the second quadrant so sin 100° is positive.)
b tan 320° ≈ −0.8391
(The angle 320° is in the fourth quadrant so tan 320° is negative.)
c cos 200° ≈ −0.9397
(The angle 200° is in the third quadrant so cos 200° is negative.)

Exact values
You should recall the following two triangles. From these you can read off the exact values of sine,
cosine and tangent of 30°, 45° and 60°. These were derived in Section 12B of this book.
1
Alternatively, knowing, for example, that cos 60° = and tan 45° = 1, you can easily reconstruct
the table. 2

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ

1 3 1
30° √2 1
2 2 3
1 1
45° 1
2 2 45°
3 1
1
60° 3
2 2

30° 2
2
√3

60°
1 1
These results can be used to determine the exact trigonometric functions for certain angles
greater than 90°.
To find the value of sine and cosine for any θ, we introduce the concept of the related angle,
which is always acute.

The related angle

When θ drives the point P on the unit circle into the second, third or fourth quadrant, the acute
∠POQ makes an angle with the x-axis called the related angle.

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 19A  Angles in the four quadrants

The second quadrant y

We begin by finding the exact value of 1

cos 150° and sin 150°.
P(cos 150°, sin 150°) P’(cos 30°, sin 30°)
1 150°
The angle 150° corresponds to the point P in
30° 30°
the second quadrant, as shown.
−1 Q O 1 x
The coordinates of P are (cos 150°, sin 150°).
The angle POQ is 30° and is called the
related angle for 150°. −1

When we reflect the point P in the y-axis,

we get the point P ′(cos 30°, sin 30°).
From ∆ POQ, we can see that OQ = cos 30° and PQ = sin 30°, so the coordinates of P are
( − cos 30°, sin 30°).
Hence, cos 150° = − cos 30°  and  sin 150° = sin 30°
3 1
= − =
2 2
In general, if θ lies in the second quadrant, 180° − θ is the related angle for θ.

The third quadrant

Next, we find the exact value of cos 210° and sin 210°. The corresponding point P lies in the third
quadrant. The coordinates of P are (cos 210°, sin 210°). The angle POQ is 30° and is called the
related angle for 210°.
y
So, cos 210° = − cos 30°
1
3
= −
2 P’(cos 30°, sin 30°)
210°
and sin 210° = − sin 30° Q 30°
1 –1 30° O 1 x
= −
2 P(cos 210°, sin 210°)
When we rotate point P around O by 180°,
we get the point P ′(cos 30°, sin 30°). –1

In general, if θ lies in the third quadrant, θ − 180° is the related angle for θ.

The fourth quadrant

Next, we find the exact value of cos 330° and sin 330°. y
The corresponding point P lies in the fourth quadrant. 1
The related angle is 360° − 330° = 30°.
P′(cos 30°, sin 30°)
3 330°
So cos 330° = cos 30° = Q
2 30°
1 −1 O 1 x
sin 330° = − sin 30° = − 1
2 P (cos 330°, sin 330°)

When we reflect point P in the x-axis, we get the −1

point P ′(cos 30°, sin 30°).
In general, if θ lies in the fourth quadrant, 360° − θ
is the related angle of θ.

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  19A  Angles in the four quadrants

Trigonometric functions of angles

To find the trigonometric function of an angle, θ , between 0° and 360°:
• Find the related angle for θ, the acute angle between OP and the x-axis.
• Obtain the sign of the trigonometric function using, for example, the ASTC picture.
• Evaluate the trigonometric function of the related angle, and attach the appropriate sign.

In the next two examples, the sign of the trigonometric function will be determined using different
approaches.

Example 3

Without evaluating, express each number as the trigonometric function of an acute angle.
a sin 130° b cos 200° c tan 325° d sin 235°

Solution

a The related angle is: y

1
180° − 130° = 50° P (cos 130°, sin 130°)

The angle 130° is in the second quadrant, 1

130°
so sin 130° = sin 50° 50°
−1 O 1 x

−1

b The related angle is: y

1
200° − 180° = 20°
The angle 200° is in the third quadrant, 200°
so cos 200° = − cos 20°
−1 20° O 1 x
1
P

−1

y
c The related angle is:
1
360° − 325° = 35°
The angle 325° is in the fourth quadrant, 325°
so tan 325° = − tan 35° −1 O 35° 1 x
1
P
−1

(continued over page)

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 19A  Angles in the four quadrants

d The related angle is: y

1
235° − 180° = 55°
The angle 235° is in the third quadrant, 235°
so sin 235° = − sin 55°
−1 55° O 1 x
1
P
−1

Example 4

Use the related angle to find the exact value of:

a sin 120° b cos 150° c tan 300° d cos 240°

Solution

Recall:

S A

T C

a The related angle is 180° − 120° = 60°. b The related angle is 180° − 150° = 30°.
Sine is positive in the second quadrant. Only sine is positive in the second
So, sin 120° = sin 60° quadrant.
3 So, cos 150° = − cos 30°
=
2 − 3
=
2

c The related angle is 360° − 300° = 60°. d The related angle is 240° − 180° = 60°.
Only cosine is positive in the fourth Only tangent is positive in the third
quadrant. quadrant.
So, tan 300° = − tan 60° So, cos 240° = − cos 60°
= − 3 1
= −
2

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  19A  Angles in the four quadrants

Exercise 19A

Example 1 1 State which quadrant each angle is in.

a 120° b 225° c 240° d 300°
e 135° f 263° g 172° h 310°
Example 3 2 Without evaluating, express each number as the trigonometric function of an acute angle.
a sin 170° b cos 170° c tan 170°
d sin 190° e cos 190° f tan 190°
g sin 350° h cos 350° i tan 350°
Example 4 3 Find the exact value of:
a sin 135° b cos 225° c tan 120°
d tan 135° e sin 300° f cos 330°
g tan 300° h sin 150° i cos 135°
4 Which quadrant does θ lie in if:
a cos θ > 0 and sin θ < 0?
b cos θ < 0 and sin θ > 0?
c cos θ < 0 and sin θ < 0?
d cos θ < 0 and tan θ > 0?
e cos θ < 0 and tan θ < 0?
f sin θ < 0 and tan θ > 0?
5 a         Draw the unit circle and mark the point P at (1, 0). Use your diagram to complete the
following.
cos 0° = ......     sin 0° = ......      tan 0° = ......
b Repeat with P at (0, 1) to complete the following.
cos 90° = ......     sin 90° = ......
c Repeat with P at (−1, 0) to complete the following.
cos 180° = ......   sin 180° = ......   tan 180° = ......
d Repeat with P at (0, − 1) to complete the following.
cos 270° = ......   sin 270° = ......
e What are the values of cos 360°, sin 360° and tan 360°?
f Why are tan 90°and tan 270°not defined?
6 Without using a calculator, find the exact value of:
a sin 90° × tan 135° × cos 135° b sin 330° × cos 360°
c sin 360° × cos 330° d 2 × sin 135° × cos 135°
e cos 225° × tan 180° + sin 225° × sin 90° f 3 sin 240° − 2 cos 300°

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 7 We use the notation sin 2 θ to mean (sin θ)2, cos 2 θ to mean (cos θ)2 and tan 2 θ to mean
(tan θ)2. This is the standard notation. Find the exact values of:
a sin 2 30° b cos 2 30° c tan 2 30°
d sin 2 300° e tan 2 240° f cos 2 210°
g sin 2 225° + cos 2 225° h sin 2 330° + cos 2 330°
8 a Suppose that θ is an acute angle.
Use the diagram to show that cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1.
c
b Explain why this result remains true a
when θ lies in the second quadrant.
θ
c What happens in the other quadrants?
b
d Check that this result holds for 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°.
9 The reciprocals of the sine, cosine and tangent functions are also important and are given
the following names.
1
is called the cosecant of θ and written as cosec θ.
sin θ
1
is called the secant of θ and written as sec θ.
cos θ
1
is called the cotangent of θ and written as cot θ.
tan θ
Find the exact value of:
a sec 30° b cot 45° c cosec 60° d sec 120°
e cosec 210° f cot 240° g cot 300° h sec 330°
10 a Show tan 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ for an acute angle.
b What happens for all angles between 0° and 360°?

19B finding angles

1 1
Since cos 120° = − and cos 240° = − , there are two angles between 0° and 360° whose cosine
2 2
1
is − ; they are 120° and 240°.
2
In this section, we will learn how to find all angles in the range 0° to 360° that have a given
trigonometric function. While the calculator is useful here, it will only give you one value of θ,
 1
when in general there are two. For example, a calculator gives cos−1 −  is 120°, whereas the two
 2
1
solutions to cos θ = − , for the range 0° to 360°, are θ = 120° and θ = 240°.
2

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  1 9 B  F i n d i n g a n g l e s

Example 5

Find all angles θ, in the range 0° to 360°, such that:

1 3
a sin θ = − b cos θ = c tan θ = − 0.3640
2 2

Solution

a The given value of sine is negative, so θ lies in the y

third or fourth quadrant. The related angle whose 1
1
sine is is 30°. Hence, θ = 180° + 30° or
2
θ = 360° − 30°. O
That is, θ = 210° or 330°. −1 30° 30° 1 x
 1
Note: Entering sin−1 −  into a calculator
 2
gives −30°. This is not in the range 0° to 360°. −1

b The given value of cosine is positive, so θ lies in the first y

3
or fourth quadrant. The acute angle whose cosine is 1
2
is 30°. Hence, θ = 30° or θ = 360° − 30°.
That is, θ = 30° or 330°.
O 30°
−1 30° 1 x

−1

c The given value of tangent is negative, so θ lies in y

the second or fourth quadrant. To find the acute angle 1
whose tangent is 0.3640, enter tan −1 0.3640 into
your calculator to obtain, approximately, 20°.
Hence, to the nearest degree, θ ≈ 180° − 20° or
20° O
θ ≈ 360° − 20°. That is, θ ≈ 160° or 340°. 20°
–1 1 x

–1

Note: In part c we find tan −1 0.3640 on the calculator and not tan −1 ( −0.3640). Work from the related
angle and then shift to the correct quadrant.

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 finding angles
To find all angles from 0° to 360° that have a given value of a trigonometric function:
• use a circle diagram or the aSTC picture to work out which quadrant the angles are in
• find the related angle using a calculator when exact values are not given
• find all angles.

exercise 19B

example 5 1 Without using your calculator, find the angles θ, between 0° and 360° inclusive, for which
(draw a diagram in each case):
1 1
a sin θ = b tan θ = 3 c cos θ =
2 2
1 3
d cos θ = − e sin θ = − f tan θ = 1
2 2
2 Without using your calculator, find the angles θ, between 0° and 360° inclusive, for which:
1 1 3
a sin θ = − b tan θ = − c cos θ = −
2 3 2
d sin θ = 1 e cos θ = 0 f tan θ = 0
3 Draw a diagram first, and then, using a calculator, find to the nearest degree the angles θ,
between 0° and 360° inclusive, such that:
a sin θ = 0.1736 b cos θ = − 0.9063 c tan θ = 2.1445
d sin θ = − 0.7986 e cos θ = 0.8090 f tan θ = −3.4874
g cos θ = − 0.9455 h tan θ = 0.4245 i sin θ = − 0.9781

19C Angles of any magnitude

Angles greater than 360° and less than 0° arise naturally. If you turn three y
times in an anticlockwise direction, then you have turned through an angle
of 1080°.
If you make a quarter turn in a clockwise direction, then we can think of 1
this as an angle of −90°. The diagram shows an angle of −45°. O −45° x

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  19C  Angles of any magnitude

Since the sine and cosine of an angle are the y- and x-coordinates of the y
corresponding point P, sin (θ + 360°) = sin θ, cos (θ + 360°) = cos θ, P
sin (θ − 360°) = sin θ and cos (θ − 360°) = cos θ.
It is clear that for any angle greater than 360° or less than 0°, the 1
corresponding point P on the unit circle can be equivalently described by O x
an angle between 0° and 360°.
Hence, to find the trigonometric function of an angle greater than 360°,
we subtract a multiple of 360° to arrive at an angle between 0° and 360°.
Similarly, to find the trigonometric function of a negative angle, we add a multiple of 360° to arrive
at an angle between 0° and 360°.

Example 6

Find sin 480° in surd form.

Solution

sin 480° = sin (480° − 360°) y

= sin 120° (120° lies in the second quadrant.) P
= sin 60° (The related angle is 60°.)
3 1
= O x
2 480°

Example 7

Find cos ( −120°) in surd form.

Solution

cos ( −120°) = cos ( −120° + 360°) y

= cos 240° (240° lies in the third quadrant.)
= − cos 60° (The related angle is 60°.)
1 O
= −
2 −120°
x

Note: We are careful to distinguish clearly between an angle and its trigonometric function. For
example, the angles 480° and 120° are different but their trigonometric functions are the same.

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 exercise 19C

1 Draw a diagram representing each angle.

a 390° b 540° c 720° d 940°
2 Draw a diagram representing each angle.
a −150° b −330° c −720° d −540°
3 State the related angle for each angle in question 1.
4 State the related angle for each angle in question 2.
example 6 5 Find, in surd form:
a sin 540° b cos 540° c tan 540° d sin 390°
e cos 840° f tan 480° g cos 660° h sin 405°
example 7 6 Find the exact value of:
a sin (−60°) b cos (−135°) c tan (−225°)
d cos (−240°) e sin (−330°) f sin (−390°)
7 Find the exact value of:
a sin 720° b cos 720° c cos 450° d tan (−360°)
e sin (−270°) f cos (−90°) g tan (−180°)

19D The trigonometric functions

and their symmetries
As usual, P is a point on the unit circle where PO makes an angle θ y
with OA. 1
As the angle θ varies from 0° to 90°, the length PQ, which equals P (cos θ, sin θ)
sin θ, varies from 0 to 1. As θ varies from 0° to 360°, we can
summarise the change in sin θ by the following table. θ A
−1 O Q 1 x
As θ increases from: sin θ:
0° to 90° increases from 0 to 1
−1
90° to 180° decreases from 1 to 0
180° to 270° decreases from 0 to −1
270° to 360° increases from −1 to 0

The way sin θ increases and decreases can be represented graphically.

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  1 9 D  T h e t r i g o n o m e t r i c f u n ct i o n s a n d t h e i r s y m m e t r i e s

1 3
Using the values sin 30° = = 0.5 and sin 60° = ≈ 0.87, we can draw up the following table of
2 2
values and then plot them.
θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
sin θ 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0

More points can be used to show that the shape is as shown in the following graph.
y
1
0.87
y = sin θ
0.5

0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° θ

–0.5

–0.87
–1

Electrical engineers and physicists call this a wave.

Symmetries
We have seen that if θ is between 0° and 90°, then sin θ = sin (180° − θ). The identity is shown by
the equal intervals in the unit circle and related graph of y = sin θ below.
y
y
1
1 y = sin θ

180° −θ 180° 360°

θ 0 θ 180° − θ θ
−1 O 1 x

−1

−1 θ = 90°
    
Hence, between 0° and 180°, the graph is symmetric about θ = 90°.
Similarly, for θ between 0° and 90°, sin (180° + θ) = sin (360° − θ).
y
y
1
1 y = sin θ

180° + θ 180° + θ 360° − θ

0 θ
180°
−1 1 360°
O x
360° − θ
−1

–1 θ = 270°
    
Hence, between 180° and 360°, the graph is symmetric about θ = 270°.

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 1 9 D  T h e t r i g o n o m e t r i c f u n ct i o n s a n d t h e i r s y m m e t r i e s

All intervals on the previous page are equal in magnitude since sin (360 − θ) = − sin θ. Therefore,
we can summarise these observations in one diagram.
y

1
y = sin θ

180° + θ 360° − θ
0 θ 180° − θ 180° 360° θ

−1

Extending the graph

We saw in Section 19C that the values of sin θ remain the same when θ is increased or decreased
by 360°. That is, sin θ = sin (θ + 360°). Hence, the graph of sin θ can be drawn for angles
greater than 360° and less than 0°, as shown.
y

1
y = sin θ

−540° −360° −180° 180° 360° 540° 720°

−450° −270° −90° 0 90° 270° 450° 630° θ

–1

sin θ is periodic and we call 360° the period.

The cosine graph

We can repeat for cos θ the analysis we carried out for sin θ. In this case we look at the way OQ
changes as θ varies from 0° to 360°.

y
As θ increases from: cos θ:
1
0° to 90° decreases from 1 to 0
90° to 180° decreases from 0 to −1 P (cos θ, sin θ)
180° to 270° increases from −1 to 0
θ A
270° to 360° increases from 0 to 1 −1 O Q 1 x

−1

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  1 9 D  T h e t r i g o n o m e t r i c f u n ct i o n s a n d t h e i r s y m m e t r i e s

1
Using cos 60° = and cos 30° ≈ 0.87, we can draw up the following table of values and then
plot the points. 2

θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
cos θ 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1

y
1
0.87

0.5
y = cos θ

0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° θ

−0.5

−0.87
−1

We will examine the symmetries of the graph of y = cos θ in the exercises.

The values of cos θ remain the same when y
θ is increased or decreased by 360°; that is,
cos θ = cos (θ + 360°). cos θ is periodic with 1
y = cos θ
period 360°.
Hence, the graph of cos θ can be drawn for −630° −450° −270°
0°
270° 450° 630°

angles greater than 360° and less than 0°, −540° −360° −180° −90° 90° 180° 360° 540° θ
as shown.
Note that the graph of cosine is symmetric about −1
the y-axis.
You should also notice that the graph of y = cos θ
is the same as the graph of y = sin θ translated to the left by 90°.
That is, cos θ = sin (90° + θ).

Exercise 19D

1 Draw up a table of values of y = sin θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°, correct to two decimal places, using
increments of 10°. Using your table of values, plus symmetry, plot the graph of y = sin θ
for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

2 Draw up a table of values of y = cos θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°, correct to two decimal places,
using increments of 10°. Using your table of values, plus symmetry, plot the graph of
y = cos θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

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3 Here are the graphs of y = sin θ and y = cos θ drawn on the same axes.
y
1

y = sin θ
0.5

0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° θ

−0.5

y = cos θ

−1

a From the graphs, read off the approximate value of:

i cos 60° ii sin 210° iii sin 75° iv cos 20°
v cos 150° vi sin 25° vii sin 235° viii cos 305°
b Find, from the graphs, two approximate values of θ between 0° and 360° for which:
i sin = 0.5 ii cos θ = − 0.5 iii sin θ = 0.9 iv cos θ = 0.6
v sin θ = 0.8 vi cos θ = − 0.8 vii sin θ = −0.4 viii cos θ = − 0.3
c Read from the graph the two values of θ, between 0° and 360°, for which sin θ = cos θ.

4 a      What are the maximum and minimum values of sin θ?

b Where do they occur?

5 a      What are the maximum and minimum values of cos θ?

b Where do they occur?

6 Draw diagrams to illustrate:

a cos (180° − θ) = − cos θ
b cos (180° + θ) = − cos θ
c cos (360° − θ) = cos θ

7 Draw diagrams to illustrate:

a cos ( − θ) = cos θ
b sin ( − θ) = − sin θ

8 Draw up a table of values of y = 3 sin 2θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. Use increments of 15° and work
to one decimal place. Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin 2θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

9 Draw up a table of values of y = 4 cos 2θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. Use increments of 15° and
work to one decimal place. Sketch the graph of y = 4 cos 2θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

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 19e Trigonometric equations
1 1
Equations such as sin θ = and cos θ = − are examples of trigonometric equations.
2 3 1
Suppose we are asked to find all the angles θ such that sin θ = . There are infinitely many
2
solutions since, as we saw above, adding 360° to any solution will provide a new one. In this section
1
we will restrict the range of the answers to be between 0° and 360°. Hence, the equation sin θ =
1 2
has solutions θ = 30° and θ = 150° in the range 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, since sin 30° = sin150° = . They
are the only solutions in the given range, as shown in the diagram. 2
y
y = sin θ

0.5

0 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360° θ

−0.5

linear trigonometric equations

When solving linear equations such as 3 x − 2 = 2 x + 3, our approach was to isolate x on one side
of the equation and the numbers on the other, to obtain x = 5.
When solving equations involving just one trigonometric ratio, treat the trigonometric function as a
pronumeral and isolate it on one side of the equation using the usual rules of algebra.

example 8

Solve 2 sin θ + 1 = 0 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

solution

y
2 sin θ + 1 = 0
1 1
sin θ = −
2
The related angle is 30°
1 O
because sin 30° = . −1 30° 30° 1 x
2

−1

Here, the sine is negative, so θ lies in the third or fourth quadrant.

Hence, θ = 180° + 30° = 210 or θ = 360° − 30° = 330°.
The solutions in the given range are θ = 210° and θ = 330° .

ChapTer 19 TrigonomeTriC FunCTionS

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 1 9 E  T r i g o n o m e t r i c e q u at i o n s

Example 9

Solve, correct to the nearest degree, 5 cos θ + 4 = 2 for 0° ≤ θ < 360°.

Solution

5 cos θ + 4 = 2 y
2 1
cos θ = −
5
= −0.4 66°
O
−1 1 x
66°

−1

From a calculator, the related angle is cos −1 0.4 ≈ 66°, correct to the nearest degree. Since
the cosine is negative, θ lies in the second or third quadrant.
Hence, θ ≈ 180° − 66° = 114° or θ ≈ 180° + 66° = 246° .

Note: Remember to work with the related angle first and then shift to the correct quadrants.

Example 10

Solve 4sin 2 θ = 1 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

Solution

4 sin 2 θ = 1
1
sin 2 θ =
4
1 1
sin θ = or sin θ = −
2 2
1
The related angle is 30° since sin 30° = .
2
Since sin θ is either positive or negative, the angle can be in any one of the four quadrants,
so θ = 30°, 150°, 210° or 330°.

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 Exercise 19E

Example 8 1 Without using a calculator, solve each equation for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

a 2 sin θ = 1 b 2 sin θ = 3
c 2 sin θ = − 3 d 4 cos θ − 2 = 0
e 9 tan θ = 9 f 3 tan θ = −1
1
g 2 cos θ + 3 = 0 h tan θ = 1
3
Example 9 2 Solve each equation for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, correct to the nearest degree.
a sin θ = 0.58778 b 3 cos θ = 1.6776
c 5 sin θ = 4.455 d 2 sin θ = −1.4863
e 7 cos θ + 3 = 9.729 f 9 sin θ − 2 = −10.733
Example 10 3 Solve each equation for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
3
a sin 2 θ = b tan 2 θ = 1
4
1 1
c cos2 = d sin 2 θ =
4 2
3
e 2 cos2 θ = f 3 tan 2 θ = 1
2
sin θ
4 Recall that = tan θ. Use this to solve each equation for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
cos θ
a sin θ = cos θ
b 3 cos θ − sin θ = 0

Review exercise

1 Write down the related angle for:

a 35° b 150°
c 310° d 200°
e 430° f 600°
g −60° h −300°
2 Find the exact value of the sine, cosine and tangent function of:
a 150° b 120°
c 135° d 300°
e 210° f 330°
g 240° h 315°

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 3 If A = 30°, B = 60° and C = 45°, find the value of:
a sin 2A b 2sin A
c cos 2 B d 2 cos B
e cos2 B − sin 2 B f tan 3C
4 Draw up a table of values and draw the graph of y = sin 2θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
5 Draw up a table of values and draw the graph of y = cos 2θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
6 Solve for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
1 1
a cos θ = − b sin θ =
2 2
c tan θ = 1 d tan θ = − 3
3 1
e sin θ = f sin 2 θ =
2 4
7 Find, in surd form, the value of:
a sin 675° b cos 480°
c tan 510° d sin ( −330°)
e cos ( −240°) f tan ( −210°)
8 Find, correct to the nearest degree, all values of θ between 0° and 360° such that:
a sin θ = 0.5735 b cos θ = −0.587 78
c tan θ = 2.1445 d sin θ = − 0.8191
9 Solve each equation for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
a 2 cos θ − 1 = 0 b 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
c 2 sin θ − 3 = 0 d 2 sin θ + 3 = 0
e 5 sin θ + 5 = 0 f 4 cos θ − 4 = 0

Challenge exercise

1 Find the exact value of

sin 2 120° cosec 270° − cos 2 315° sec 180° − tan 2 225° cot 315°.
3 +1
2 Show that sin 420° cos 405° + cos 420° sin 405° = .
2 2
3 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = sin 3θ for 0° < θ < 360°
y = sin 3θ for 0° < θ < 360° .
4 Solve, for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, sin 2 θ sec θ = 2 tan θ.

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 c h a l l e n g e e x e r c i s e

5 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = cos θ and y = sec θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, θ ≠ 90°, 270°
θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, θ ≠ 90°, 270°.

6 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = sin θ and y = cos ec θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, θ ≠ 0°, 180°, 3
θ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, θ ≠ 0°, 180°, 360° .

7 Solve each equation for θ, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

a 2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos θ − 2 = 0
b 2 sin 2 θ + 5 sin θ − 3 = 0
c −2 cos 2 θ + sin θ + 1 = 0.

8 a In the diagram, show that y = a cos α and y = b cos β.

C
αβ b
a
y

B A

1
b Using the formula for the area of a triangle, ab sin C,
2
prove that sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β.
c Find the exact value of sin 75°.

9 a In the first diagram, state the area of triangle ABC.

b In the second diagram, show that ∠DGC is 2θ and DE = sin 2θ.
c By comparing areas, show that 2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ.
B D B D
1
2
2 sin θ 2 sin θ G
E
θ θ θ
A 2 cos θ C A 2 cos θ C

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