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TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

1. INTRODUCTION
The word 'Trigonometry' is derived from two Greek words
(1) Trigonon and
(2) Metron
The word trigonon means a triangle and the word metron means a measurement. Hence trigonometry means the
science of measuring triangles.

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2. ANGLE

Consider a ray OA . If this ray rotates about its end point O and takes the position OB , then the angle AOB has
been generated.
e B
l s id
i na
r m

P
Te
 = angle
Vertex
O Initial side A

An angle is considered as the figure obtained by rotating a given ray about its end - point.
The initial position OA is called the initial side and the final position OB is called terminal side of the angle. The end

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point O about which the ray rotates is called the vertex of the angle.

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3. SENSE OF AN ANGLE
The sense of an angle is said to be positive or negative according as the initial side rotates in anticlockwise or
clockwise direction to get to the terminal side.

Clockwise direction
B O A
 = ve

 = +ve
A
O Anticlockwise direction B

4. RIGHT ANGLE
When two lines intersect at a point in such a way that two adjacent angles made by them are equal, then each
angle is called a right angle. A

90° 90°

X' O X

5. A CONSTANT NUMBER 
The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is always equal to a constant and this constant is denoted
by the Greek letter 

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Circumference of a circle
i.e.   (constant)
Diameter of the circle

22
The constant  is an irrational number and its approximate value is taken as . The more accurate value to six
7
355
decimals places is taken as .
113

6. SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLES

There are three systems for measuring angles
6.1 Sexagesimal or English system
6.2 Centesimal or French system

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6.3 Circular system

6.1 Sexagesimal system : The principal unit in this system is degree (°). One right angle is divided into 90 equal
part and each part is called one degree (1°) . One degree is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one minute. Minute is denoted by (1'). One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one second (1").

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In Mathematical form :
One right angle = 90° (Read as 90 degrees )
1° = 60' (Read as 60 minutes )
1' = 60" (Read as 60 seconds )
Ex.1 40° 30' is equal to

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o o
 41   81 
(1)   (2) 81° (3)   (4) None of these
 2  2

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o o o
 1  1  81 
Sol. We know that , 30' =   ; 40° +   =  
 2  2 2

6.2 Centesimal system : The principal unit in system is grade and is denoted by (g). One right angle is divided
into 100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minute into 100
seconds.
In Mathematical form :
One right angles = 100g (Read as 100 grades)
1g = 100' (Read as 100 seconds)
1' = 100" (Read as 100 seconds)
Ex.2 25' is equal to -
g
Sol. 100' is equal to 1
g g
 1   1
so is equal to   25    
 100  4

Relation between Sexagesimal and Centesimal systems :

One right angle = 90° (degree system) ..... (1)

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g
One right angle = 100 (grade system) ..... (2)
by (1) and (2)

D G
90° = 100
g
or , 
90 100

g o
 10   9 
then we can say, ; 1° =   , 1g =  
 9  10 

Ex.3 80g is equal to

o
 9 
g
Sol. We know that 1 =  
 10 
o
 9 

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g
then, 80 =   80 
 10 
80g = 72°
C
6.3 Circular system : In circular system the unit of measurement is radian. One radian, written as 1 , is the measure
of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
Consider a circle of radius r having centre of O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc AB whose

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length is equal to the radius r of the circle.
C
r
r
Ic
B O r A

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In the adjacent figure OA = OC = arc AC = r = radius of circle, then measurement of AOC is one radian
and denoted by 1c. Thus AOC = 1c .

6.3.1 Some Important conversion

 Radian = 180°


4

2
3

7
6
Radian = 45°

Radian = 120°

Radian = 210°
I 
3

3
4

5
4
 180 
One radian = 
  

Radian = 60°

Radian = 135°

Radian = 225°

o

6


2

5
6

5
3
Radian = 30°

Radian = 90°

Radian = 150°

Radian = 300°

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Ex.4 240º is equal to

 4 C  3 C  4 '  3 '
[1]   [2]   [3]   [4]  
3 4 3 4

Sol. We know that

180º = º

  C  4 C

240º =  x240 =   Ans. [1]
180   3 

  
Ex.5 The difference between two acute angle of a right angle triangle is   . Then the angles in degree are -
9

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[1] 50º, 30º [2] 25º, 45º [3] 20º, 40º [4] 35º, 55º
Sol. In triangle ABC let C = 90º

 º

So  A –  B =   = 20º .......... (i)

 9

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and sum of all the angles in ABC
 A +  B +  C = 180º
 C = 90º
 A +  B = 90º ......... (ii)
Solving (i) & (ii)

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 A = 55º,  B = = 35º Ans. [4]
6.3.2 Relation between systems of measurement of angles

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D G 2C
 
90 100 

Ex.6 The length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending a central angle measuring 15º is -
3 7 5
[1] cm [2] cm [3] [4] None of these
12 12 12
Sol. Let s be the length of the arc subtending an angle  at the centre of a circle of radius r.
s
then,  =
r

  
C

Here, r = 5 cm, and  = 15º = 15x 
 180 

  C
 =  
12

s  s
 = = =
r 12 5
5
 = cm
12

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7. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS

Let a line OA makes  angle with a fixed line OX and AM is perpendicular from A on OX. Then in right-angled
triangle AMO, trigonometrical ratios (functions) with respect to  are defined as follows :

perpendicular(P)
sin = hypotenuse(H)
Y
base(B) A
cos =
hypotenuse(H)
H P
perpendicular (P)
tan = 
Base (B)
X
O B M

S
H H B
cosec = . sec = , cot  =
P B P

Note :
(i) Since t-ratios are ratio between two sides of a right angled triangle with respect to an angle, so they are
real numbers.

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(ii)  may be acute angle or obtuse angle or right angle.

8. RELATIONS BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS

1 1 1 sin 
(i) cos ec  , sec   ,cot   (ii) tan  
sin  cos  tan  cos 

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cos 
(iii) cot   (iv) sin2 + cos2 = 1
sin 

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(v) 1 + tan2 = sec2 (vi) 1 + cot2  = cosec2
Ex.7 If cosec A + cot A = 11/2, then tan A is equal to
[1] 21/12 [2] 15/16 [3] 44/117 [4] 117/43
Sol. Cosec A + cot A = 11/2

1 2
= ....... (1)
cos ecA  cot A 11

2
cosec A – cot A = ..... (2)
11

11 2 117
(1) – (2) = 2 cot A =  =
2 11 22

44
= tan A = Ans [3]
117

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cos  sin 
Ex.8 + is equal to
1 tan  1 cot 

[1] sin  – cos  [2] sin  + cos  [3] tan  + cot  [4] tan  – cot 

cos  sin 
Sol. +
1 tan  1 cot 

cos sin 

= 1- sin  cos 
1
cos sin 

cos2  sin2 


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=
cos   sin  cos   sin 

cos2   sin2 
=
cos   sin 

= cos  + sin  Ans [2]

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Ex.9 tan2 sec2 (cot2 – cos2 ) equals
[1] 0 [2] – 1 [3] 1 [4] 2
Sol. tan2  sec2  (cot2  – cos2 )
= sec2  (tan2  cot2  – tan2  cos2 )

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 sin2  2 


= sec2 1 cos2  cos   = sec2  (1–sin2)
 

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= sec2. cos2 = 1 Ans. [3]

y-axis
9. SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
(i) All ratios sin, cos, tan cot, sec and cosec are positive
in Ist quadrant. IInd Quadrant Ist Quadrant
x-axis
(ii) sin( or cosec) positive in IInd quadrant, rest are negative.
IIIrd Quadrant IVth Quadrant
(iii) tan( or cot) positive in IIIrd quadrant, rest are negative.
(iv) cos( or sec) positive in IVth quadrant, rest are negative.

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Ex.10 The value of sin and tan if cos =  and  lies in the third quadrant is -
13

5 5 5 5 12 5
[1]  and [2] and  [3]  and  [4] none of these
13 12 12 13 13 13
2 2
Sol. We have cos  + sin  = 1

 sin =  1 cos2 

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In the third quadrant sin  is negaitve, therefore

12 
2
 5
sin  = – 1 cos  2  sin  = – 1    = –
13  13

sin  5 13 5
then, tan =  tan  = x = Ans.[1]
cos  13 12 12

 1 sin  1  sin 
Ex.11 If <  < , then + is equal to
2 1  sin  1 sin 

[1] 2 cosec  [2] –2 cosec  [3] 2 sec  [4] –2 sec 

(1 sin  )  (1  sin  ) 2

= 

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Sol. Exp. = = – 2 sec Ans.[4]
 1 sin  2
cos 

10. DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTION

If f : X  Y is a function, defined on the set X, then the domain of the function f, written as Domain is the
set of all independent variables x, for which the image f(x) is well defined element of Y, called the co-domain

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of f.
Range of f : X  Y is the set of all images f(x) which belongs to Y , i.e.
Range f = {f(x) Y: x  X }  Y
The domain and range of trigonometrical functions are tabulated as follows

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Trigo. function Domain Range
sin x R, the set of all the real number – 1  sin x  1

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cosx R –1  cos x  1

  
tan x R –  2n  1 ,nI  R
 2 

cosecx R – n  ,n I R – { x : –1 < x < 1 }

  
sec x R –  2n  1 ,nI  R – { x : –1 < x < 1 }
 2 

cot x R – n  ,n I R

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11. VARIATION OF VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS-


 
Sine decreases from 1 to 0 Sine increases from 0 to 1
cosine decreases from 0 to –1 cosine decreases from 1 to 0
tangent increases from – to 0 tangent increases from 0 to 
cotangent decreases from 0 to – cotangent decreases from  to 0
secant increases from – to –1 secant increases from 1 to 
cosecant increases from 1 to  cosecant decreases from  to 1

'                   IV              

Sine decreases from 0 to –1 Since increases from –1 to 0
cosine increases from –1 to 0 cosine increases from 0 to 1

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tangent increases from 0 to  tangent increases from – to 0
cotangent decreases from  to 0 cotangent decreases from 0 to –
secant decreases from –1 to – secant decreases from  to 1
cosecant increases from – to –1 cosecant decreases from –1 to –

'

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12. RELATION BETWEEN TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS AND IDENTITIES-

sin  cos 
(1) tan   cos  (2) cot   sin 

(3) sin A cosec A = tan A cot A = cos A sec A = 1

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(4) sin2 + cos2 = 1 or sin2 = 1 – cos2 or cos2 = 1 – sin2

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(5) 1 + tan2 = sec2 or sec2 – tan2 = 1 or sec2 – 1 = tan2.

(6) 1 + cot2 = cosec2 or cosec2 – cot2 = 1 or cosec2 – 1 = cot2

(7) Since sin2A + cos2A = 1, hence each of sin A and cos A is numerically less than or equal to unity i.e.,

|sin A|  1 and |cos A|  1

or –1  sin A  1 and –1  cos A  1

Note : The modulus of real number x is defined as |x| = x if x  0 and |x| = –x if x < 0.

(8) Since sec A and cosec A are respectively reciprocals of cos A and sin A, therefore the values of sec A
and cosec A are always numerically greater than or equal to unity i.e.,

sec A  1 or sec A  –1

and cosec A  1 or cosec A  –1

In other words, we never have

–1 < cosec A < 1 and –1 < sec A < 1.

 While tanA and cotA may take any real value

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13. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS IN TERMS OF EACH OF THE OTHER

sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cosec 

tan  1 sec 2   1 1
sin  sin  1  cos 2  1  tan 2  1  cot 2  sec  cos ec 

1 cot  1 cos ec 2  1
cos  1  sin2  cos 
1  tan 2  1  cot 2  sec  cos ec 

sin  1  cos 2  1 1
tan  1  sin2 
tan  cot  sec 2   1 cos ec 2  1
cos 

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1  sin2  cos  1 1
cot  2 cot  cosec 2   1
sin  1  cos  tan  sec 2   1

1 1 1  cot 2  cos ec 
sec  2 1  tan  2 sec 
1  sin  cos  cot  cos ec 2   1

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1 1 1  tan2  sec 
cosec  2 1  cot2  cosec 
sin  1  cos  tan  sec 2   1

14. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF STANDARD ANGLES


I N 




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15. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED ANGLES

cos(90º  )sec( )tan(180º  )

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Ex.12 eqauls
sin(360º  )sec(180º  )cot(90º  )

[1] 2 [2] 1 [3] –1 [4] 0

Sol. Given expression

( sin  )(sec  )( tan  )

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= 1 Ans. [3]
(sin  )( sec  )tan 

Ex.13 The value of cot5º cot10º ......... cot 85º is

1 1
[1] [2] 1 [3] [4] 0
2 2

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Sol. cot 5º cot 10º ......... cot 85º
= cot 5º cot 10º ........ cot(90º – 10º) cot (90º – 5º)

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= cot 5º cot 10º ...... tan 10º tan 5º
= (tan 5º cot 5º) (tan 10º cot 10º) .......
= (1) (1) (1) ........... = 1

Ex.14 Sin 10º + sin 20º + sin30º +...... + sin 360º is eqaul to
[1] 1 [2] 0 [3] –1 [4] name of these
Sol.  sin 190º = sin(180º + 10º) = – sin 10º
sin 200º = – sin 20º
sin 210º = – sin 30º
..............................
sin 360º = sin 180º = 0
 Exp. = 0

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16. GRAPH OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS

P S
I N
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17. SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAE
(i) sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sin B (ii) sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sin B

(iii) cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB (iv) cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

tan A  tan B tan A  tan B

(v)  tan(A + B) =  tan(A – B) =
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B

  1  tan    1  tan 
(vi)  tan       tan     
4  1  tan  4  1  tan 

cot A cot B  1 cot A cot B  1

(vii) cot(A + B) = (viii) cot(A – B) =
cot A  cot B cot B  cot A

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(ix) sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2 A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A

(x) cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A

2 tan 
(xi)  sin2 = 2sin cos =  (cosA ± sin A)2 = 1 ± sin 2A
(1  tan 2 )

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(1  tan2 )
2 2
(xii) cos2 = cos  – sin  = = 1 – 2 sin2 = 2 cos2 – 1
(1  tan2 )

2 tan  (1  cos ) 
(xiii)  tan2 =  = tan
1  tan 2  sin  2

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(1  cos )  (1  cos )  (1  cos ) 

I
 = cot  = tan2  = cot2
sin  2 (1  cos ) 2 (1  cos ) 2

A 1  cos A A 1  cos A
(xiv) sin  , cos  
2 2 2 2
A 1  cos A
(xv) tan 
2 1  coA

1
(xvi) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A or sin3 A = (3 sinA – sin 3A)
4

1
(xvii) cos 3A = 4cos3A – 3 cosA or cos3A = ( cos 3A + 3cosA )
4
3 tan A  tan3 A
(xix) tan 3A = ( A  n + /6 )
1  3 tan2 A

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Ex.15 tan 20º + tan 40º + 3 tan 20º tan 40º is equal to

3 3
[1] [2] [3] 3 [4] 1
2 4

Sol. 3 = tan 60º = tan (40º + 20º)

tan 40º  tan 20º

=
1 tan 40º  tan 20º

 3 – 3 tan 40º tan 20º = tan 40º + tan 20º

Hence tan 40º + tan 20º + 3 tan 40º tan 20º = 3 Ans.[3]

S
1 1 1 1
Ex.16 If tan A = and tan B = an–1
, then the value of A + B i.e. tan + tan–1 is
2 3 2 3

 
[1] [2]  [3] zero [4]
6 4

P
tan A  tanB
Sol. tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tanB

1 1

2 3 5/6

N
= 1 1 = = 1
1 . 5/6
2 3

I

 A + B = 45º = Ans.[4]
4

3  12 3
Ex.17 If sin A = , 0 <A< and cos B = , < B < then sin (A – B) eqauls
5 2 13 2

16 16 65 65
[1]  [2] [3] [4] 
65 65 16 16

3 
Sol. We have : sin A = , where 0 < A <
5 2

 cos A =  1 sin2 A

9 4
 cos A = +  1 sin2 A = 1 = [  cos is positive in first quadrant]
25 5

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12 3
It is given that : cos B =  and  < B <
13 2

 sin B =  1 cos2 B

sin B = –  1 cos2 B [  sin is negative in the third quadrant]

 12 
2
5
sin B = – 1   
 13  = 13

3 12 4 5 16
Now, sin (A–B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B = x  x =  Ans.[1]
5 13 5 13 65

Ex.18

Sol.
sin2
1  cos 

[1] cot 

sin2
1  cos 

Ex.19 If sin A =
equals

=
2 sin  cos 

1
2
2cos2 
S
[2] tan 

P
= tan 
[3] sin 

, then 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A is equal to (0º < A < 90º)

[4] cosec 

Ans. [2]

N
3 1
[1] 1 [2] 0 [3] [4]
2 2

I
1
Sol. 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A = cos 3A = cos 90º = 0 [  sin A = A = 30º] Ans.[2]
2

 12 3
Ex.20 If  and  be between 0 and and if cos ( + ) = and sin( – ) = , then sin 2 is equal
2 13 5

16 56 64
[1] [2] 0 [3] [4]
15 65 65

Sol. sin (2) = sin ( +  +  – )

= sin ( + ) cos ( – ) + cos ( + ) sin ( – )

5 4 12 3 56
= . + . = Ans.[3]
13 5 13 5 65

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18. FORMULAE FOR TRANSFORMATION OF SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT

 (C  D )   (C  D) 
(i) sinC + sinD = 2sin   cos 
 2   2 

 ( C  D )   ( C  D) 
(ii) sinC – sinD = 2cos   sin  
 2   2 

 (C  D )   ( C  D) 
(iii) cosC + cosD = 2cos   cos  
 2   2 

 (C  D)   (D  C) 
(iv) cosC – cosD = 2sin   sin 
 2   2 

S
sin A sin B sin A cos B  cos A sin B sin( A  B)   
(v) tanA ± tanB =     A  n  , B  m  
cos A cos B cos A cos B cos A cos B  2 

sin(B  A )  
 A  n, B  m  

P
(vi) cotA ± cotB =
sin A sin B  2 

    1
 A = cos   A 
(vii)  cosA ± sinA = 2 sin  4  2  4 
 tanA + cotA =
(sin A cos A )

cos( A  B ) cos( A  B)

N
(viii)  1 + tanA tanB =  1 – tanA tanB =
cos A cos B cos A cos B

I
(ix)  cotA – tanA = 2cot2A  tanA + cotA = 2cosec2A

A A A A
(x)  sin + cos = ± 1 sin A  sin – cos = ± 1 sin A
2 2 2 2

Ex.21 cos 52º + cos 68º + cos 172º =

[1] 0 [2] 1 [3] 2 [4] none of these

Sol. cos 52º + cos 68º + cos 172º

= cos 52º + cos 68º + cos (180º – 8º)

52º 68º 68º 52º

= 2 cos cos – cos 8º
2 2

= 2 cos 60º cos 8º – cos 8º

= cos 8º – cos 8º = 0 Ans.[1]

Ex.22 If sin 2 + sin 2 = 1/2, cos 2 + cos 2 = 3/2 then cos2 ( – ) is equal to

[1] 3/8 [2] 5/8 [3] 3/4 [4] 5/4

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Sol. Using cosine formula

2 sin ( + ) cos ( – ) = 1/2 ...... (1)

2 cos ( + ) cos ( – ) = 3/2 ...... (2)

Squaring (1) and (2) and then adding

1 9 5
4 cos2 ( – ) =  =
4 4 2

5
cos2 ( – ) = Ans.[2]
8

Ex.23 Sin 47º + sin 61º – sin 11º – sin25º is equal to

S
[1] sin36º [2] cos 36º [3] sin 7º [4] cos 7º

Sol. Given value

= (sin 47º + sin 61º) – (sin 11º + sin 25º)

= 2 sin 54º cos 7º – 2 sin 18º cos 7º

P
= 2 cos 7º (sin 54º – sin 18º)

= 2 cos 7º 2 cos 36º sin 18º

2 sin36º cos 36º

= 2 cos 7º x cos 36º
cos18º

N
2 sin36º cos 36º
= cos 7º
cos18º

I
sin72º
= cos 7º = cos 7º [  sin 72º = cos 18º] Ans.[2]
cos18º

19. FORMULAE FOR TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE

(i) 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
(ii) 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)

(iii) 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)

(iv) 2sinA sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)

 9 3 5
Ex.24 2 cos cos + cos + cos equals
13 13 13 13

[1] 0 [2] 1 [3] 2 [4] 4

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 9 3 5
Sol. LHS = 2 cos cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13

 9    9   3 5
= cos    + cos    + cos + cos
 13 13   13 13  13 13

10 8 3 5
= cos + cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13

 3   5  3 5
= cos    + cos    + cos + cos
 13   13  13 13

S
3 5 3 5
= – cos – cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13

= 0 = RHS [  cos( –  ) = – cos] Ans.[1]

 5    
Ex.25 2 sin   sin   equals to

P
 12  12 

1 1 1 1
[1] – [2] [3] [4]
2 2 4 6

Sol. 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

N
 5      5    5 
      
 2 sin   sin   = cos    – cos 
12 12 12 12 12 12 

I
  1 1
= cos – cos = – 0 = Ans. [2]
3 2 2 2

20. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS FOR SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES

1 4 2 6 1 4 2 6
(i) sin 7 = (ii) cos 7 =
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 ( 3  1)
(iii) tan 7
2
=  3 2  2 1 (iv) sin15º =
2 2
= cos75º

( 3  1)
(v) cos15º = = sin75º (vi) tan15º = 2 – 3 = cot75º
2 2

1º 1
(vii) cot15º = 2 + 3 = tan75º (viii) sin22 = 2 2
2 2

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1º 1 1º
(ix) cos22 = 2 2 (x) tan22 = 2–1
2 2 2

1º 1
(xi) cot22 = 2+ 1 (xii) sin18º = ( 5 – 1) = cos72º
2 4

1 1
(xiii) cos18º = 10  2 5 = sin72º (xiv) sin36º = 10  2 2 = cos54º
4 4

1
(xv) cos36º = ( 5 + 1) = sin54º
4

21. FORMULAE FOR SUM OF THREE ANGLES

S
(i) sin (A + B + C) = sinA cos B cosC + cosA sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C
= cos A cos B cos C ( tanA + tan B + tanC – tan A tan B tan C )
(ii) cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cos B sin C – cos A sin B sin C
= cos A cos B cos C (1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tanA )

tan A  tanB  tanC  tan A tanB tanC

P
(iii) tan (A + B + C) =
1  tan A tanB  tanB tanC  tanC tan A

(iv)  4sin(60º – A) sinA sin(60º + A) = sin3A

 4cos(60º – A) cosA cos(60º + A) = cos3A

 tan(60º – A) tanA tan(60º + A) = tan3A

N
22. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
(1) If A + B + C = 180° , then

I
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(ii) sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C = 4 cosA cos B sin C
(iii) sin (B + C –A) + sin (C + A – B) + sin (A + B –C) = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(iv) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1–4 cos A cos B cos C
(v) cos 2A + cos 2 B – cos 2C = 1 – 4 sinA sin B cos C
(2) If A + B + C = 180°, then

A B C
(i) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2

A B C
(ii) sin A + sin B – sin C = 4 sinsin cos
2 2 2
A B C
(iii) cosA + cos B + cosC = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
(iv) cosA + cosB – cos C = –1 + 4 cos cos sin
2 2 2
cos A cosB cosC
(v)   2
sinBsinC sinC sin A sin A sinB

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(3) If A + B + C =  , then
(i) sin2A + sin2B – sin2C = 2 sin A sin B cos C
(ii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1–2 cos A cos B cos C
(iii) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cosA cos B cosC
(iv) cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = 1–2 sin A sin B cos C
(4) If A + B + C =  , then
B C A B C
(i) sin2 A + sin2 + sin2 =1 – 2sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(ii) cos2  cos2  cos2  2  2sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
(iii) sin2  sin2  sin2  1  2cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

S
A B C A B C
(iv) cos2  cos2  cos2  2cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2


(5) If x + y + z = , then
2
(i) sin2 x + sin2y + sin2z = 1–2 sin x sin y sin z

P
(ii) cos2x + cos2y + cos2z = 2 + 2 sin x sin y sin z
(iii) sin2x + sin2y + sin 2z = 4 cos x cosy cos z
(6) If A + B + C =  , then
(i) tanA + tan B + tan c = tan A tan B tan C
(ii) cotB cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1

N
B C C A A B
(iii) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2

I
A B C A B C
(iv) cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(7) (a) For any angles A , B, C we have
(i) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C
+ cos A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C
(ii) cos (A+B+C) = cos A cos B cosC – cos A sin B sin C
– sin A cos B sin C – sin A sin B cosC
tan A  tanB  tan C  tan A tanB tan C
(iii) tan (A + B + C) =
1  tan A tanB  tanB tan C  tan C tan A
(b) If A , B, C are the angles of a triangle, then
sin(A + B + C) = sin  = 0 and
cos (A + B + C) = cos  = –1
then (a) (i) gives
sinA sin B sin C = sin A cos B cos C + cosA sin B cosC + cos A cos B sin C
and (a) (ii) gives
1 + cos A cos B cos C = cos A sin B sin C + sin A cos B sin C + sin A sin B cos C

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Ex.26 If A + B + C = , then sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C equals

[1] 4 sin A sin B cos C [2] 4 sin A sin B sin C
[3] 4 cos A sin B sin C [4] none of these
Sol. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C

 2A  2B   2A  2B 
= 2 sin   cos   + sin 2C
 2   2 

= 2 sin ( – c) cos (A – B) + sin C sin 2C [  A + B + C = , A + B =  – c

sin (A + B) = sin ( – C) = sin C]
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C]
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) + cos C]

S
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)] [  cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) = 2 sin A
sin B, by C & D formula]
= 2 sin C [2 sin A sin B]
= 4 sin A sin B sin C Ans.[2]

P
Ex.27 If A + B + C = , then cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C equal to
[1] 2 cos A cos B cos C [2] 2 Sin A sin B sin C
[3] 1–2cosA cos B cos C [4] 1 + 2 sin A sin B sin C
Sol. LHS = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
= cos2 A +(1 – sin2 B) + cos2 C = (cos2 A – sin2 B) + cos2 C + 1

N
= cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + cos2 C + 1 [  cos2A – sin2 B = cos (A + B) cos(A – B)]
= cos ( – C) cos (A – B) + cos2 C + 1 = –cos C cos (A – B) + cos2 C + 1

I
= cos C [cos(A – B) – cos C] + 1 = –cos C [(cos (A–B) – cos {–(A + B)}] + 1
= –cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)] + 1
= –cos C [(cos A cos B + sin A sin B) + (cos A cos B – sin A sin B)] +1
= –cos C (2 cos A cos B) +1 = 1 – 2 cosA cosB cos C Ans. [3]

Ex.28 If A + B + C = , then tanA + tanB + tanC equals

[1] cotA tanB tanC [2] tanA. cotB. tanC
[3] tanA. tanB. tanC [4] None of these
Sol. A + B + C = 
A + B = p– C
 tan (A + B) = tan ( – C)

tan A  tanB
 = – tan C
1 tan A tanB

 tan A + tan B = – tanC + tanC tanB tanC

tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA. tanB. tanC Ans.[3]

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23. GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS
*(i) If sin = sin then  = n + (–1)n , n  Z
*(ii) If cos = cos then  = 2n   , n  Z
*(iii) If tan = tan then  = n +  , n  Z
(iv) If sin2 = sin2
(v) If cos2 = tan2 then  = n   , n  Z
(vi) If tan2 = tan2

sin   sin  
(vii) If  then  = 2n +  , n  Z
cos   cos  

S
24. MOTHOD OF COMPONENDO AND DIVIDENDO
p a
If  , then by componendo an dividendo we can write
q b
pq ab qp ba
 or 
qq ab qp ba
pq ab qp ba
or  or 

P
pq ab qp ba
Note :- Reference of the above formulae will be given in the solutions of problems.

25. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

(i)  a2  b2  a sin x  b cos x  a 2  b 2

N
(ii) sin2x + cosec2 x  2
(iii) cos2x + sec2 x  2

I
(iv) tan2x + cot2 x  2

1  sin   
(v)  tan     sec   tan 
1  sin  4 2

1  sin   
(vi)  tan     sec   tan 
1  sin  4 2

1  cos  
(vii)  cot  cosec  cot 
1  cos  2

1  cos  
(viii)  tan  cosec  cot 
1  cos  2

sin 2n 
(ix) cos  . cos 2 . cos 22 ............ cos 2n–1  =
2n sin 
;   n 

sin nB / 2  B
(x) cosA + cos (A +B) + cos (A + 2B) + ........ + cos { A + ( n –1) B } = cos  A  (n  1) 
sinB / 2  2

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26. THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUES OF THE EXPRESSION [ a sin + b cos  ]
Let a = r cos  ......... (1)
and b = r sin  ......... (2)
squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a2 + b2 = r2
or , r = a2  b2
 a sin  + b cos  = r(sin  cos  + cos  sin )
= r sin ( +  )
But – 1  sin  1
so –1  sin ( +  )  1
then – r  r sin (  +  )  r
hence,

 a2  b 2  a sin   b cos   a 2  b 2

S
then the greatest and least values of
a sin  + b cos  are respectively a2  b2 and  a 2  b 2

 Least value of a sinx + b cos x + c is c  a2  b2 and greatest value is c  a2  b2

Ex.29 The maximum value of 3 sin + 4 cos is -
[1] 2 [2] 3 [3] 4 [4] 5

P
Sol. – 25 < 3 sin + 4 cos < 25 [By the standard resultes]
or – 5 < 3sin + 4 cos < 5
so the maximum value is 5. Ans. [4]
Ex.30 If a < 3 cos x + 5 sin (x–/6) < b for all x, then (a, b) equals
[1] ( 19, 19 ) [2] (–17, 17) [3] ( 21, 21) [4] None

1 3

N
Sol. – cos x + 5 sin x = A cos x + B sin x
2 2

I
 (A 2  B2 ) = (76) =  (19) Ans. [1]
2
27. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
(i) Some useful identities :
 tan A  tan A tanB tanC
(a) tan (A + B + C) = (b) tan = cot – 2 cot 2
1   tan A tanB
(c) tan3 = tan . tan ( 60° –) . tan ( 60° + ) (d) tan (A+B) – tanA – tanB = tanA. tanB.tan(A+B)
1 1
(e) sin sin ( 60° – ) sin (60° +  ) = sin3 (f) cos  cos ( 60° –  ) cos (60° +  ) = cos3
4 4
(ii) Some useful series :

  n  1     n  
sin        sin   
  2     2 
;   2n
(a) sin  + sin (  + ) + sin ( + 2) ......... + to n terms = 
sin  
2

  n  1     n  
cos       sin   
  2     2 
;   2n
(b) cos  + cos (  + ) + cos ( + 2) + ........ + to n terms = 
sin  
2

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 3 5 7 9
Ex.31 The value of cos + cos + cos + cos + cos is
11 11 11 11 11

1
[1] 0 [3] 1 [3] [4] none of these
2

 3 5 7 9
Sol. cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
11 11 11 11 11

   3   3 2.2    3.2    4.2 

+ cos    + cos    + cos    + cos   
11 
= cos
11 11 11   11 11  11 11  11

n
sin
2 2  (n  1)
Use cos  + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + .... + cos { + (n – 1) } =  cos
2

S
sin
2

 2
Here  = ,  = and n = 5 then
11 11

5 5
sin x  2 2 
cos  4 

P
 3 5 7 9 2 11
 11 11 
cos + cos + cos + cos + cos = 2 =
11 11 11 11 11 sin 2
2.11

5 1 10  
sin sin sin  
11 2 11 1  11
5 1
=  cos =  = 2  = Ans.[3]

N
sin 11 sin sin 2
11 11 11

I
 2 3 4
Ex.32 The value of cos cos cos cos is
9 9 9 9

1 1 1
[1] [2] [3] [4] none of these
8 16 64

 2 3 4
Sol. cos cos cos cos
9 9 9 9

  2 4  3
= cos cos cos  x cos
 9 9 9 9

sin(23. / 9)
= x cos  / 3
23.sin  / 9

sin8 / 9 1 1 1 1
= x = x = Ans. [2]
8sin  / 9 2 8 2 16

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
6 6 4 4
Ex.1 2(sin  + cos  ) – 3 ( sin  + cos  ) + 1 is equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) –2 (4) None of these
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. (1) 2 [ (sin  + cos  ) – 3 sin  cos  ( sin  + cos  ) ] – 3 [ (sin  + cos  ) ] – 2sin  cos  +1
2 2 2 2
 2 [ 1 – 3 sin  cos  ] – 3 [ 1 –2 sin  cos  ] + 1
2 2 2 2
 2–6 sin  cos  – 3 + 6 sin  cos  + 1 = 0

Ex.2 If 3 sin  + 4 cos  = 5 then the value of 4 sin  – 3 cos  is

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

S
Sol. (1) Let 4 sin  – 3 cos  = a

Thus we want to eliminant  from both 3 sinq + 4 cos  = 5 and 4 sin q – 3 cos  = a, i.e. squaring and

adding these equations. We get

P
2 2 2
(3 sin q + 4 cos q) + (4 sin  – 3 cos ) = 25 + a

2 2 2 2 2
9 sin  + 16 cos  + 24 sin  cos  + 16 sin  + 9 cos  – 24 cos  sin  = 25 + a

N
9 + 16 = 25 + a

I
or a =0

a=0

4 sin  – 3 cos  = 0
2 2 2
Ex.3 If x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  and z = r cos  . Then the value of x + y + z is equal to
2 2
(1) 2r (2) r (3) 0 (4) none of these .
Sol. (2) Here
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y + z = r sin  cos  + r sin  . sin  + r cos 
2 2 2 2 2 2
= r sin  ( cos + sin ) + r cos 
2 2 2 2
= r sin  + r cos 
2 2 2
= r ( sin  + cos )
2
=r
2 2 2 2
 x +y +z =r
Ex.4 If A + B = 45°, then ( 1 + tanA) ( 1 + tanB ) is equal to
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 4

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tan A  tanB
Sol. (1) tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tanB
tan A  tanB
1= [ as A + B = 45° , tan (A + B ) = 1 ]
1  tan A tanB
 tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1
or 1 + tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1 + 1 [ adding 1’ to both side]

 (1 + tanA) + tanB (1 + tan A ) = 2

 ( 1 + tan A) ( 1 + tanB ) = 2
2 2
Ex.5 If cos 2x + 2 cos x = 1 then sin x ( 2–cos x) is equal to
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 4 .
Sol. (2) Here, cos 2x + 2 cos x = 1
2
 2cos x–1 + 2 cos x – 1 = 0

S
2
 cos x + cosx –1 = 0

1  5  1  5 
or cos x = , neglecting  
2  2 

P
 1  5 
as – 1  cos x  1 and  2
 < –1
 
2
2
 5  1 62 5
 cos x =     3 5
 2  4
 3 5   3 5 
2 2
 sin x (2 –cos x) =  1  2   2  2 

N
  
 5  1  5  1 
=  2   2   1
  

I
Ex.6 3 cosec20° – sec 20° is equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4

3 1 3 cos 20  sin 20

Sol. (4)  
sin 20 cos 20 sin20.cos 20
 3 1 
4  cos 20  sin20 
2 2
  
2 sin 20 cos 20

 sin60.cos 20  cos60.sin 20

 4.
sin 40

sin(60  20) sin 40

 4  4. 4
sin 40 sin 40

Ex.7 sin78° – sin66° – sin42° + sin 6° Is equal to

(1) 1/2 (2) –1/2 (3) 2 (4) –2
Sol. (2) The expression
= (sin78° – sin42°) – (sin 66° – sin6°)

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= 2cos (60°) sin (18°) – 2 cos 36° . sin 30°
= sin18° – cos36°
 5  1  5  1 1
=  4    4    2
   

1  sin 
Ex.8 Find set of all possible values of  in [ – , ] such that is equal to ( sec  – tan ).
1  sin 

         
(1)  ,   (2)  ,  (3)   ,  (4) None of these
2 2  2 2   2 2 

Sol. (3) Clearly     / 2 .

1  sin 
as sec  – tan  = ...(i)
cos 

S
2
1  sin  1  sin   1  sin  1  sin 
and  2
 
1  sin  cos  cos  cos 

From (i) and (ii) two expressions are equal only if cos  > 0 , i.e. – /2 <  <  / 2

P
1  sin 
 and sec  – tan  are equal only
1  sin 

  
when     , 
 2 2

N
1 1
Ex.9 sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° is equal to
2 2

I
1 1 1 1
(1) 42 2 (2) 42 2 (3)  42 2 (4) 4  2 2
2 2 2 2

1 1 1
Sol. (1) sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° = 1  sin135  1  (using cosA + sinA = 1  sin2A )
2 2 2

1
 42 2 ....(i)
2

   
Ex.10 If 1 + sin     + 2 cos     then the maximum value of  is .
4  4 

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

   
Sol. (4) We have 1 + sin     + 2 cos    
4  4 

1
=1+ (cos  + sin  ) + 2 ( cos  + sin  )
2

 1 
=1+   2  (cos  + sin  )
 2 
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 1   
=1+   2  . 2 cos    
 2   4 

 1 
 the maximum value of 1    2 . 2 4
 2 

Ex.11 The value of sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° is
(1) 3/8 (2) 1/8 (3) 3/16 (4) none of these
Sol. (3) sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80°

3
= sin20 sin  60  20  sin  60  20 
2

S
3 3 3 
= 
sin 20 sin2 60  sin2 20  = sin20   sin2 20 
2 2 4 

3 3 3 3 3
= (3 sin20  4 sin3 20) = sin 60 = . 
8 8 8 2 16

P
        
The value of 1 cos  1 cos 3  1 cos 5  1 cos 7  is
8  8  8 
Ex.12   
 8

1  1 1 2
[1] [2] cos [3] [4]
2 8 8 2 2

N
       
1 cos   1 cos 3  1 cos   3  1 cos    
8  8  8  8 
Sol.        

I
        
= 1 cos  1 cos 3  1 cos 3  1 cos  
 8  8   8   8 

    3 
= 1 cos  1 cos2 
2

 8  8 

1    
2  1 cos 3 
2  1 cos 
4 
= 
4 4

1    
1 cos 3 
1 cos 
4 
= 
4 4

     1
1 1 1  1 1  1 1  = 1
=    =  2  Ans.[3]
4  2 2  4 8

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Ex.12 If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that 12 tan A – 5 = 0 and 5 cos B + 3 = 0 then the quadratic equation
whose roots are cos C tan D is
Sol. In a quadrilaterla no angle is greater then 180º

5  
Here tan A = so, 0 < A < and <C< ( A + C = 180º)
12 2 2

5 5 12
 tan (–C) = , i.e. tan C =   cos C = 
12 12 13

3  
Also cos B =  , so, < B <  and 0 < D < ( B + D = 180º)
5 2 2

3 3 4
 cos (– C) =  , i.e., cos D =  tan D =
5 5 3

S
 12 4   12  4
 
 the required equation is x –    x +   . = 0
2
13 3 13 3
2
 39 x – 16 x – 48 = 0 Ans.[1]

NP
I
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