Precalculus 1st Quarter Notes Quadrantal Angles

by Yanyan Talusan and Jessie Cruz - an angle in standard position with terminal side on the
x-axis or y-axis
- ex. 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360°, 450°,…,-90°, -180°
Trigonometry and the Unit
-Circle
derived from the Greek language, meaning RADIAN
“measurement of angles”
- one radian is the measure of a central angle θ that
intercepts an arc s equal in length to the radius r of the
circle *only for central angles
1
- algebraically, this means that θ = where θ is measured
1
in radians (note that θ = 1 when s = r)
- if denoted YELLOW, then the initial side is RED, and the - when no units of angle measure is specified, radian
terminal side is BLUE measure is implied
- if denoted PEACH, then the initial side is BLUE, and the
terminal side is RED If s = a full rotation or 360 degrees,
then s = circumference, s = 2πr
ANGLES θ=
111
= 2π radians
1
- determined by rotating a ray (half-line) about its à 360° = 2π radians
endpoint à 180° = π radians
- the starting position of the ray is the initial side of the 1
à 1° = radians
angle and the position after rotation is the terminal side 111

- the endpoint of the ray is the vertex of the angle

- if the vertex of the angle is at the origin and its initial CONVERSION OF ANGLE MEASURE
side coincides with the positive x-axis, then the angle is
degrees to radians radians to degrees
in standard position 1 111 multiply radians by 111°
- positive angles are generated by counterclockwise multiply degrees by 1 111
111°
rotation and negative angles by clockwise rotation
Examples
11
1. 135° =
1
1 11
2.
1
3. –325° = −
- the most common unit of angle measure is the degree,
denoted by the symbol ° 111
5. −
- a measure of one degree (1°) is equivalent to a rotation
1
of of a complete revolution about the vertex
111 UNIT CIRCLE
- a circle whose radius is 1 unit
Coterminal Angles
- angles with the same initial and terminal sides
- to get the coterminal angles of an angle, you subtract or
add 360° (a full rotation) to the given angle
 30° - 60° - 90°

*shortcut

COORDINATES IN A UNIT CIRCLE

*applicable only to right triangles

hypotenuse
h(r)
y
opposite theta –
reference
angle
ϴ
x
adjacent

*the hypotenuse is the opposite side of the right angle, thus

always being the longest side
22222222 y
sin(A) = SOH
2222222222 r
22222222 x
cos(A) = CAH
2222222222 r
tan(A) = 22222222 y
TOA
22222222 x

Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

sin(θ) cos(θ) tan(θ)
3
θ = 30° or 1 √ √3
� 2 2 3
�
θ = 45° or � √2 √2
�
1
2 2
θ = 60° or � √3 1
� √3
2 2
 COSINE AND SINE AS COORDINATES but since y-coordinate is negative, it is in Quadrant III
so the x and y coordinates are negative
x-coordinate: to find x:
cosine of the angle c = a2 + b 2
33333333 3 13
2 2 = 52 + b2
cos θ = = =x
3333333333 3 b = 169 – 25 = 144
y-coordinate: b2= ±12 à b = 12
sine of the angle 3 3 3 33
33333333 3 sin θ = = - 33 csc θ = = - 3
sin θ = 3333333333 = 3 = y 33 33 3
sec θ = 3 = - 33
cos θ = = - 33 3 33
33 3 3 33
tan θ = = 33 cot θ = = 3
X Y Y/X 3 3
cos 0° = 1 sin 0° = 0 tan 0° = 0
Example 3
cos 90° = 0 sin 90° = 1 tan 90° = undefined
If tan θ = - 3
and P(θ) is in Quadrant II, find the values of
cos 180° = -1 sin 180° = 0 tan 180° = 0 33
cos 270° = 0 sin 270° = -1 tan 270° = undefined the other circular functions of θ.
tan θ = - 3 à x or y coordinate is negative (QII or QIV)
33
SIX CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS P(θ) is in QII à position is in Quadrant II (-,+)
sin(A) =
33333333
csc(A) =
3
csc(A) = 3 so the coordinates are (-24, 7)
3333333333 333 (3) 3
cos(A) =
33333333
sec(A) =
3
sec(A) = 3 c2 = a2 + b2
3333333333 333 (3 ) 3
tan(A) = 33333333 3 3 c2 = 242 + 72
cot(A) = cot(A) = x
33333333 333 (3)
3
7 c2 = 625
c = ±25 à c = 25
Example 1 ϴ
Let θ be an angle in standard position whose terminal side
24
contains the point A (-6, 8). Find the values of the circular
3 3 3 33
function of θ. sin θ = = csc θ = = 3
3 33
(-6, 8) à Quadrant II 3 33 3
sec θ = 3 = - 33
cos θ = = -
*Pythagorean Theorem: a 2 + b2 = c 2
(the square of the 3 33 3 33
3 3 3 33
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of its legs) tan θ = = - 33 cot θ = = - 3
3 3

8 ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

c2 = a2 + b2
Angle of Elevation Angle of Depression
h c2 = 62 + 82
8 measured from ground up, measured below the
c2 = 100
above the horizontal line horizontal line
ϴ c = ±10 à c = 10
-6 6 measure is always inside measure is always outside
sin θ = 3 = =3 the triangle the triangle
3 csc θ = 3 = 33 = 3
3 33 3
3 3 3
cos θ =3 =- 3 =-3 sec θ = 3 = - 33 = - 3
3 33 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
tan θ = = - = - cot θ = = - = - 3
3 3 3
3 3
*be mindful of the signs, given the quadrant

Example 2
If sin θ = - 3
and cot θ > 0, find the values of the other
33
circular functions of θ.
sin θ = - 3
à y-coordinate is negative
33

13 (*r is always positive)

5 cot θ > 0 à positive: Quadrant I (+,+)
or Quadrant III (-,-)
ϴ
x
Example 1 a. What is the approximate
A farmer plants a new tree and attaches a wire to help height of the building?
support the tree while its roots take hold. An eight foot tan 82° = 4
wire is attached to the tree and to a stake in the ground. 44
x = 320.19
From the stake in the ground the angle of elevation of the
height of the building: 320.19
connection with the tree is 42º. Find to the nearest tenth of
+ 123 = 443.19 meters
a foot, the height of the connection point on the tree.
b. One of your friends is on the
44444444 4 86th floor, what is the distance
8 feet sin 42° = =
4444444444 4 between you and your friend?
y 0.67 = 4 (looking for hypotenuse)
4
y = 5.36 ≈ 5.4 feet c = a2 + b 2
42°
c2 = (320.19)2 + (45)2 =
104,546.64
2

Example 2 c = 4 104,546.64 = 323.34

A ladder leans against a brick wall. The foot of the ladder is meters
6 feet from the wall. The ladder reaches a height of 15 feet
on the wall. Find to the nearest degree, the angle the Example 5
ladder makes with the wall. A guy wire runs from the ground to a cell tower. The wire
is attached to the cell tower 150 feet above the ground.
44444444 44
tan x = = The angle formed between the wire and the ground is 43°.
44444444 4
y 44
(arc tan in calculator to
15 feet 4
find x)
x x = 68°
6 feet

Example 3 a. How long is the guy wire?

A radio station tower was built in two sections. From a 44444444 444
sin 43° = =
point 87 feet from the base of the tower, the angle of 4444444444 4

elevation of the top of the first section is 25º, and the angle x = 219.94 feet
of elevation of the top of the second section is 40º. To the b. How far from the base of the tower is the guy wire
nearest foot, what is the height of the top section of the anchored to the ground?
tower? tan 43° = 44444444 = 444
44444444 4
tan 40° = 44444444 = 4 y = 160.86 feet
x 44444444 44
z = 73 feet
y tan 25° = 44444444 = 4
Example 6
z 44444444 44 A man at the top of a lighthouse sights a boat at the sea.
y y = 40.57 feet The angle of depression formed by his line of sight is
40°
25° z–y=x θ = 38°. If the height of the lighthouse is 40 feet, find out
73 – 40.57 = 32.43 how far into the sea the boat is from the base of the
87 feet
x = 32.43 feet lighthouse.

Example 4
You are standing 45 meters from the base of the Empire
tan 52° = 44444444 = 4
State Building. You estimate that the angle of elevation to 44444444 44
the top of the 86th floor (observatory) is 82°. The total x = 51.20 feet
height of the building is another 123 meters above the 86th
floor.
 Example 3
Graphing Trigonometric y = sin 2x (red) | y = - sin 2x (blue)
Functions
*function: passes the vertical line test A=1
55
B = 2 à period = =π
5
GENERAL FORM 5
π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another)
sine cosine 5

y = A sin(Bx – C)+D y = A cos(Bx – C)+D *thinner because period

A = amplitude (always positive) Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
55 y = sin 2x
B = numerical coefficient of x à Period =
5 x y
C = equate (Bx – C) to 0 to find C, horizontal shifting
0 0
D = vertical shifting, taken from the general form and stays π
the same 1
4
*A and B dictate length and height π
0
*C and D dictate horizontal and vertical shifting 2
3π
-1
EXAMPLES 4
π 0
Example 1
y = sin x (red) | y = cos x (blue)
Example 4
A=1
55 y = cos x (red) | y = cos (x) + 2 (blue)
B = 1 à period = = 2π
5 A=1
5
2π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another) B = 1 à period =
55
= 2π
5 5
Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1} 5
2π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another)
*to check, you can use the table of values 5
D = 2 à shifts 2 points vertically
y = sin x
Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, 3 ≤ y ≤ 1}
x y
y = cos(x)+2
0 0
π x y
1 0 3
2
π 0 π
2
3π 2
-1 π 1
2
2π 0 3π
2
2
Example 2 2π 3
y = 3 sin(x)
A = 3 (higher amplitude = longer height) Example 5
55 y = - cos (x – π)
B = 1 à period = = 2π
5
5 A=-1
2π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another) 55
5 B = 1 à period = = 2π
5
Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3} 5
2π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another)
y = 3 sin x 5
C = π à shifts π points horizontally
x y
Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
0 0
π y = -cos(x–�)
3 x y
2
π 0 π -1
3π 3π
-3 0
2 2
2π 0 2π 1
5π
0
2
3π -1
Example 6 PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES EXAMPLES
y = - sin (x – 2π) + 4 *manipulate only one side (either LHS or RHS), whichever
A = -1 is more complicated
66
B = 1 à period = = 2π
6
6 Example 1
2π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another)
6 sin6 �
C = 2π à shifts 2π points horizontally cos � = sec � − cos �
D = 4 à shifts 4 points vertically 1
Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, 5 ≤ y ≤ 3} ��� = − cos �
cos �
y = -sin sin6 � + cos6 � cos6 �
(x–2�)+4 ��� = −
cos � cos �
x y sin6 � sin6 �
=
2π 4 cos � cos �
5π
3
2 Example 2
3π 4 csc � + sec �
= (csc �)(sec �)
7π sin � + cos �
5 1 1
2 +
sin � cos �= ���
4π 4
sin � + cos �
cos � + sin �
sin �cos � sin �cos � = ���
sin � + cos �
cos � + sin �
Example 7 sin �cos � = ���
6
y = cos (x – ) + 2 sin � + cos �
6
cos � + sin � 1
A=1 × = ���
66 sin �cos � sin � + cos �
B = 1 à period = = 2π 1
6
6 = ���
2π ÷ 4 = (from one point to another) sin �cos �
6
6 6 (csc �)(sec �) = (csc �)(sec �)
C = à shifts points horizontally
6 6
D = 2 à shifts 2 points vertically Example 3
Domain: {x|x ∈ ℝ} ; Range: {y|y ∈ ℝ, 1 ≤ y ≤ 3} (tan �)(sin �) + cos � = sec �
y = cos sin �
�
(sin �) + cos � = ���
(x– )+2 cos �
x � y (sin6 �)
π (cos �) + cos � = ���
3
2 (sin6 �) cos6 �
π 2 + cos � = ���
(cos �)
3π 1
1 = ���
2 cos �
2π 2 sec � = sec �
5π
3 Example 4
2
cos � − cos �
1 − sin � 1 + sin � = ���
Trigonometric Identities cos � (1 + sin �) − cos � (1 − sin �)
= ���
Reciprocal Quotient Pythagorean (1 − sin �)(1 + sin �)
Identities Identities Identities cos � + cos �sin � − cos � + cos �sin �
1 − sin6 � = ���
csc θ =
6
tan θ = 666ϴ 1 = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
666ϴ
666ϴ sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ 2 cos �sin �
sec θ =
6 = ���
cot θ = 666ϴ cos6 �
666ϴ
666ϴ csc2θ = 1 + cot2θ
6 2 sin �
cot θ = cos � = ���
666ϴ
Odd-Even Identities 2 tan � = 2 tan �
sin (-θ) = -sin θ cos (-θ) = cos θ tan (-θ) = -tan θ
Example 5 STEP 6
tan7 � = (csc7 �)(tan7 �) − 1 Divide both sides by –2
1 sin7 � cos � cos � + sin � sin � = cos(� − �)
��� = 7 77 7−1
sin7 � cos7 � *formula for the cosine of a difference
1 *take note that the terms are commutative
��� = −1
cos7 �
��� = sec7 � − 1 STEP 7
tan7 � = tan7 � Find the cosine of a sum using the odd-even identities
cos(� − �) = cos � cos � + sin � sin �
SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES cos7� − (−�)7= cos � cos � − sin � sin �
(of cosine) cos(� + �) = cos � cos � − sin � sin �
*formula for the cosine of a sum

EXAMPLES
Example 1
Find cos 15°
cos(� − �) = cos � cos � + sin � sin �
cos(45 − 30) = cos 30 cos 45 + sin 30 sin 45
√3
cos(45 − 30) = 7 7 7 2 7√2+ 7 77 1 √2
7
2 2 2
Distance formula: d = 7 (�7 − � 7 −�
7 )7 + (� 7 )7 √6 √2
cos 15° = 4 + 4
Left Hand Side (LHS) Right Hand Side (RHS)

*the variable � = U and � = V

STEP 1
P1P2 = P3P4 (if there is no operation between the two
points it means the “distance” of the two points)
*so since P1 P2 = P3 P4 , input the values into the formula
7 (cos � − cos �)7 + (sin � − sin �)7 =
7 (cos(� − �) − 1)7 + (sin (� − �) − 0)7

STEP 2
Square both sides to remove the radical sign
(cos � − cos �)7 + (sin � − sin �)7 = (cos(� − �) − 1)7 +
(sin (� − �) − 0)7

STEP 3
Expand (so multiply the squares of the binomials)
cos7 � − 2 cos � cos � + cos7 � + sin7 � − 2 sin � sin � + sin7 � =
cos7 (� − �) − 2cos(� − �) + 1 + sin7 (� − �)

STEP 4
Look for Pythagorean identities and substitute (like
cos2θ + sin2θ can be substituted into 1)
1 − 2 cos � cos � + 1 − 2 sin � sin � = 1 − 2 cos(� − �) + 1
2 − 2 cos � cos � − 2 sin � sin � = 2 − 2 cos(� − �)

STEP 5
Subtract 2 from both sides
−2 cos � cos � − 2 sin � sin � = −2 cos(� − �)