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Dimensional Control-Surveyor
TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT (TRAST) PROGRAM

The Pythagorean Theorem and Trigonometry

Triangle

 Right Triangle

 Equilateral Triangle

 Isosceles Triangle

 Scalene Triangle

The sum of internal angle on triangle is always 180o

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Dimensional Control-Surveyor 2

Presented in SIKB
The Pythagorean Theorem
 The Pythagorean Theorem only works on right triangle.
 Right angle triangle is three side shape with one internal angle of
90 degrees and two acute angles.
 Sides:
 Hypotenuse = the longest side of a right-angled triangle opposite the Right angle
 Adjacent = the side adjacent to a particular Acute angle
 Opposite = the side opposite to a particular Acute angle
 Angles:
 Right Angle = the ninety (90o) angle
 Acute Angle = an angle less than ninety degrees
H

Acute
yp
o
Opposite

angle
te
nu
se

SIDES SIDES

Acute Acute
angle 90o angle
Adjacent

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Dimensional Control-Surveyor 3

Presented in SIKB
The Pythagorean Theorem

 In any right triangle, the square of the length of the

hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths
of the legs.

A, B, C = Triangle vertex

c = Hypotenuse

a and b = Triangle legs

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Dimensional Control-Surveyor 4

Presented in SIKB
The Trigonometry – Angle and The Units

 An angle is the figure formed by two lines, called the sides of the
angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.
e
n gl
a
of
de
si

vertex side of angle

 Most units of angular measurement are defined such that one turn
(i.e. one full circle).

 There are 3 common of angle units:

 Radians (rad)
 Degree (degrees, minutes, seconds)
 Gradian / Gon (grades, centi-grades, centi-cimals)

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Presented in SIKB
The Trigonometry – Angle and The Units

 Radians (rad)
One turn is define as 2 Radians. Otherwise could be define 1 rad is
generated if the arc length of a circle is equal with the radius.

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The Trigonometry – Angle and The Units

 Degree (degrees, minutes, second)

One turn is define as 360o , with subdivisions minutes (‘) and
second (“):
 1o = 60’
 1’ = 60”

 Gradian / Gon (grades, centi-grade, centi-cimal)

One turn is define as 400g, with subdivisions centi-grade (cg)
and centi-cimal (cc):
 1g = 100cg
 1cg = 100cc

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Presented in SIKB
The Trigonometry – Angle and The Units

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The Trigonometry – Angle Characteristic
 Angle by its direction could be divide in two category:
Clock Wise and Counter Clock Wise.

 Commonly surveying instruments are applied Clock Wise

Angle Direction.

 In Cartesian Coordinate System, usually starting point for

clock wise direction angle is from Y(+) axis, otherwise for
counter clock wise direction angle is from X(+) axis.

 How ever, for both angle direction are using the same
function (Trigonometrical Function) to generate and
defining particular angle (acute angle). The only different
is in the using of denominator.

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Presented in SIKB
The Trigonometry – Angle Characteristic

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Dimensional Control-Surveyor 10

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The Trigonometry – Trigonometrical Functions

Right Triangle Any Triangle

 Please notice that:

Angle  is placed at Vertex A
Leg a is placed opposite from vertex A
And so on.

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The Trigonometry – Sine

 Mathematical definition: equal to the ratio of the opposite leg

a particular acute angle to the hypotenuse.
 For right triangle:

 For any triangle:

 Defining leg:

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The Trigonometry – Cosine

 Mathematical definition: equal to the ratio of the adjacent leg

a particular acute angle to the hypotenuse.
 For right triangle:

 For any triangle:

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The Trigonometry – Tangent

 Tangent Function only work in right triangle.

 Mathematical definition: equal to the ratio of the legs (other
than hypotenuse) opposite and adjacent to an acute angle in
a right angled triangle.
 Geometric definition: a straight line or plane that touches a
curve or curved surface at a point, but it extended does not
cross it at that point. Where it touches the circle, it is
perpendicular to the center of the circle
Ta
ng
en
t
Li
n
e

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The Trigonometry – Trigonometrical Functions

 For Right-Angled-Triangle could be summarize into equation

listed below:

 In Which:
 Acute angle define as 
 Opposite leg define as O
 Adjacent leg define as A, and
 Hypotenuse define as H

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The Trigonometry – Clock Wise Angle

 Consider Sine as X , and Cosine as Y

And

QUADRANT Value of X and Y Value of 

I X > 0 and Y > 0  = a  

II X > 0 and Y < 0  = 180o + a (a<0)
III X < 0 and Y < 0  = 180o + a (a>0)
IV X < 0 and Y > 0  = 360o + a (a<0)

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Dimensional Control-Surveyor 16

Presented in SIKB
The Trigonometry – Counter Clock Wise Angle

 Consider Sine as Y , and Cosine as X

And

QUADRANT Value of X and Y Value of 

I Y > 0 and X > 0  = a  

II Y > 0 and X < 0  = 180o + a (a<0)
III Y < 0 and X < 0  = 180o + a (a>0)
IV Y < 0 and X > 0  = 360o + a (a<0)

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Dimensional Control-Surveyor 17

Presented in SIKB
The Pythagorean Theorem and Trigonometry

THANK YOU

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Presented in SIKB