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Tutorial 1
MAT 291
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Question 1
Let
4 1 0 0 2 −8 2 9
K = 1 3 2 , L = −2 0 6 , a = 1 , b = 0 .
0 2 5 8 −6 0 4 5
Find the following expressions or give reasons why they are undefined.
(i) K − KT , L − LT , aT + bT
(ii) K + KT + L − LT
Solution:
4 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0
T
(i) K − K = 1 3 2 − 1 3 2 = 0 0 0 ,
0 2 5 0 2 5 0 0 0
0 2 −8 0 2 −8 0 0 0
L − LT = −2 0 6 − −2 0 6 = 0 0 0 ,
8 −6 0 8 −6 0 0 0 0
aT + bT = 2
1 4 − 9 0 5 = 18 19 ,
(ii)
4 1 0 4 1 0 0 2 −8 0 −2 8
T T
K + K + L − L = 1 3 2 + 1 3 2 + −2 0 6 − 2 0 −6
0 2 5 0 2 5 8 −6 0 −8 6 0
8 6 −16
= −2 6 16
16 −8 10
1
Question 2
Show that if A is any square matrix, then T = 12 (A − AT ) is skew-symmetric.
1
= [A + (−AT )]T
2
1 T
= [A + (−AT )T ]; (A + B)T = AT + B T
2
1 T
= [A − (AT )T ]; (−1)T = −1
2
1 T
= [A − A]; (AT )T = A
2
1
= − [A − AT ] = −T
2
We have shown that, T T = −T , i.e,T is skew-symmetric.
Question 3
Let
0 1 1 0 −1
A = 0 −2 , B = 2 3 0 ,
2 3 0 3 4
Find the expressions or give reasons why they are undefined.
2
Question 4
Show that AAT is symmetric.
Question 5
Solve by determinants (Cramer’s Rule).
3x + 2y − 2z = 16
4x + 3y + 3z = 2
2x − y + z = 0
Solution:
3 2 −2
D= 4 3 3 = 3(3 + 3) − 2(4 − 6) − 2(−4 − 6) = 42
2 −1 1
16 2 −2
D1 = 2 3 3 = 16(3 + 3) − 2(2 − 0) − 2(−2 − 0) = 96
0 −1 1
3 16 −2
D2 = 4 2 3 = 3(2 − 0) − 16(4 − 6) − 2(0 − 4) = 46
2 0 1
3 2 16
D3 = 4 3 2 = 3(0 + 2) − 2(0 − 4) − 16(−4 − 6) = −146
2 −1 0
3
Question 6
Find the values of x that satisfies the equation
Then,
3
(2x + 3)(6 − 2) = 0 =⇒ 3(2x + 3) = 0 =⇒ x = −
2
Question 7
Solve the equation
x 2 3
2 x+3 6 =0
3 4 x+6
Solution:
x 2 3 x−1 2 3 x−1 2 3
C +C −C3
2 x+3 6 ==1===2===⇒ x−1 x+3 6 =⇒ − x − 1 x+3 6
3 4 x+6 −x + 1 4 x+6 x−1 −4 −x − 6
1 2 3
=⇒ −(x − 1) 1 x+3 6
1 −4 −x − 6
1 2 3
R −R1
==3===⇒ −(x − 1) 0 x+1 3
R2 −R1
0 −6 −x − 9
Then
−(x − 1)[(x + 1)(−x − 9) + 18] = −(x − 1)(−x2 − 9x − x − 9 + 18)
= −(x − 1)(−x2 − 10x + 9) = (x − 1)(x2 + 10x − 9) = 0
Thus
√
p
−10 ± 100 − 4(1)(−9)
x=1 or x= = −5 ± 34
2
4
Question 8
Solve the equation
x+1 x+2 3
2 x+3 x+1 =0
x+3 1 x+2
Solution:
x+1 x+2 3 2x + 6 x+2 3 1 x+2 3
C +C +C3
2 x+3 x + 1 ==1===2===⇒ 2x + 6 x+3 x + 1 ⇒ (2x + 6) 1 x+3 x+1
x+3 1 x+2 2x + 6 1 x+2 1 1 x+2
1 x+2 3
R −R1
==3===⇒ (2x + 6) 0 1 x−2
R2 −R1
0 −x − 1 x−1
Therefore,
Question 9
Factorize
1 1 1
a b c
a3 b3 c3
Solution:
1 1 1 1 0 0
C −C1
a b c ==3===⇒ a b−a c−a
C −C
a3 b3 c3 2 1 a3 b3 − a3 c3 − a3
Then,
5
Question 10
Find the inverse of
−1 1 2
3 −1 1
−1 3 4
Solution: We know that
1
A−1 = [Ajk ]T .
det(A)
Then
det(A) = −1(−4 − 3) − 1(12 + 1) + 2(9 − 1) = 10
The minors of A are:
−1 1 3 1 3 −1
A11 = = −7, A12 = = 13, A13 == = 8,
3 4 −1 4 −1 3
1 2 −1 2 −1 1
A21 = = −2, A22 = = −2, A23 = = −2,
3 4 −1 4 −1 34
1 2 −1 2 −1 1
A31 = = 3, A32 = = −7, A33 = = −2,
−1 1 3 1 3 −1
Therefore
−7 −13 8
[Ajk ] = 2 −2 2
3 7 −2
and
−7 2 3
T
[Ajk ] = −13 −2 7
8 2 −2
And
−7 2 3 −0.7 0.2 0.3
1
A−1 = −13 −2 7 = −1.3 −0.2 0.7
10
8 2 −2 0.8 0.2 −0.2
6
Question 11
Solve the following set of linear equations by matrix method, i.e., find the inverse
and use it to solve Ax = b
2x1 − x2 + 3x3 = 2
x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 11
2x1 − 2x2 + 5x3 = 3
Solution We have
2 −1 3 x1 2
1 3 −1 x2 = 11
2 −2 5 x3 3
Let
2 −1 3
A = 1 3 −1 .
2 −2 5
Then
det(A) = 2(15 − 2) + 1(5 + 2) + 3(−2 − 6) = 9.
After calculating the minors and cofactor of A we get that
13 −7 −8
[Ajk ] = −1 4 2
−8 5 7
And that
13 −1 −8
[Ajk ]T = −7 4 5
−8 2 7
So that
13 −1 −8
1 1
A−1 = [Ajk ]T = −7 4 5
det(A) 9
−8 2 7
Thus, the solution is
x1 13 −1 −8 2 −9 −1
1 1
x = x2 = −7 4 5 11 = 45 = 5 .
9 9
x3 −8 2 7 3 27 3
Therefore
x1 = −1, x2 = 5, x3 = 5.
7
Question 12
Use Gauss elimination and back substitution to solve the equation
2 3 4 x 1
1 2 3 y = 1
1 4 5 z 2
Solution:
2 3 4 1 1 3/2 2 1/2 1 3/2 2 1/2
R1 /2 R2 −R1
1 2 3 1 ===⇒ 1 2 3 1 =====⇒ 0 1/2 1 1/2
R3 −R1
1 4 5 2 1 4 5 2 0 5/2 3 3/2
1 3/2 2 1/2 1 3/2 2 1/2
R2 /(1/2) R3 −(5/2)R2
======⇒ 0 1 2 1 ========⇒ 0 1 2 1
0 5/2 3 3/2 0 0 −2 −1
1 3/2 2 1/2
R3 /−2R2
======⇒ 0 1 2 1
0 0 1 1/2
8
Question 13
Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
−2 2 −3
2 1 −6
−1 −2 0
Solution: The characteristic equation is
−2 − λ 2 −3
2 1−λ −6 = 0.
−1 −2 −λ
Then,
(−2 − λ)(−λ + λ2 − 12) − 2(−2λ − 6) − 3(−4 + 1 − λ) = 0
2λ − 2λ2 + 24 + λ2 − λ3 + 12λ + 4λ + 12 + 12 − 3 + 3λ = 0
λ3 + λ2 − 21λ + 45 = 0
For λ = 5, the characteristic equation become
125 + 25 − 105 − 45 = 0.
This implies 5 is a root of the equation. By long division you get that, the
eigenvalues are λ1 = 5, and λ2 = −3. To find the eigenvector corresponding
to λ1 = 5, set λ = 5 and get
−7 2 −3 x1 0
2 −4 −6 x2 = 0
−1 −2 −5 x3 0
Then, by row reduction the above matrix reduces to
−7 2 −3
0 1 2
0 0 0
This implies
x2 + 2x3 = 0
x2 = −2x3
−7x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 0
−7x1 − 7x3 = 0
x1 = −x3
x3 is a free variable. Let x3 = t
Therefore
−t −1 1
x = −2t = t −2 = t 2
t 1 −1
9
The eigenvector corresponding to λ1 = 5 is
1
2 .
−1
Therefore,
x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 0
x1 + 2x2 = 3x3
x1 = −2x2 + 3x3
10