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Application of Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) on River Stream: A Case

Study in Brantas River

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 4th National Technical Postgraduate Symposium
TP06-CS-006

Application of Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) on

River Stream:
A Case Study in Brantas River
(1) (2)
Mohammad Sholichin and Faridah Othman
(1)PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
(2) Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

Abstract

Water pollution has been a crucial problem in many countries and has attracted researcher’s attention from
over the world. This paper describes the simulation of BOD concentration as one parameter of water pollutant
at Brantas River. The main objective of this study is to apply the SMS (Surface-water Modeling System)-
model to Brantas River and to predict the status of water quality at Brantas River. SMS (surface-water
modeling system) is a comprehensive environment for one, two, and three dimensional hydrodynamic
modeling. The main results of these simulations are velocity vector distribution and Distribution of BOD
concentration along the stream. On the simulation processes, wastewater discharge from outlet industry
assumed continuous flow. In general, the water quality of middle Brantas River hasn’t been in heavy pollution
status yet, in comparison with class B - surface water quality standard. Surface-water modeling system was
successfully for prediction of concentration BOD a long the stream at Brantas River, although the result value
was over estimation comparison whit data observation.

Keyword: River Water Quality, Point Source Pollutant, Surface-water Modeling System -model

1. Introduction source (NPS) pollutants (e.g. fertilizer, pesticides,

River system is a major source of water
supply, agricultural, urban water need and industry,
etc. Water quality assessment of river system are
become critical throughout the country and there is a
real concern about the sustainable supply of quality
of water and health of water bodies. River system
should be continuously monitored to assess the An
effect of different land uses management practices
on water quality.
Most condition of river in several places is
of degradation quality, due to the contaminations
from domestic pollutant, industrial, and agriculture.
If the contamination increases, it can be destroying
to the ecosystem of river and dangerous for human
life. Point source pollutant or rather pollutants are
associated with a point location such as a toxin
waste spill site has received the greatest attention in
the past because of obvious severity of their impact
at a localized point.
Even though point source pollutant from
waste water system or outlet industry is generally
highly toxic, it is relatively easy controlled and
identifiable. However, over recent year’s concern
has shifted more to pollutants that are low in
concentration, but ubiquitous in nature and referred
to as non-point source pollutant. The Non-point
24
salts and nutrient) are contaminants of surface and
sub surface water resources that are diffuse in nature
and cannot be traced to a point.
2. Study Area
The Brantas River basin is the most
urbanized region in Indonesia. About 16 million
people live in the Brantas catchment area and
depend on its resources. The Brantas River with a
total length of 320 km and a catchment area 11.050
2
km is the second largest river of Java. It functions
as the most importance source of water supply in the
east Java province.
Water pollution of Brantas River came from
both point and non-point sources pollutant. Its water
quality is poor especially its lower reaches. About
720 industrial are registered in Brantas Basin, with
450 of these assessed as potential polluters of the
river.
A case study presented is located in Brantas River
especialy in middle area with length of 6 km before
Jongbiru water quality station recorder, Kediri City.

Fig.1. Indonesia Map
Fig.2.Java Island, Indonesia
Fig.3. Catchments of Brantas Rivert, Indonesia
3. Methodology
The research methodology can be distributed as
following: pre-fieldwork, fieldwork and simulation
1. Pre-fieldwork
This stage includes problem identification and
research objective formulation, literature review,
data collection from previous study and
literature, analysis of available and required
data, selection of sampling point and water
quality parameter for input model, and set-up of
the model, as well as preparing measuring
instruments for fieldwork
2. Fieldwork
This phase includes in-site analysis of water
samples for BOD parameter and handling for
analyses in environmental Laboratory; discharge
25
4th National Technical Postgraduate Symposium
TP06-CS-006
measurement for river and outlet of point source
pollutant from industry.
3. Simulation
This phase includes preparation input data, set-
up of model; model runs, model calibration;
analysis of running program of qual2e and
comparision whit observation water quality data.
Finally, analysis result and conclusion will be
made for the study area.
4. Surface-water Modeling System
SMS (surface-water modeling system) is a
comprehensive environment for one-, two-, and
three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling. New
enhancements and developments continue at the
Environmental Modeling Research Laboratory
(EMRL) at Brigham Young University (formerly
known as the Engineering Computer Graphics
Laboratory) in cooperation with the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station
(USACE-WES), and the U.S. Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA).
SMS is a pre- and post-processor for surface
water modeling, analysis, and design. It includes
tools for:
• Managing, editing and visualizing geometric
and hydraulic data
• Creating, editing and formatting mesh/grid data
for use in numerical analysis.
• This includes:
Finite Element meshes (unstructured grids).
Tools support:
1. Linear and quadratic elements.
2. All triangular or mixture of triangular and
quadrilateral meshes
3. Incorporation of 1D element into 2D and 3D
meshes.
• Finite Difference Grids (structured grids). Tools
support: Rectilinear grids at specified rotation
and
Boundary fitted (curvilinear) grids.
• Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINS)
These numeric models will compute a variety of
information applicable to surface water modeling.
The principle application has been hydrodynamic
modeling. This involves the calculation of water
surface elevations and flow velocities for shallow
water flow problems and support both a steady-state
and dynamic model.
Additional applications include the modeling of
contaminant migration, salinity intrusion, sediment
transport (scour and deposition), wave energy
dispersion, wave properties (directions, magnitudes
and amplitudes) and various others.

Fig. 4. Open windows of SMS Model
One of the most powerful visualization tools
in SMS is animation. Animation film loops can be
generated from any transient data set in seconds.
The film loop can be played back in SMS or saved
as a Windows video file (*.avi) file for inclusion in
web pages (as shown below) or PowerPoint
presentations.
Fig 5. Film loop of velocity performance
Fig 6. Flow Trace
SMS includes interfaces to many of the models
supported and used by the United States Army
Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station.
WES has played an important part in the
development and evolution of the tools in SMS. The
USACE model with interfaces in SMS includes:
• RMA2 - RMA2 is a sub critical, depth averaged
model for both steady state and transient
hydraulic modeling.
26
4th National Technical Postgraduate Symposium
TP06-CS-006
• GFGEN (Geometry File GEN-erator) - The
models which comprise TABS-MD all utilize a
binary representation of the geometry.
• HIVEL-2D - HIVEL-2D supports sub critical
and supercritical flow analysis.
• RMA4 - RMA4 is a constituent migration
modeling code that has the ability to compute
constituent concentrations
5. Input Data
Primary data and secondary data needed for this
study are :
1. Geometries data of river
a. Cross section and long section of river.
The cross section and long section of river
needed for input of GFGEN sub program.
b. Elevation of water river
c. Coordinate point for each section
It is obtain from measurement of cross
section point and we know of X; Y and Z
coordinate.
2. Hydrology data
a. Monthly average discharge for river stream
b. Elevation of water level
3. Water quality data observed (BOD)
4. Digital map of location
a. Location of industries
b. Location of water station recorder at river as
boundary of study area.
Input data for GFGEN (Geometry File
Generation)
There are two steps for create a geometry mesh
of river.
• Create a set a feature arcs and point a long
topographically importance features such as
channel bottom and ridges, material regional
boundaries, flow control structure etc. in one of
the following way; on-screen a digitalize from
dereference, conversion from DXF file and on-
screen digitizing using the contours from the
background mesh.
• Define polygon bounding the material zone in the
regional being represented using the previously
defined arcs. Assign meshing parameter to the
polygons, arcs and point.
Fig. 7. Element of topography mesh in study area
 4th National Technical Postgraduate Symposium
TP06-CS-006
3
Input data for RMA2 (Resources-Management Q = discharge pollutant from industy (m /s)
Associates-2) i

Assign boundary condition attribute to feature C = concentration pollutant in stream (mg/ltr)

r
3
point, arcs and poligon; point way be assigned Q = discharge pollutant in stream (m /s)
r
velocityes or heand value, arcs may be assigned
flow, head, or flux status and polycon may be
6. Results
ceiling elevation function.
The simulation results of this model are shown
Define material type and assign material to each
below:
feature polygon. Examples of material properties
1. Graph of water elevation distribution a long
include Manning’s value, eddy viscossities and
stream
peclet number.
2. Graph of velocity distribution a long stream
Table.1. Monthly average of Discharge and water level at 3. Distribution graph of BOD concentration a long
Brantas River stream.
3
Month Q (m /det) Elev. BOD (mg/l)
(m)
January 218,75 +57,80 2.50
February 277,68 +57,90 5.00
Mart 264,22 +57,82 2.80
April 187,64 +57,74 5.80
May 112,38 +57,70 4.60
June 55,87 +57,62 2.80
July 46,44 +57,55 2.10
Augustus 45,91 +57,48 4.00
September 43,15 +57,41 3.90
October 38,24 +57,30 2.60
November 48,30 +57,58 3.22 Figure.8. Simulation result of water elevation distribution
December 80,61 +57,66 4.50 a long the stream

Input Data for RMA4 (Resources- Management

Associates-4)
There are two industries that release wastewater
to Brantas River. The concentration of pollutant load
and wastewater discharge from industry (PG Mrican
Ltd and Surya Zig Ltd) is given in table 2.

Table.2. Pollutan Observed data from industries

PG. Mrican Ltd Surya Zig Ltd
Month BOD Q BOD Q
mg/l (m3/det) mg/l (m3/det) Figure.9. Simulation result of velocity distribution a long
Jan 23,87 0,42 20,30 0,68 the stream
Feb 128,90 0,42 24,30 0,68
Mart 29,20 0,42 21,80 0,68
April 69,77 0,42 22,80 0,68
May 105,50 0,42 33,00 0,68
June 187,90 0,42 24,60 0,68
July 106,50 0,42 17,50 0,68
Aug 73,00 0,42 18,30 0,68
Sep 170,60 0,42 9,70 0,68
Oct 499,35 0,42 6,10 0,68
Nov 94,90 0,42 20,50 0,68
Des 170,60 0,42 9,70 0,68
In this study, determination of the mixing
concentration of pollutant between wastewater from
industry and discharge from river stream calculated Figure.10. Simulation result of BOD concentration a long
by formula: the stream.

Figure 8, indicating that water elevation of the

Where river from up stream to downs stream is good trend,
C = mixing concentarion of pollutant in stream where water elevation in upstream + 57.95 m and
m,r
downstream + 57.80 m. Water velocity at the
after point source (mg/ltr) upstream is higher than downstream. A long the
C = concentration pollutant from industy (mg/l) stream (km 1 to km 6), BOD concentration on water
i
stream much changing (7.95 to 10.5 mg/l).
27
 4th National Technical Postgraduate Symposium
TP06-CS-006
According to figure.10, at km 1 to km 3 BOD Dobbins, W.E, (1964), BOD and Oxygen
concentration was down, but at km 4 BOD relationships in stream, J san. Eng. Div.
concentration increase which influenced by point Proc.ASCE, 90, 53-78.
source pollutant from industry. Graph of BOD Jolankai, G. (1992). Hydrological, Chemical and
concentration for February to December did not Biological Processes of Contaminant
presented in this paper. Transformation and Transport in River and Lake
The summarized of all result of SMS model System. IHP.-IV Project H-3.2, Unesco, Paris
simulation each month (January - December) Kraszeiki, A.K, and R Soncini-Secca, (1986),
showed at below table: WODA-A Modelling support system for BOD-
DO assessment in rivers, Environmental
Table.3. the value of BOD concentration from result of Software, 1, 90-97.
simulation on several month (mg/l) Metcalf and Eddy. 1991. Wastewater Engineering.
Distance (km)
Month
Treatment Disposal Reuse. Fourth Edition. New
1 2 3 4 5 6 York : Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.
Jan 7,95 7,96 7,96 10,05 9,11 9,11 Nardini, A, R.Soncini-Sessa. E M.Bacci. (1990)
Feb 8,56 8,56 8,56 10,16 9,19 9,19 River Pollution: development and use of
Mart 8,04 8,04 8,04 9,29 8,31 8,31 Mathematical Models, Marsilio Editori,
Apr 8,53 8,54 8,53 10,88 9,94 9,94 Venecia.
May 8,65 8,65 8,65 10,20 9,22 9,22
Peavy, Howard S., Rowe, Donald R. And
Tchobanologlous, George. 1986. Environmental
June 10,69 10,65 10,63 12,23 11,25 11,23
Engineering. Singapore; Mc Graw-Hil
July 9,56 9,54 8,53 11,75 10,81 10,76
Program Document: RM4-A Two Dimensional
Aug 9,04 9,02 9,01 10,48 9,49 9,48 Finite Element Water Quality Model, Version
Sep 10,63 10,58 10,56 11,66 10,64 10,63 3.0. Ian P King. Richard R, Rachiele, Resources
Oct 17,26 17,60 16,97 17,53 16,47 16,42 Management Associates, January 1998.
Nov 8,956 8,94 8,92 10,62 9,64 9,63 SMS 6. Tutorials, Environmental Modeling
Dec 9,48 9,46 9,45 10,56 9,55 9,54
Research; Brigham Young University: October
27, 1998.
SMS 7. Tutorials, Environmental Modeling
Research; Brigham Young University: June 1 ,
6. Conclusion 2000
• Application of surface-water modeling system with
RM4 Sub-Model for prediction of Brantas River
could be done with calibration and validation of
observed water quality and discharge data recorder
• In general, the water quality of middle Brantas
River hasn’t been in heavy pollution status yet, in
compare with class B-surface water quality
standard. Slightly Polluted. But wastewater from
industry outlet has been pollution, in compare with
class D
• Surface-water modeling system was successfully
for prediction of concentration BOD a long stream
of middle Brantas River, but result values was
over estimation compared whit observed data
recorder.

7. Reference
Brigham Young University, 1994, “Fast TABS 3.0.
Hydrodynamic Modeling Reference Manual.”
Engineering Graphics Laboratory, Provo, Utah.
Brigham Young University, 1995, “SMS
Hydrodynamic Modeling Reference Manual,
“Engineering Graphics Laboratory, Provo, Utah.
Clark, John W., Viesmann, Warran and Hammer,
Mark. 1977. Water Supplies and Pollution
Control. Third Edition. New York: Harper and
Row Publisher, Inc.

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