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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

Baseflow separation using graphic method of recursive digital

filter on Wae Batu Gajah Watershed, Ambon City, Maluku

Bokiraiya Latuamury *, Rafael M Osok, Ferad Puturuhu, and Wilma N. Imlabla

Research and Training Center of Disaster and Climate Change Adaptation, Pattimura
University, Ambon-Indonesia 97233.
*
Email: bokiraiya.latuamury@faperta.unpatti.ac.id

Abstract. The most commonly used baseflow separation graphics method is the recursive digital
filter. Choosing an RDF graphic filter method to estimate the base stream requires a sure
accuracy. The application of the RDF graphics method on small island watersheds must take into
account the unique hydrological conditions of small island watersheds with a small area of rain
catch so that the RDF method approach can be applied. This research aims to analyze graphic
methods for the hydrological characteristics of the small island watershed of the Ambon City of
Maluku Province. The research method uses five RDF methods: one parameter algorithm, two-
parameter algorithm, RDF Lyne & Holick, RDF Chapman, and RDF Eckhard. The results
showed that the appropriate filter parameter value for small island watersheds was based on
optimal parameters for assessing accuracy. The five RDFs showed that Eckhardt's filters
performed better than one parameter algorithm, two parameters algorithm, Lyne and Hollick
algorithm, and Champman algorithm, on a more extensive range of conditions. The optimal
value of the filter parameters is relatively uniform for all five filter methods depending on the
characteristics of the watershed and somewhat similar hydrological inputs.

1. Introduction
According to the hydrometeorology disaster risk study, Ambon Island is on a score of 156, which
belongs to the high-risk category. In the last five years, the potential for widespread flood hazards for
Ambon Island has experienced flooding and landslides with the impact of infrastructure damage,
fatalities, and deaths relatively high. The possibility of residents being exposed to flooding in the five
watersheds of Ambon City is relatively high due to the condition of the river border protection area
crowded with settlements, and the number of vulnerable groups is high [1]. The study of
hydrometeorology of watersheds such as densely populated cities becomes a need for watershed-based
regional development.
Disaster-based hydrometeorological studies require accurate and applicable hydrograph separation
techniques. The technical application of hydrograph separation has to identify the components of
different streams (direct runoff( overland flow), unsaturated flow (throughflow), and saturated flow
(groundwater) of the total flow [2]–[4]. The flow separation method generally divides the flow into fast
flow components and delayed flow. Using the flow separation method, baseflow separation is
undergoing rapid development in hydrological modeling [5], [6]. The delayed flow component is
assumed to represent the proportion of discharge coming from the groundwater and other delayed flow
sources, which by [7], [8] defined as a base flow.
The base flow of the time series measures the dynamic behavior of the water flow in a catchment
area [9]–[11]. The baseflow proportion of the total flow has an index of the catchment area's ability to

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

store and release streams during the dry season [12]. A high base flow index implies that the catchment
area has a more stable flow regime and can thus maintain river flow during the dry season [13], [14].
The baseflow index indicates the performance of a catchment area in describing the nature of storage
[14].
Measuring baseflow components is relatively tricky. In principle distinguishing base flow and quick
flow from measurable discharge data in a river requires an accurate and valid flow separation Technique.
This is because the measurable discharge in the river combines the quick flow component and the base
flow. During the dry season, which has no rain, most rivers in Ambon City still flow continuously. This
flow comes from rainwater that seeps into the soil into groundwater reserves and will merge into a
stream [15]–[17]. It, therefore, requires a variety of development and testing methods of baseflow
separation that are analytical and empirical [10], [18], [19].
Baseflow separation using the RDF method generally considers the usefulness and ease of obtaining
more accurate research results and high sensitivity. Testing and development of many RDF methods
underwent significant effect. Known RDF methods in hydro office programs include one-parameter
algorithm, two-parameter algorithm, IHACRES, BFLOW Lyne and Holick algorithm, Chapman
algorithm, Furey and Gupta algorithm, Eckhardt algorithm, and EWMA [9], [10]. Many applications of
baseflow hydrograph separation methods are undergoing development and testing throughout the world.
[20] rated the performance of three Lyne and Holick RDF models, Boughton and Eckhardt filters in 66
catchment areas. The results showed that Lyne and Holick's filters performed better than Boughton and
Eckhardt filters, with optimal filter parameter values varying depending on the characteristics of
catchment regions and hydrological inputs. The separation of baseflow in the small island watershed of
Ambon City becomes essential to research need to strengthen the study of hydrometeorological disaster
risk research in Ambon City.

2. Methods
2.1 Research site
The research location description of the Wae Batu Gajah watershed, Ambon City, is presented in Table
1 and Figure 1. The selection of the research location considers the availability of daily debit data for
the year 2007-2017 from SPAS Maluku Provincial River Region Hall, which has geographic coordinates
X 408291.73 and Y 9591503.334.
Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of the Wae Batu Gajah watershed
Area Average River Length of Drainage Circulation Bifurcation Flow
(km²) Slope Gradient main river Density Ratio (CR) Ratio (BR) patterm
(m) (m) (km) (km / km²)
6.35 0.49 324.98 6.58 2.91 12.56 0.95 Pinnate
Source: Image analysis, 2019
Wae Batu Gajah watershed area 7.04 km2, average slope 0.49 m, river gradient 324.98 m, main river
length 6.58 km, drainage density 2.91 km/km2, Circulation Ratio (CR) 12.56 and Bifurcation Ratio (BR)
0.95 and flow pattern in pinnate shape. Drainage density (dd) Wae Batu Gajah watershed 2.91 includes
the range of Dd with good triggering, which is between 1-5, also supported by the ratio of river branching
indicates abnormal watershed conditions with very high flood peaks and a short recession time. The
river border protection area filled with river dike construction on the left-right of the river shows that
the Wae Batu Gajah watershed area has a high flood vulnerability characterized by high surface flow
but low permeability and infiltration. The watershed bifurcation ratio of 0.95 indicates that the watershed
form tends to round, showing a very high peak discharge (Qp). Rapid rising time and recession time
also tend to be fast.

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

Figure 1. Morphometric map of the Wae Batu Gajah watershed in Ambon City

2.2 Calibration and validation of recursive digital filter methods

The baseflow separation technique uses five recursive digital filter methods in the BFI+ hydro office
12.0 program, each calibrated following the filter parameters presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Recursive digital filter methods in the BFI+ 3.0 program
Filter Name Filter equation Reference
One-parameter 𝑘 1−𝑘 (Chapman and
algorithm 𝑞𝑏(𝑖) = 𝑞𝑏(𝑖−1) + 𝑞 Maxweel, 1996)
2−𝑘 2 − 𝑘 (𝑖)
Boughton two- 𝑘 𝐶 (Boughton, 1993;
parameter 𝑞𝑏(𝑖) = 𝑞𝑏(𝑖−1) + 𝑞 Chapman and
1+𝐶 1 + 𝐶 (𝑖)
algorithm Maxweel, 1996)

Lynie & Hollick 1+𝛼 (Lyne & Hollick, 1979;

algorithm 𝑞𝑓(𝑖) = 𝛼𝑞𝑓(𝑖−1) + 𝑞(𝑖) + 𝑞(𝑖 − 1) Nathan & McMahon,
2
1990)
Chapman algorithm 3𝛼 − 1 2 (Chapman, 1991; Mau
𝑞𝑓(𝑖) = 𝑞𝑓(𝑖−1) + (𝑞(𝑖) − 𝛼𝑞(𝑖 − 1) & Winter, 1997)
3−𝛼 3−𝛼
Eckhardt algorithm 𝑞𝑏(𝑖) Eckhardth, 2005)
𝑘(1 − 𝐵𝐹𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥)𝛼𝑏(𝑖 − 1) + (1 − 𝛼)𝐵𝐹𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑞
=
1 − 𝛼𝐵𝐹𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
RMSE √∑(𝑄𝑐 − 𝑄0)2 Qc: calculated
𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = baseflow (m3/s), Q0:
𝑛
measured total flow on
the river (m3/s), n:
number of sample.
Note:
q (i): total flow (observed flow) at day i, qb(i: calculated baseflow at day I, qf(i): calculated quick flow/direct run off at day I,
q(i-1): total flow at day (i - 1), qb(i-1): calculated baseflow at day (i - 1), qf(i-1): calculated quick flow/direct run off at day (i
- 1), k: filter parameter ~ recession Constant, α: filter parameter, C: filter parameter. BFImax: maximum baseflow index
(constant).

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

3. Result and Discussion

River discharge is part of the hydrological conditions that take place in watersheds. Discharges often
fluctuate promptly. The sustainability of discharge in the river is not constant but changes from year to
year. Changes can be an increase or decrease in discharge between the rainy season and the dry season.
The results of static analysis of discharge descriptive during the period 2007-2014 from the Maluku
Provincial River Region Hall showed that the minimum value (0.01-0.39), maximum (2.19-4.87), mean
(0.40-1.1.0 16), standard deviation (0.32-0.60), variance (0.10–0.37), skewness (0.65-3.96), and kurtosis
(-0.13-20.39). Long discharge data recording facilitates the process of calibration and validation of flow
separation methods using BFI+ 3.0 hydro office 12.0 software, as presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Static discharge (m3/sec) during the period 2007 - 2014
Parameter Discharge
statistics
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Minimum 0.01 0.10 0.39 0.02 0.23 0.20 0.35 0.28
Maximum 3.08 4.87 2.45 3.08 3.37 4.18 3.23 2.19
Mean 0.79 0.86 0.56 0.40 1.02 1.08 1.16 0.98
Std. Deviation 0.35 0.60 0.33 0.32 0.46 0.47 0.44 0.41
Variance 0.12 0.37 0.11 0.10 0.21 0.22 0.19 0.17
Skewness 1.81 2.87 3.18 3.96 1.59 3.24 1.20 0.65
Kurtosis 8.67 13.32 11.42 20.99 4.19 17.25 1.58 -0.13
Source: Primary discharge data 2007-2014
Calculation of the fifth filter parameter of the RDF method
Calculation of the fifth filter parameter of Calibration the RDF method on small island watershed
Ambon City using five filter methods, namely one-parameter algorithm (k 0.85-0.90), two-parameter
algorithm (k 0.85-0.90; C 0.35-0.50), BFLOW Lyne and Holick algorithm (α 0.905-0.956; BFmax
0.900-0.955), Chapman algorithm (α.900-0.953), and Eckhardt algorithm (α.927-0.962; BFmax 0.900-
0.950). The range of filter parameter values for the five filter methods for the Wae Batu Gajah watershed
is included in good baseflow hydrological conditions, presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Optimization of recursive digital filter parameters
Metode RDF Parameter filter
k C α BFmax
One-parameter 0,85-0,90
Two-parameter 0,85-0,90 0,35-0,50
Lyne-Hollick 0,905-0,956 0,900-0,955
Chapman 0,900-0,953
Eckhardth 0,927-0,962 0,900-0,950
Source: Primary discharge data 2007-2014
Calibration Result from 5 methods RDF
Calibration and validation procedures are performed under different hydrological conditions. The result
of the separation of baseflow from the total discharge in the river in daily time intervals using the five
RDF separation methods. According to [15], discharge data availability is quite complete, and it is
assumed that the morphometry characteristics of the watershed do not change. Hence calibration and
validation procedures can be applied in hydrological modeling. The results of the fifth calibration of
RDF methods for watershed wae Batu Gajah Ambon City are presented in the following sub-chapter.

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

3.1. RDF- One-parameter algorithm

The calibration results of the one-parameter algorithm method show that the value of the k filter parameter
ranges from 0.85-0.90. Optimization of parameter k in baseflow separation obtains a range of minimum
baseflow values between (0.01- 0.28 m3/s), maximum (0.81-1.27 m3/s), mean (0.20-0.58), standard
deviation (0.11-0.18), and variance (0.01-0.03). as the security is presented in Table 5.

Table 5. Statistical value of baseflow RDF one-parameter algorithm

Baseflow RDF One-parameter algorithm
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Minimum 0.01 0.09 0.20 0.02 0.12 0.15 0.28 0.22
Maximum 0.84 1.27 0.81 0.81 0.97 1.05 0.93 0.87
Mean 0.39 0.42 0.28 0.20 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.49
Std. Deviation 0.12 0.18 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.12
Variance 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
Skewness -0.43 0.53 1.91 2.02 0.19 1.37 0.40 -0.75
Kurtosis 3.32 1.76 3.33 4.94 1.52 3.04 -0.25 -0.16
Source: SPSS data from 2007 to 2014

The RDF method visualization of the one-parameter algorithm describes fluctuations in both flow
components, rapid flow discharge, and baseflow over the study period. These fluctuations are caused by
the hydrological conditions of inter-seasonal flows that change significantly, as presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Baseflow separation using RDF One-parameter algorithm

3.2. RDF Two- parameter algorithm
Filter parameter range values for the Two-parameter algorithm.k method 0.85-0.90 and C 0.35-0.50,
and baseflow statistical values are minimum value (0.00- 0.33 m3/sec), maximum (1.41-3.12 m3/sec),
mean (0.32-0.94), standard deviation (0.20-0.36), and variance (0.04-0.13) presented in Table 6 and
Figure 3.

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

Table 6. RDF Baseflow Statistics Two-parameter algorithm

Baseflow RDF Two-parameter algorithm
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Minimum 0.00 0.06 0.33 0.02 0.19 0.19 0.31 0.25
Maximum 1.78 3.12 1.73 1.77 1.83 2.58 1.75 1.41
Mean 0.63 0.66 0.45 0.32 0.82 0.87 0.94 0.79
Std.
0.22 0.36 0.20 0.21 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.25
Deviation
Variance 0.05 0.13 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.06
Skewness 0.52 1.73 2.61 3.09 0.64 1.92 0.76 -0.25
Kurtosis 5.00 8.18 8.14 13.40 1.42 8.60 0.20 -0.72
Source: SPSS data from 2007 to 2014

Figure 3. Baseflow separation using RDF Two-parameter algorithm

3.3. BFLOW Lyne and Holick algorithm
The filter parameter range values for the RDF Lyne and Hollick methods are α 0.905-0.956 and BFmax
0.900-0.955, respectively. The results of descriptive statistical analysis of baseflow separation are
minimum value (0.00-0.32 m3/sec), maximum (1.22-1.74 m3/s), mean (0.35-1.00), standard deviation
(0.17-0.31), and variance (0.03-0.10) presented in Table 7 and Figure 4.
Table 7. RDF baseflow stats Lyne and Hollick
Baseflow RDF Lyne and Hollick
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Minimum 0.00 0,09 0,29 0.02 0.18 0.20 0.32 0.28
Maximum 1.41 1.71 1.25 1.22 1.65 1.62 1.74 1.26
Mean 0.66 0.67 0.49 0.35 0.85 0.91 1.00 0.83
Std.
0.22 0.31 0.17 0.17 0.26 0.22 0.27 0.24
Deviation
Variance 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.06
Skewness -0.79 0.15 2.28 1.68 0.18 0.31 0.57 -0.37
Kurtosis 1.72 -0.67 4.43 3.29 0.82 072 -0.07 -1.04
Source: SPSS data from 2007 to 2014

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

Figure 4. Baseflow separation using RDF Lyne and Hollick algorithm

3.4. Chapman algorithm
Calibration of Chapman's RDF method in baseflow separation obtains an alpha parameter value of
0.900-0.953, and base low descriptive statistical values during the period 2007-2014 are the minimum
values (0.00-0.33 m3/sec), maximum (0.79-1.25 m3/sec), mean (0.20-0.58), standard deviation (0.11-
0.17), and variance (0.01-0.03) presented in Table 8 and Figure 5.
Table 8. RDF Chapman baseflow statistics
Baseflow RDF Chapmann
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Minimum 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.02 0.12 0.20 0.33 0.22
Maximum 0.85 1.25 0.79 0.79 0.97 1.05 0.93 0.87
Mean 0.39 0.42 0.28 0.20 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.49
Std.
0.12 0.17 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.12
Deviation
Variance 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
Skewness -0.62 0.47 1.91 2.02 0.22 1.42 0.40 -0.78
Kurtosis 3.40 1.63 3.38 4.90 1.64 2.91 -033 -0.09
Source: SPSS data from 2007 to 2014

Figure 5. Baseflow separation using RDF Chapmann algorithm

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

3.5. Eckhardt algorithm

Calculation of filter parameter values using the RDF Eckhradt method is the value of α 0.927-0.962 and
BFmax 0.900-9.950; and descriptive baseflow statistical values include minimum values (0.00-0.35
m3/s), maximum (1.68-3.75 m3/s), mean (0.36-1.02), standard deviation (0.24-0.42), and variance
(0.06-0.18) presented in Table 9 and Figure 6.
Table 9. Eckhardt RDF baseflow statistics
Baseflow RDF Eckhardt algorithm
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Minimum 0.00 0.10 0.35 0.02 0.21 0.20 0.35 0.28
Maximum 2.11 3.75 1.99 2.11 2.06 3.16 2.06 1.68
Mean 0.69 0.74 0.49 0.36 0.90 0.94 1.02 0.86
Std.
0.26 0.42 0.24 0.24 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.29
Deviation
Variance 0.07 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08
Skewness 0.85 2.24 2.78 3.38 0.85 2.51 0.86 0.00
Kurtosis 6.03 10.95 9.22 15.91 1.66 12.82 0.38 -0.54
Source: SPSS data from 2007 to 2014

Figure 6. Baseflow separation using RDF Eckhardt algorithm

RDF method Validation Results
The calculation of RSME values and coefficients of determination for the five RDF methods show that
the five RDF methods have optimal model conformity ranging from 0.0038 to 0.011. The coefficients
of determination for the five RDF methods having the highest to lowest values in a row are Eckhardt,
Lyne-Hollick, Two-parameter, One-parameter, and lastly Chapman, as presented in Table 10.
Table 10. RSME values and coefficients of determination for all five RDF methods
One- Two- Lyne-
Chapman Eckhardth
RDF method parameter parameter Hollick

RSME 0.0106 0.0052 0.0059 0.0107 0.0038

Coefficient of determination 0.240 0.255 0.255 0.139 0.424
Source: SPSS data from 2007 to 2014

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University Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction Conference 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989 (2022) 012028 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012028

Calculation of the performance of the five RDF methods based on RSME values and determination
coefficients shows that the RDF method of Eckhardt has more optimal performance compared to the
other four methods. The research result is evident from the RSME values and coefficients of
determination of 0.0038 and 0.424, respectively, which means that the suitability of the Eckhardt method
has relatively optimal with relatively small RSME. The performance of the RDF method for the Wae
Batu Gajah small island watershed has the usefulness of Eckhardt's RDF method compared to the other
four methods.

4. Consclution
The calibration results of the five RDF methods obtain the values of filter parameters k, C, α, BFmax
are relatively similar. Optimization of filter parameter values getting description statistical values
including minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and variance appropriate for small island
watersheds. The fifth baseflow separation of RDF indicates that the Eckhardt filter has the more optimal
performance of all four other RDF methods, one parameter algorithm, two-parameter algorithm, Lyne
algorithm, and Hollick and Champman. The optimal value of the filter parameters for all five filter
methods is relatively uniform, depending on the reasonably similar characteristics of the watershed and
hydrological inputs. The relatively small island morphometry provides widespread opportunities to
capture limited rainfall inputs and somewhat unique and complex hydrological conditions. Therefore,
Eckhardt's baseflow separation method has the optimal suitability of filter parameters to be applied to
the watershed conditions of the small island of Ambon City.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the head and staff of the River Basin Station at Maluku Province for
providing the authors with the opportunity to utilize the data recorded at the stream gauge stations
installed at the researched watersheds.

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