Flow through Pipes

Reference: R. K. Bansal
 Loss of Energy in Pipes

Major Minor Energy

Energy Losses
Losses

Due to:
Due to Friction 1. Sudden Expansion
2. Sudden
Contraction
3. Bend
Darcy-Weisbach equation 4. Fittings etc.
Chezy’s formula 5. Obstruction
 Darcy-Weisbach equation

2
4f lv
hf =
2gd

11.3, 11.44, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7

 Minor Energy Losses

1. Head Loss due to sudden expansion:

he =
( v1 − v2 )
2g

11.8, 11.9, 11.10

1. Head Loss due to sudden contraction

v22
hc = 0 .5
2 g
2
 1  v22
hc =  −1
 Cc  2 g

11.11, 11.13
1. Head Loss due to exit:

v 2
ho =
2 g

1. Head Loss due to entrance:

v 2
ho = 0 .5
2 g

11.16, 11.17, 11.18

1. Head Loss due to different fittings:

v2
H e a d lo s s = k
2 g

K = Loss coefficient
Pipes in Series (Compound pipe)
11.30, 11.30 A
 Equivalent Pipe
• A pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal to the
loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes
of different diameters and lengths
11.31
Flow through parallel pipes

11.32, 11.33
 Summary
• Unit 1: Roll No.-
• Unit 2 : Roll No.-
• Unit 3 : Roll No.-
• Unit 4 : Roll No.-
• Unit 5 : Roll No.-
 Cavitation
• When local pressure of the liquid falls below the
vapour pressure of the liquid
• The vapour pressure is raised with temperature and
is more likely to o occur in hot liquids.
• In pumps and turbines, the drop in pressure is often
due to the wake set up behind the impeller.
• An important parameter used for determining the
likelihood of cavitation in pumps is the Net Positive
Suction Head
 Water Hammer

Water hammer is a banging or vibrating sound that can

occur in water service pipe
Centrifugal Pump

Reference: RC volume1
R. K. Bansal
Hydraulic Institute.
Pumping of fluids

• What is pump?

• Where is it required? In chemical plant?

Two Main forms of pump

• Positive Displacement pumps

– A finite volume of liquid is drawn into a
chamber and then forced out under high
pressure

• Centrifugal pumps
– Energy is added to the fluid by means of a
rotating impeller
Factors influencing choice of pumps for a
particular operation
• Quantity of liquid to be handled [size and no of pumps]

• Head against which liquid is to be pumped [vertical height,

frictional losses, no of stages]

• The nature of liquid to be pumped [corrosive, viscous,

suspension]

• Nature of power supply [electrical, IC engine]

• Continuous or intermittent operation [corrosion]

• Cost, efficiency etc should be considered
Centrifugal Pump
• Based on the concept of increasing the kinetic
energy via the centrifugal action of the impeller and
converting this kinetic energy to pressure energy

• Used predominantly for high-flow applications, less

expensive, and less complex thereby minimizing
maintenance

• Must be pre-charged with liquid or else it won’t

pump at start-up. Positive displacement pumps
don’t have this limitation.
Centrifugal Pump : Construction
 • Fluid is fed to center (eye) of the impeller
and thrown by centrifugal action.
Operation • Liquid acquires kinetic energy due high
speed of impeller
• Interconversion of kinetic and pressure
energy
• The impeller consists of series of curved
vanes so shaped that the flow within the
pump is as smooth as possible
Operation
 • Volute:
– A chamber of increasing cross
section with tangential outlet

• Impeller:
– Without diffuser
vanes
– With diffuser vanes
Suction and Delivery Head
Total static head is the
static suction lift plus
the static discharge hd
head.
Hs

hs
 Manometric Head
• Manometric Head = Hm =
Delivery head + Suction head +
Frictional head loss in delivery pipe +
Frictional head loss in suction line +
velocity head in delivery line
Efficiency of the centrifugal pump

Overall Efficiency =
H mQ ρ g / Input power
 Cavitation:
• When the liquid being pumped enters the eye of a
centrifugal pump. It is then thrown out by the
impeller, the pressure is significantly reduced.

• The greater the flow velocity through the pump

the greater this pressure drop. The pressure drop
may be sufficient to cause the liquid to flash to
steam when the local pressure falls below the
saturation pressure for the fluid that is being
pumped.

• These vapor bubbles are swept along the pump

impeller with the fluid. This causes the vapor
bubbles to suddenly collapse on the outer portions
of the impeller.
• Cavitation:

• Cavitation occurs when a void forms within a

pump when
– discharge of water is faster than intake.
– Air is taken into pump

• Cavitation can lead to erosion or pitting of

pump and volute if not corrected.
Cavitation
 Priming

• The operation in which the suction pipe,

casing of the pump and the portion of the
delivery pipe up to delivery valve is completely
filled up from outside source with the liquid
to be raised by the pump before starting the
pump

• Thus the air from these parts is removed to

avoid cavitation
 Net Positive Suction Head [NPSH]

• NPSH is the amount by which the pressure at

the suction point of the pump, expressed as
the head of the liquid to be pumped, must
exceed the vapour pressure of the liquid
• Depends on level of the pump, frictional
losses, absolute pressure of the liquid, vapour
pressure of the liquid
• Manufacturers supply the minimum value of
the NPSH
P0 Pv
NPSH = hs + − h fs −
ρg ρg
 Operating Characteristics
• Pumps are always defined by the basic Pump
characteristics .They show the relationship
between head, power and efficiency against
flow.

h
η

Q
 Assignment
Discuss the followings in detail:
Fans, blowers and compressors

Reference:
Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering
by McCabe, Smith & Harriot