By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:

• Be familiarized with positive suction head

• Different types of impeller
 Volute

Impeller Suction

• Casing: It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller and its designed in
such a way that the kinetic energy of liquid coming from impeller is converted
into pressure energy before the delivery pipe
There are basically three types of casing
 Volute (spiral) casing
 Vortex (whirlpool) chamber casing
 Volute casing with guide blades
• Suction pipe with foot valve and a strainer

Suction pipe: It is pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and
other end dips in to water in a liquid sump.
Foot valve: It is a non return is essentially for all types of rotodynamic pumps. It
helps in allowing the liquid to enter into pump in upward direction only and
does not allow the liquid to move downwards.
Strainer: The strainer is essential for all type of pumps. It protects pump against
foreign material passes through the pump, without strainer pump may be
chocked.

• Delivery Pipe: A pipe whose one end is connected to the pump and
other end delivers at a required height is called delivery pipe.
✓ Axial
✓ Mixed
✓ Radial
• Impeller: It is rotating element of centrifugal pump. It consists of finite
number of backward curved vanes. The number of vanes normally 6 to 12
in the impeller. Impeller is mounted on shaft which is coupled with the
shaft of electric motor. In impeller the kinetic energy of liquid is increased.

Radial flow
Axial flow

Mixed flow
AXIAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

This type of pump has two main components. An impeller attached to the
rotating shaft, and a stationery casing, housing, or volute enclosing the
impeller. The impeller consists of a number of blades (usually curved) also
sometimes called vanes, arranged in a regular pattern around the shall.
IMPELLER’S VANE
There are three main categories of impeller due type of impeller’s
vane, which are used in the centrifugal pumps as;

Radial vanes Backward vanes Forward vanes

a) when β2 > 90o, the Forwards curved
vanes of the impeller.

b) when β2 = 90o , the radial curved

vanes of the impeller.

c) when β2 < 90o, the Backwards curved

vanes of the impeller.
 MINIMUM SPEED FOR STARTING A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
• When the pump is switched on, the flow of water will not take until the •
rise in pressure through the impeller is large enough to overcome the
manometric head. At the time of start, the fluid velocities are zero, and head
due to change of kinetic energy into pressure energy is not available. As we
know that a centrifugal head caused by the centrifugal force on the rotating
water will be . In other words, there will be flow of liquid only when the
speed of the pump is such that the requires centrifugal head is sufficient to
overcome the manometric head .
CAVITATION IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given location is
reduced to the vapour pressure of the liquid. When this occurs,
vapour bubbles form. This phenomena can cause a loss in efficiency
as well as structural damage to the pump, when these bubbles
collide with the metal surface.
CAVITATION IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
In centrifugal pump, pressure is lowest at the inlet of impeller and hence vapour
bubbles are formed in the suction region.
These bubbles are carried along with the flowing liquid to higher pressure
region near the exit of impeller where these vapor bubbles condense and
bubbles collapse.
Due to sudden collapsing of bubbles on metallic surface the high pressure is
created, which cause pitting action on metallic surface and produces much noise
and vibrations.
CAVITATION (VIDEO)
Factors make tendency of cavitation IN CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

High impeller speed

Small diameter of suction pipe and inlet of impeller

Too high specific speed

High temperature of flowing fluid
Required NPSH ≥ available NPSH
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

To avoid cavitation, the pressure at the pump inlet must exceed the vapor pressure
by certain value, called NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
 HOW TO COMPUTE FOR
AVAILABLE NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
To calculate NPSH Available, take the source pressure , add the
atmospheric pressure , subtract the losses from friction within the pipeline
and subtract the vapor pressure of the fluid .

The result equals the NPSHA (or Net Positive Suction Head Available) of
your system.

The Net Positive Suction Head Required by the pumps, referred to as

NPSHR, must be LESS THAN the NPSHA of the system, else the pump
will cavitate.
 HOW TO COMPUTE FOR
AVAILABLE NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 − 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
+𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

𝑷𝒔 𝑽𝒔 𝟐 𝑷𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓
𝑵𝑷𝑺𝑯 = + −𝒉𝑳 − +z
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
 HOW TO DETERMINE THE SIGN OF ELEVATION HEAD (Z)
Suction is above pump centerline
Suction is below pump
centerline

+Suction elevation
- Suction elevation
Cavitation effect in centrifugal pump is
avoided/minimized by

✓ Maintaining low velocity of liquid in suction pipe

✓ Keeping low temperature of flowing liquid to keep vapour
pressure down and to obtain larger available NPSH
✓ Using suction pipe without sharp bends to reduce loss of head.
 SUBTOPIC 2
POWER

By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:

• Familiarize with the equations used in solving problems involving pumps

• Theoretically calculate problems about pumps
HEADS OF PUMP
𝑃 𝑃𝑑 −𝑃𝑠
Total Pressure head 𝐻P = =
𝛾 𝛾

𝑉2 (𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑠 )2
Total Velocity head 𝐻𝑣 = =
2𝑔 2𝑔
• where :
Ps = pressure of fluid in the suction pipe
Pd = pressure of fluid in the delivery pipe

Vs = Velocity of fluid in the suction pipe

Vd = Velocity of fluid in the delivery pipe
 𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 where :
Total Friction head ℎ𝑓 = = − f = coefficient of friction
2𝑔𝑑 2𝑔𝐷 𝑑 2𝑔𝑑 𝑠
l = length o
v= velocity
g=gravity
Total Head losses 𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝐿𝑠 + ℎ𝐿𝑑 d = diamter

Total Elevation head 𝑍𝑇 = 𝑍𝑑 − 𝑍𝑠

where :
s = suction
d = discharge/deliver
 HOW TO DETERMINE THE SIGN OF
SUCTION ELEVATION HEAD (Z)
Suction is above pump centerlin

Suction is below pump

centerline

+Suction elevation
-Suction elevation +Zs
-Zs
 Pump
centerline

Total Elevation head 𝑍𝑇 = 𝑍𝑑 − 𝑍𝑠

+Suction elevation liquid level)

Total Elevation head (Z) = Discharge elevation liquid – (
 Pump
centerline

Total Elevation head 𝑍𝑇 = 𝑍𝑑 − 𝑍𝑠

Total Elevation head (Z) = (Discharge side elevation liquid level – pump centerline elevation) – (+Suction side
elevation liquid level – pump centerline elevation)
 Z2

Pump
centerline
Z1
*below pump
centerline

Elevation head = (Z2) - (- Z1)

Total head (HT = 𝐻P + 𝐻v + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝐿 + 𝑍𝑇 )

Volume flow rate (Q =AV) A=area

V= Velocity

Power output/Hydraulic Power (PW = 𝛾𝑄HT )

𝛾=specific weight of water

9.81 kN/m^3
62.4 lb/ft^3
Example 1
A fuel pump delivers 10 gallons per minute of oil with a
specific gravity of 0.83. The total head is 9.14 m, find how
much energy does the pump consumes in kJ per hour?
Use: 1 gallon = 3.78 liters

Ans: 169 kJ/hr

Example 1 Solution
Example 2
A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 liters per second from
a lake and forced into a tank 8 m above the level of the
water at a pressure of 137 kPa. What is the power
required in kW?
Answer: 61 kW
Example 2 Solution
Total head (HT = ℎP + ℎv + ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝐿 + 𝑧)
𝑃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎP =
𝛾
137 𝑘𝑃𝑎
HT = + 8𝑚 = 21.96 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
9.81 3
𝑚

Power output/Hydraulic Power (PW = 𝛾𝑄HT ) Q=283 liters per second

𝑘𝑁
PW = 9.81 𝑚3 (𝑄)(21.96 𝑚)=61 kW
Example 3
A centrifugal pump delivers 80 liters per seconds of water
on test. Suction gauge reads 10 mm Hg vacuum and 1.2 m
below pump centerline. Power input is 70 kW. Find the
total dynamic head in meters.
Normal pump efficiency if not given is 74%.

Ans: 66 m
 Example 3 Solution
𝐿 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 80 x = 0.08
𝑠 1000𝐿 𝑠
𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑒= =
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Q=80 l/s 𝑃𝑤 𝛾𝑄HT
𝑒= =
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖

z=1.2 m 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
Pi=70 kW 9.81 3 0.08 𝑠 (HT )
𝑚
70 =
70 𝑘𝑊

HT = 66 𝑚
Ps=10 mm Hg (vacuum)
Example 4
A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction pipe and a 350
mm diameter discharge pipe is to deliver 20,000 liters
per minute of 15.6 degree Celsius water. Calculate the
pump head in meters if the suction gage is 7.5 cm below
pump centerline and reads 125 mm Hg vacuum and
discharges gage is 45 cm above the pump centerline and
reads 75 kPa.

Answer: 10 m
Example 4 Solution
Example 5
Water reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 450
mm in diameter and a pressure of 98.08 kPa is
maintained at the summit. Water discharge is 30 m
above the reservoir. The quantity is 0.50 m^3/s.
Frictional losses in the discharge and suction pipe of the
pump is equivalent to 1.5 m head loss. The speed of the
pump is 800 rpm, determine the hydraulic power in kW?

Answer 206 kW
Example 5 Solution
REFERENCES
• Zoeb Husain et al. 2008. Basic Fluid Mechanics and Hydrulic Machineries.
Copyright © 2008 by Publisher
• Ronnie Alcorcon. Power and Industrial Plant Engineering. Review book.

• Video courtesy of
• Machine Tech
MODULE 2
PUMPS
 SUBTOPIC 3
EFFICIENCY

By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:

• Familiarize with the equations used in solving problems involving pumps

• Theoretically calculate problems about pumps
Ratio of hydraulic power or water power to the brake power

𝑃𝑤
𝑒𝑝 =
𝑃𝑏
Ratio of brake power to the input power

𝑃𝑏
𝑒𝑚 =
𝑃𝑖
Ratio of water power/hydraulic power to the input power

𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑒= =
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
 𝑁 𝑄
𝑁𝑠 = 3/4
ℎ

Where
N=speed, rpm
Q=discharge, gpm
H=head, ft
 𝑁1 𝑄1 𝑁2 𝑄2
3/4
=
ℎ1 ℎ2 3/4

𝑄1 𝑄2
3 = 3
𝑁1 𝐷1 𝑁2 𝐷2
Where
N=speed, rpm
Q=discharge, gpm
H=head, ft
(A) Variation in impeller speed (B) Variation in impeller diameter
If the impeller diameter is constant
If the impeller speed is constant
𝑄1 𝑁1 1
=[ ] 1
𝑄2 𝑁2 𝑄1 𝐷1 1
=[ ] 1
ℎ1 𝑁1 2 𝑄2 𝐷2
=[ ] 2
ℎ2 𝑁2
ℎ1 𝐷1 2
𝑃1 𝑁1 3
=[ ] 3 =[ ] 2
𝑃2 𝑁2 ℎ2 𝐷2

𝑃1 𝐷1 3
=[ ] 3
𝑃2 𝐷2
Example 1
A centrifugal pump delivers 80 liters per seconds of water
on test. Suction gauge reads 10 mm Hg vacuum and 1.2 m
below pump centerline. Power input is 70 kW. Find the
total dynamic head in meters.
Normal pump efficiency if not given is 74%.

Ans: 66 m
Example 1 Solution
Water from rural areas is often extracted from underground water
source whose free surface is 60 m below ground level. The water is to
be raised 5 m above the ground by a pump. The diameter of the
pipe is 10 cm at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit. Neglecting any heat
interaction with the surroundings and frictional heating effects. What
is the necessary power input to the pump in kW for a steady flow of
water at the rate of 15 li/s? Assume pump efficiency of 85%. Answer:
11.23 kW
 Z2

Pump
centerline
Z1
*below pump
centerline

Elevation head = (Z2) - (negative Z1)

Water from an open reservoir A at 8 m elevation is drawn by a motor-
driven pump to an open reservoir B at 70 m elevation. The inside
diameter of the suction pipe is 200 mm and 150 mm for the discharge
pipe. The suction line has a loss of head three times that of velocity
head in the 200 mm pipe. The discharge line has a loss of head 20 times
that of the velocity head of the discharge pipeline. The pump centerline
is at 4 m. Overall efficiency of the system is 78%. For a discharge rate of
10 l/s, find the power input to the motor. Ans. 7.84 kW
A pump is driven by an electric motor moves 25 gpm of water
from reservoir A to reservoir B, lifting water to a total of 245 ft. The
efficiency of the pump and motor are 64% and 84%, respectively.
What size of motor in Hp is required?

Answer 3 HP
A pump delivers 500 gpm of water against a total head of 200 ft
and operating at 1770 rpm. Changes have increased the total head
to 375 ft. At what rpm should the pump be operated to achieve
the new head at the same efficiency.

Answer: 2424 rpm

The power output is 30 Hp to a centrifugal pump that is
discharging 900 gpm and which operates at 1800 rpm against a
head H=120 ft, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hertz. If this pump is modified to
operate 1200 rpm, assuming its efficiency remains constant,
determine its discharge in gpm, the theoretical head if imparts to
the liquid and the power input to the pump

Answer: 600 gpm, 53 ft, 9 Hp

REFERENCES
• Zoeb Husain et al. 2008. Basic Fluid Mechanics and Hydrulic Machineries.
Copyright © 2008 by Publisher
• Ronnie Alcorcon. Power and Industrial Plant Engineering. Review book.

• Video courtesy of
• Machine Tech