Assignment

Submitted by: Muhammad jawad Talib

Submitted to: Sir Laeeq Haider

Subject: Ring and modulo

Topic: Characteristics of Ring, Ring with unity and integral domain

Department Mathematics

Semester 5th evening

UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE

Campus Multan
Ring:A ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set
equipped with two binary operations, usually addition
andmultiplication. It has the following characteristics.

Closure under Addition:For any

two elements a and b in the ring, the sum a + b is also
in the ring.

Associativity of Addition and

Multiplication: Addition and multiplication
are both associative

This means that (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (a * b) * c = a * (b

* c) for all a, b, and c in the ring.

Commutativity of
Addition:Addition is commutative, meaning that a +
b = b + a for all a and b in the ring.

Existence of Additive
Inverses:For every element a in the ring, there
exists an element -a such that a + (-a) = 0.
Closure under
Multiplication:For any two elements a and b
in the ring, the product a * b is also in the ring.

Distributive Property:Multiplication
distributes over addition, meaning that a * (b + c) = (a * b) +
(a * c) and (b + c) * a = (b * a) + (c * a) for all a, b, and c in the
ring.

Example:
Z2={0,1}
+2 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
Closure: 0,1€Z2 0+1=1€Z2
Commutative: 0+1=1=1+0 holds
Associative: obviously holds
Additive identity: 1+0=1=0+1 1€Z2 holds
Inverse: 1+1=0=1+1 0€Z2
Multiplicative properties:-
×2 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
Closure: 0,1€Z2 0×1=0=1×0 0€Z2
Associative: obviously holds
Distributive laws: obviously holds
So Z2 is a example of ring with unity.

Characteristic of ring with

unity:-
It has some distinct characteristics:

Closure: A ring with unity is a set equipped with two

binary operations, addition (+) and multiplication (*), such
that for any two elements a and b in the ring, both a + b and
a * b are also in the ring.

Associativity:-
Both addition and multiplication in a ring with unity are
associative operations. This means that for any three
elements a, b, and c in the ring, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (a
* b) * c = a * (b * c).

Commutativity of Addition:-
In a ring with unity, addition is commutative, which means
that for any two elements a and b in the ring, a + b = b + a.

Existence of Identity:-
A ring with unity must have an identity element (often
denoted as 1) for multiplication. This means that there exists
an element 1 in the ring such that for any element a in the
ring, a * 1 = 1 * a = a.

Distributive Property:-
A ring with unity satisfies the distributive property, which
relates addition and multiplication. For any three elements a,
b, and c in the ring, a * (b + c) = (a * b) + (a * c) and (a + b) * c
= (a * c) + (b * c).

Additive Inverse:-
Every element a in a ring with unity has an additive inverse,
denoted as -a, such that a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0, where 0 is the
additive identity of the ring.

Multiplication with Unity:-

The identity element for multiplication (1) is also required to
be compatible with multiplication. This means that for any
element a in the ring, 1 * a = a * 1 = a.

Closure Under Multiplicative

Inverses:-
If an element a in the ring (other than the additive identity)
has a multiplicative inverse, denoted as a⁻¹, then a⁻¹ is also in
the ring, and a * a⁻¹ = a⁻¹ * a = 1.
These are the fundamental chareristics that define a ring
with unity. It is a more structured algebraic system than a
general ring because it
includes the requirement of a multiplicative identity (1).
Examples of rings with unity include the ring of integers, the
ring of real numbers, andmany others.

EXAMPLE:-
ℤ is a mathematical example of a ring with unity, where the
set of integers satisfies all the defining properties of a ring.

Table:-
Z2={0,1}
+2 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
Closure: 0,1€Z2 0+1=1€Z2
Commutative: 0+1=1=1+0 holds
Associative: obviously holds
Additive identity: 1+0=1=0+1 1€Z2 holds
Inverse: 1+1=0=1+1 0€Z2
Multiplicative properties:-
×2 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
Closure: 0,1€Z2 0×1=0=1×0 0€Z2
Associative: obviously holds
Distributive laws: obviously holds
Multiplicative identity: 1€Z2 1×1=1=1 holds
So Z2 is a example of ring with unity.
Characteristics of integral
domain:-
An integral domain is a fundamental algebraic structure in
abstract algebra. It is a commutative ring with unity (a
multiplicative identity) that has certain additional properties.
Here are the key characteristics of an integral domain:

Commutative Ring: An integral domain is a

commutative ring, which means that multiplication is
commutative. In other words, for all elements a and b in the
integral domain, a * b = b * a.

Unity (Multiplicative Identity):

An integral domain has a multiplicative identity element
denoted by 1. This means that for any element a in the
integral domain, a * 1 = 1 * a = a.
No Zero Divisors: In an integral domain, there are no zero
divisors. This means that if a and b are non-zero elements in
the integral domain and their product is zero (a * b = 0), then
both a and b must be equal to zero. In other words, if a * b =
0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Cancellation Property: An integral

domain also satisfies the cancellation property. If a, b, and c
are elements in the integral domain such that a * c = b * c
and c is not equal to zero, then it follows that a = b. In other
words, you can cancel a common non-zero factor from both
sides of an equation involving multiplication.
Closure under Addition and Multiplication: The integral
domain is closed under both addition and multiplication. This
means that if a and b are elements in the integral domain,
then a + b and a * b are also elements in the integral domain.

No Proper Zero Divisors: An integral

domain does not have proper zero divisors. This means that if
a is a non-zero element in the integral domain, then there is
no other non-zero element b such that a * b = 0.

Non-Triviality: An integral domain is non-trivial,

meaning it contains at least two distinct elements: 0 (the
additive identity) and 1 (the multiplicative identity).

Examples:-
Example of integral domains include the set of integers (ℤ),
the set of rational numbers (ℚ), and the set of real numbers
(ℝ) under the usual operations of addition and
multiplication. It's important to note that not all rings are
integral domains; rings that do not satisfy the no zero divisors
property are called non-integral domains or rings with zero
divisors.