### Class Notes: Introduction to Integers

#### I. Definition of Integers

- Integers are whole numbers that can be either positive, negative, or zero (\(\mathbb{Z} = \{\ldots, -3, -
2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots\}\)).

#### II. Positive and Negative Integers

- **Positive Integers:** Numbers greater than zero (\(\mathbb{Z}^+ = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots\}\)).

- **Negative Integers:** Numbers less than zero (\(\mathbb{Z}^- = \{\ldots, -3, -2, -1\}\)).

#### III. Number Line Representation

- **Number Line:** Visual representation of integers along a horizontal line.

```

... -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ...

```

#### IV. Ordering Integers

- **Comparing Integers:**

- Greater than (\(>\))

- Less than (\(<\))

- Equal to (\(=\))

- **Rules for Comparing:**

- Larger magnitudes are greater.

- Positive integers are greater than negative integers.

 - Zero is neither positive nor negative.

#### V. Addition and Subtraction of Integers

##### A. Rules for Addition

- **Like Signs:** Add the absolute values and keep the sign.

- \( (+a) + (+b) = +(a + b) \)

- \( (-a) + (-b) = -(a + b) \)

- **Different Signs:** Subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger and keep the sign of the larger.

- \( (+a) + (-b) = +(a - b) \) if \( a > b \)

- \( (-a) + (+b) = -(b - a) \) if \( b > a \)

##### B. Rules for Subtraction

- Subtraction is the same as adding the opposite.

- \( a - b = a + (-b) \)

#### VI. Multiplication and Division of Integers

##### A. Rules for Multiplication

- **Signs:**

- \( (+a) \times (+b) = +ab \)

- \( (-a) \times (-b) = +ab \)

- \( (+a) \times (-b) = -ab \)

- \( (-a) \times (+b) = -ab \)

##### B. Rules for Division

- **Signs:**

- \( \frac{+a}{+b} = +\frac{a}{b} \)

- \( \frac{-a}{-b} = +\frac{a}{b} \)

- \( \frac{+a}{-b} = -\frac{a}{b} \)

- \( \frac{-a}{+b} = -\frac{a}{b} \)

#### VII. Absolute Value

- **Absolute Value:** The distance of a number from zero on the number line.

- \( |a| \) represents the absolute value of \( a \).

#### VIII. Real-World Applications

- **Finance:** Representing gains and losses.

- **Temperature:** Representing above and below freezing.

- **Elevations:** Representing above and below sea level.

#### IX. Tips for Success with Integers

- **Understand the Number Line:** Visualize integers on a number line for better comprehension.

- **Practice Operations:** Practice addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with integers.

- **Real-Life Applications:** Relate integer operations to real-world scenarios for practical

understanding.

#### X. Conclusion
- Integers form the foundation for understanding and working with whole numbers, including positive
and negative values.

- Mastery of integer operations is essential for more advanced mathematical concepts and practical
applications.

#### XI. Additional Resources

- Recommended textbooks, online resources, and practice problems for further exploration of integers.