Fox And Mcdonald's Introduction To

Fluid Mechanics 8th Edition Pritchard

Solutions Manual
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 Problem 1.11 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on sphere and formula for drag.

Find: Maximum speed, time to reach 95% of this speed, and plot speed as a function of time.

Solution: Use given data and data in Appendices, and integrate equation of motion by separating variables.

The data provided, or available in the Appendices, are:

kg − 5 N⋅ s kg
ρair = 1.17⋅ μ = 1.8 × 10 ⋅ ρw = 999 ⋅ SG Sty = 0.016 d = 0.3⋅ mm
3 2 3
m m m

kg
Then the density of the sphere is ρSty = SGSty⋅ ρw ρSty = 16
3
m
3 3
π⋅ d kg ( 0.0003⋅ m) − 10
The sphere mass is M = ρSty⋅ = 16⋅ × π× M = 2.26 × 10 kg
6 3 6
m

Newton's 2nd law for the steady state motion becomes (ignoring buoyancy effects) M ⋅ g = 3 ⋅ π⋅ V⋅ d

so
2
M⋅ g 1 − 10 m m 1 m
Vmax = = × 2.26 × 10 ⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ × × Vmax = 0.0435
3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d 3⋅π 2 −5 0.0003⋅ m s
s 1.8 × 10 ⋅ N⋅ s

dV
Newton's 2nd law for the general motion is (ignoring buoyancy effects) M⋅ = M ⋅ g − 3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ V⋅ d
dt

dV
so = dt
3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d
g− ⋅V FD = 3πVd
M

⎛ − 3⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d ⎞
⋅t
M⋅ g ⎜ M a = dV/dt
Integrating and using limits V( t) = ⋅⎝1 − e ⎠
3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d
Mg
Using the given data

0.05

V (m/s) 0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0 0.01 0.02

t (s)

⎛ − 3⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d ⎞
⋅t
M⋅ g ⎜ M
The time to reach 95% of maximum speed is obtained from ⋅⎝1 − e ⎠ = 0.95⋅ Vmax
3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d

M ⎛ 0.95⋅ Vmax⋅ 3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d ⎞
so t=− ⋅ ln⎜ 1 − Substituting values t = 0.0133 s
3 ⋅ π⋅ μ⋅ d ⎝ M⋅ g ⎠

The plot can also be done in Excel.