B cell and t cell development, TCR and BCR differences, epitope paratope

LECTURE 4
TCR and BCR differences
Adaptive immunity, T cells and B cells have to need to recognize the pathogen specific patterns
or peptides for this reason they have a specific receptor. TCR and BCR. T cell and B cell
receptor on the surface and binding to cell membrane.
**B cells secrete their surface receptor as a antibody and it consist of heavy and light chain. 2
identical light and heavy chain. For t cell receptors, it consist of alpha and beta chain because of
the this differences, increase the their antigen recognition capacity.
T cells and B cells for activation, they needs to recognize the antigen, B cells have a BCR on
their surface and this BCR consist of two identical heavy chain and two identical light chain. This
light and heavy chain binds each other with the disulfide bond. They have a variable part called
as fab, one light chain consist of one variable and one constant part. Heavy chain have one
variable part and also depend on the subtype of the antibodies, it can be 3 or 4 constant part.
Antigen binds the variable part.
BCR and TCR needs the other co receptor for the signal transduction. These signal changes the
their transcription factors expression. These transcription factors induce some protein
production. B cells have Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta). TCR have a CD3 and zeta chain receptors
transfer the extra cellular signal into the cytoplasm.
Nk cells have a specific receptor on their surface, CD16 fc part ( regulate antibodies function) of
the antibodies.

✓ What kind of molecules can be recognized by BCR? Dlfferences between T cell and B cell
For B cell stimulation, B cell receptor can be recognize the polysaccharide, carbohydrates,
protein( linear or 3D structure), nucleic acid and lipid. B cells don’t need dendritic cells for
activation. When B cells recognize the these molecules, they activated.
T cells only recognize the peptide and antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells) should be
presented this peptide to naive T cell.
Also, B cell secrete their surface receptor as a antibody and they don’t need to antigen
presenting cell.
T cell don’t secrete the their TCR and need antigen presenting cell.

IgM, IGg, IGa( antibody subtype) which is the BCR receptor. IgM on the surface of the naive B
cells and this surface of the molecule express as a antibody. 5 different antibodies IgA, D,E G,M.

If one molecule T cells and B cells activity called antigen. Antibodies binds to antigen. The
binding site of the antigen is epitope. Antibodie bind epitopes on the antigen. Antibodies use the
paratope to bind the epitope.
-Affinity
-avidity more strong binding
-Monoclonal antibody, there is a one B cell clone and it produce the only one specific epitope on
the antigen. Polyclonal antibodies, there are different antibodies and they binds different part of
the antigen.
(İnsanlar enfekte olduktan sonra kanlarında virüsün antijenlerini taşırlar )

B Cell development
B cell start the development in bone morrow and completed in bone morrow.
T cells start the differentiation into bone morrow and completed in thymus.
B and T cells are differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells.

In pro-b cell, IL-7 is important for the proliferation. pre-b cell have correct micro heavy chain.
After the heavy chain structure, Pre-b cell start to express light chain proteins. Immature B cells
have IgM structure on their surface. They have a correct heavy and light chain for IgM. All the
naive b cells have IgM and IgM constant part of the micro chain. Mature B cell have IgD and
IgM. This differentiation happen in the bone morrow.
If IgM in the immature stage, recognize the self antigen, it can be goes to apoptosis or
recombination enzyme activated again and goes to receptor editing and its variable part change.
After receptor editing IgM couldn’t be recognize the self antigen.

T CELL DEVELOPMENT
it is starting in the bone morrow and completed in the thymus. IL-7 survival factor for
proliferation. The first double negative or pro-t cells don’t express either CD4 or CD8. In the pre-t
cell, beta chain expression is completed and then alpha chain expression starts ( bone morrow).
The other stage is the immature T cell (double positive) have a TCR structure, CD4+ and CD8+.
After the this stage, they goes to thymus for the elemination or selection. In the thymus there are
antigen presenting cell (dendritic cell and macrophage) presented the autoantigen( mhc1 or
MHC2) to double positive immature T cells. If TCR binds to MHC1 or MHC2 strongly means that
these T cell autoreactive T cell and it should be eliminated ( goes to apoptosis, negative
selection.).
TCR recognize the peptide on MHC molecule, antigen presenting cells presented the auto
antigen to T cell. If T cell recognize the this peptide on the MHC molecule weakly, this kind of
cell alive (positive selection). MHC1 binds to TCR, CD8+ molecule express and MHC2 binds
TCR, CD4 helper T cell express. (Activated in lymph nodes)
If this TCR couldn’t recognize or binds to antigen on the MHC molecule, this TCR folding not
correct and for this reason, T cell eliminated (goes apoptosis).