Chapter 10

Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions

Homework 10.1 15b9b 2 15b11
28. =
2. If m and n are integers and b ≠ 0, then 20b8 20b8
(b m )n = bmn . 3b3
=
4
4. An exponential function is a function whose
2
equation can be put into the form f ( x) = ab x , ⎛ 4bc6 ⎞ 16b 2 c12
30. ⎜ ⎟ =
where a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1. ⎜ 7d 3 ⎟ 49d 6
⎝ ⎠

6. b9 ⎛ 5c 2 ⎞
0
32. ⎜ ⎟ =1
⎜ 9b 4 ⎟
8. (10b7 c 2 )(3b5c) = 30b7 b5 c 2 c ⎝ ⎠
= 30b12 c3
(2b4 c3 )3 8b12 c9
34. =
10. (3bc)3 = 33 b3c3 (6b5 c 4 )2 36b10 c8

= 27b3c3 2b 2 c
=
9
b8
12. = b8 − 6 1
b 6 36. b−2 =
b2
= b2
1
14b5 c9 38. = b5
b −5
2
14. = b 5− 3 c 9 − 6
3 6 3
21b c
2 b2
= b 2 c3 40. = b 2 c7
3 −7
c
4
⎛b⎞
16. ⎜ ⎟ =
b4 −9b −1 3c5
42. =−
⎝c⎠ c4 6c −5 d 7 2bd 7

18. (b3 )8 = b3⋅8 44. (b5 )−8 = b −40

= b 24 1
=
b40
20. (2b b ) = (2b )
3 4 5 7 5

= 32b35 46. (−3b −2 c −6 )(−b9 c −1 ) = 3b7 c −7

3b7
22. (5b c ) = 1
3 9 0 =
c7

24. (bc 6 )3 b 2 c 4 = b3b2 c18 c 4 48. 42003 42000 = 42003− 2000

= b5 c 22 = 43
= 64
26. 4b2 (2b5 )3 = 32b 2b15
= 32b17

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 165

50. (130−1 )−1 = 1301 18b5c3 d −7 3b5b6 d 2

68. =
= 130 24b −6 c3 d −2 4d 7
11
3b
b −4 1 =
52. = 4d 5
7 4 7
b b b
=
1 (16b−2 c)(25b4 c −5 ) 400b2 c −4
11 70. =
b (15b5 c −1 )(8b −7 c −2 ) 120b−2 c −3

b6 10b 4
54. =b b 6 =
3c
b −1
= b7 (3bc −2 )−2 3b −3c
72. =
(3b −3c)−1 32 b 2 c −4
4b −2 4b5
56. =
9b −5 9b2 c5
=
4b3 3b5
=
9 3 3
⎛ 2bc −7 ⎞ ⎛ 2b 2 ⎞
74. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
7 −5 76 ⎜ 5b −1c −2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜ 5c5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
58. =
7 −6 75 8b6
=7 =
125c15
25 b −7 25 b 2 −3 −3
60. = ⎛ 8b−2 c 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2b3c5 ⎞
22 b −2 2 2 b7 76. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎜ 12b−5 c −3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
23 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
=
b5 27
=
8 8b9 c15
=
b5
1
78. = bc
−4 −4 −4 16 −1 −1
62. (2b ) =2 b b c

b16 1 1
= 80. b−1 + c −1 = +
16 b c
c b
= +
64. −6(bc 4 )−3 = −6b −3c −12 bc bc
6 b+c
=− =
3 12 bc
b c

66. (7b −4 c −1 )−2 (2b3c −2 )5 = 7−2 25 b8b15 c 2 c −10 82. f (2) = 42

= 7−2 25 b 23c −8 = 16

32b 23 f (−3) = 4−3

= 84.
8
49c 1
=
64

86. g (0) = 2(3)0

=2

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166 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

88. g (−3) = 2(3)−3 102. a. f (d ) = 8910d −2

2 8910
= =
27 d2

90. a. x f ( x) x f ( x) 8910
b. f (80) =
−4 16 0 1 802
1 ≈ 1.39
−3 8 1
2
The amount of light 80 centimeters from a
1
−2 4 2 50-watt light bulb is about 1.39 milliwatts
4 per square centimeter.
1
−1 2 3 104. a.
8

b.

1/2
⎛1⎞
c. ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.7
⎝2⎠ b. There is a nonlinear exponential
association.
µX
92. µ X λ −1 =
λ c. The model is shown on the scatterplot in
part (a). The model comes close to the data
(n − 1) s 2 points.
94. (n − 1) s 2σ 0−2 =
σ 02
d. yˆ = 2.32(1.31)11
ns − s
2 2
≈ $45.23 billion
=
σ 02
The residual is 48.08 − 45.23 = 2.85 billion
dollars.
96. V = 8000(1.07)6
≈ $12005.84 e. yˆ = 2.32(1.31)13
≈ $77.63 billion
98. P = 7000(1.04)−6
≈ $5532.20 The residual is 74.45 − 77.63 = −3.18
billion dollars.
100. a. f ( L) = 720 L−1
106. The student added the exponents instead of
720
= multiplying.
L
(b 4 )6 = b4⋅6 = b 24
720
b. f (12) =
12 108. The student multiplied 2 by 4 instead of
= 60 raising 2 to the 4th power.

You must exert 60 pounds of force on a (2b 2 )4 = (24 )b2⋅4 = 16b8

wrench handle of length 12 inches to
loosen a bolt.

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 167

110. Student 1 simplified correctly. Student 2 12. 641/6 = 2

incorrectly added the exponents of the
numerator and denominator, instead of
subtracting. 14. 163/4 = (161/4 )3
= 23
−2 −2
⎛b⎞ b =8
112. a. ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝c⎠ −2
c
c2 16. 642/3 = (641/3 )2
=
b2 = 42
= 16
−n
⎛b⎞ b− n
b. ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝c⎠ c−n 18. 27 4/3 = (271/3 )4
cn = 34
=
bn = 81

⎛b⎞ c5
5 20. 813/4 = (811/4 )3
c. ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝c⎠ b5 = 33
= 27
1
114. a. b−1 =
b 1
22. 16−1/4 =
2
b. (b −1 )−1 = b1 = b
1
24. −(32−1/5 ) = −
1
c. ((b−1 )−1 )−1 = b−1 =
2
b
26. 9−3/2 = (91/2 )−3
−1 −1 −1 −1
d. (((b ) ) ) =b =b
1
= 3−3
1
1 =
e. ((((b −1 )−1 ) −1 )−1...)−1 = b if n is even, or 27
b
if n is odd.
28. (−32)−3/5 = ((−32)1/5 ) −3
116. Answers may vary. = (−2)−3
1
Homework 10.2 =−
8
2. False. For the counting numbers m and n,
where n ≠ 1 and b is any real number for which 30. 37/533/5 = 37/5+ 3/5
b1/ n
is a real number, b m/ n
= (b
1/ n m
) .
= 32
4. If m and n are rational numbers and b is any =9
real number for which bm and bn are real
32. (22/351/3 )3 = 22 (5)
numbers, then (b m )n = bmn .
= 20

6. 271/3 = 3 54/3
34. = 54/3−1/3
51/3
8. 321/5 = 2
=5
10. 811/4 = 3

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168 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

36. 811/4 = 3 58. ⎡(4b3 )2 (b 2 c12 ) ⎤

1/4
= ⎡16b8 c12 ⎤
1/4
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
38. 4(27)2/3 = 4(9) = 36 = 2b 2 c3

40. 4(27)−2/3 = 4(271/3 )−2 60.

b3/4 c1/2
= b1c1 = bc
−1/4 −1/2
= 4(3) −2 b c
4 −1/3
= ⎛ 16b12 c 2 ⎞
( )
−1/3
9 62. ⎜ ⎟ = 8b15 c 6
⎜ 2b −3c −4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
42. −2(4)5/2 = −2(41/2 )5 1
=
= −2(2) 5
2b5 c 2
= −64
64. 161/4 b1/4b1/3 = 2b7/12
44. x f ( x) x f ( x)
b −2/3 1
−
5 1 1
2 66. =
1/7 17/21
6 32 6 b b
2 1 1
− 4 (32b3 )3/5 8b9/5
3 16 3 68. =
1 1 1 (16b3 )3/2 64b9/2
− 8
2 8 2 1
=
−
1 1 2
16 8b 27/10
3 4 3
4/3 4/3
−
1 1 5
32 ⎛ 27b1/3c3/4 ⎞ ⎛ 27bc1/4 ⎞
70. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
6 2 6 ⎜ 8b−2/3c1/2 ⎟ ⎜ 8 ⎟⎠
0 1 1 64 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
4
⎛ 3b1/3c1/12 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
46. b1/5b3/5 = b 4/5 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
48. b2/7 b −6/7 = b −4/7 81b 4/3c1/3
=
1 16
=
4/7
b
(1000b−7 c8 )2/3 100b−14/3c16/3
72. =
50. (27b 27 )1/3 = 3b9 (32b15c 4 )3/5 8b9 c12/5
25c 44/15
=
52. −(8b −6 c12 )2/3 = −4b −4 c8 2b41/3
−4c8
= 74. c1/3 (c8/3 − c5/3 ) = c3 − c 2
b4
ts
54. (b −4/3c1/2 )(b −2/3c −3/2 ) = b−2 c −1 76. tsn−1/2 =
1/2
n
1
=
b2c

56. (6bc 2 )5/7 (6bc 2 )2/7 = (6bc 2 )1

= 6bc 2

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 169

78. a. Homework 10.3

2. Let f ( x) = ab x , where a > 0. If 0 < b < 1, then

the function f is decreasing.

4. An exponential model is an exponential

function, or its graph, that describes an
authentic association.

6.

b. There is a nonlinear, exponential

association.

c. The model is shown on the scatterplot in 8.

part (a). The model comes close to the data
points.

d. 0.2(1.096)30 ≈ 3.1 million tests. The

residual is 3.3 − 3.1 = 0.2 million, or about 10.
200 thousand tests.

e. 0.2(1.096)34 ≈ 4.5 million tests. The

residual is 4.2 − 4.5 = −0.3 million, or
about −300 thousand tests. 12.

80. (−1)1/4 is not a real number because n = 4 is

even and b = −1 is less than zero.

82. The student incorrectly rewrote the rational

exponent. 14.

642/3 = (641/3 ) 2 = 42 = 16

84. The student interpreted the negative exponent

as making the base negative.
16.
−1/2 1/2 −1 1
25 = (25 ) =
5

1/3 1/2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
86. ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.794; ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.577. This makes
⎝2⎠ ⎝3⎠ 18.
1/3 1/2
⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1
sense because ⎜ ⎟ = =
1/3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
, ,
⎝2⎠ 2 1/2
3
and 21/3 < 31/2.

88. Answers may vary. 20.

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170 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

22. 32. x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x)
3
0 625 3 400
7
1 125 3 30 200
24. The domain of the function is all real numbers. 2 25 21 300 100
The range of the function is all negative real 3 5 147 3000 50
numbers. 4 1 1029 30, 000 25

34. f (−3) = 2

1
36. f (1) ≈
2
26. The domain of the function is all real numbers. 38. x = −1
The range of the function is all positive real
numbers. 40. No solution; −2 is not in the range of f.

42. f (6) = 192

44. f (0) = 3

46. x = 1
28. a. Answers may vary.
48. x = 5
x f ( x)
50. a.
−2 64
−1 32
0 16
1 8
2 4

b.

b. The graph is shown on the scatterplot in

c. For each input-output pair, the output is part (a).
16 times one-half raised to the power of
the input. c. There are no outliers; the association is
strong, exponential, and positive.
30. x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x) d. The y-intercept is (0, 2); in 2005, Pandora’s
0 3 64 2 100 advertising revenue was $2 million. Since
1 6 32 6 10 this is an extrapolation, we should place
2 12 16 18 1 little or no faith in this estimate.
1 e. The bases of both models are 2.19, which
3 24 8 54
10 means that both advertising revenue and
1 subscriptions increased by 119% per year
4 48 4 162 on average.
100

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 171

52. a. 58. The y-intercept is (0, −9). There is no

x-intercept.

60. 20 + 30 = 1 + 1 = 2

1 1 5
62. 2−1 + 3−1 = + =
2 3 6

64. 32 = 9
x=2

1
b. The graph is shown on the scatterplot in 66. 3−1 =
part (a). The association is strong, 3
exponential, and negative. x = −1

c. The coefficient of the model is 242; in 68. The values of f and g are the same. The
1960, there were 242 men’s colleges. Since 32 x
this is an extrapolation, we should place function simplifies to 3x.
little or no faith in this estimate. 3x

d. The base of the model is 0.92; the number 70. The values of f and g are the same.
of men’s colleges has decayed by about
8% per year. 2− x = (2−1 ) x
x
⎛1⎞
e. 242(0.92) ≈ 5; in 2007, there were about
47 =⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
5 men’s colleges.
72. The values of f and g are the same.
54. a.
6x 2 x 3x
= = 2x
x x
3 3

74. The values of f and g are the same.

2 x 3x = (2 ⋅ 3) x = 6 x

76. The values of f and g are the same.

b. The graph is shown on the scatterplot in 8 x /3 = (81/3 ) x = 2 x

part (a).

c. There are no outliers. The association is
strong, exponential, and positive.
d. The base is 1.119; for seniors at a certain
age, the percentage with severe memory
impairment is 11.9% greater than for
seniors who are one year younger.
e. Answers may vary.
78. The values of f and g are the same.
25 x /2 5 x = (251/2 ) x 5 x = 5 x 5 x = 25 x
80. a. c is greater because the vertical intercept of
g is higher than the vertical intercept of f.
b. b is greater because the graph of f grows at
a faster rate than the graph of g.

56. The y-intercept is (0, 2). There is no 82. The equations are all of the family
x-intercept. y = −2b x , where b is any positive number.

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172 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

84. a = 2; b ≈ 2.1; f ( x) = 2(2.1) x ⎛1⎞

b. f ⎜ ⎟ is undefined because in the
⎝4⎠
86. a. i. 4(3) 2 = 4(9) = 36 expression (−4)1/4 , the base is negative
122 = 144 and n is even.

c. Answers may vary.

ii. 4232 = 16(9) = 144
122 = 144 94. Answers may vary.

b. i. Answers may vary. g ( x) can be Homework 10.4

rewritten as 12 x = (4 ⋅ 3) x = 4 x 3x , which 2. If n is odd, then the real-number solution of an

increases at a faster rate than f ( x ). equation of the form bn = k is k1/ n .

ii. Answers may vary. g ( x) can be 4. True. In words, the quotient of the left sides of
two equations is equal to the quotient of the
rewritten as 12 x = (4 ⋅ 3) x = 4 x 3x , which right sides.
is identical to f ( x).
6. b = ±(81)1/4
88. The y-intercept is (0, a). There is no = ±3
x-intercept.
8. b = (100, 000)1/5
90. a. g (2 + 5) = 32+ 5 = 37 = 10
g (2) g (5) = 3 3 = 3
2 5 7

10. 5b2 = 49
The statement is true.
b2 = 9
b. g (4 + 6) = 34+ 6 = 310 b = ±3

g (4) g (6) = 3436 = 310 12. 44b3 = 12

3
The statement is true. b3 =
11
c. g (2 + 4) = 32+ 4 = 36 b ≈ 0.65

g (2) g (4) = 32 34 = 36 14. 1.7b4 = 86.4

The statement is true. b4 ≈ 50.82
b ≈ ±2.67
d. g ( x + y ) = 3x + y
g ( x) g ( y ) = 3x 3 y = 3x + y 16. 2.1b5 − 8.2 = 237.5
2.1b5 = 245.7
The statement is true.
b5 = 117
⎛1⎞ b ≈ 2.59
92. a. f ⎜ ⎟ is undefined because in the
⎝2⎠
1 4 5 11
expression (−4)1/2 , the base is negative 18. b + =
6 3 2
and n is even.
b4 = 23
b ≈ ±2.19

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 173

20. b7 = 2187 38. a = 2.1

b=3 2.1b5 = 9.7
b ≈ 1.36
3 2
22. b = y = 2.1(1.36) x
9
b ≈ 0.61
40. a = 97.2
b 8 97.2b 4 = 17.1
24. = b8− 4 = b 4
b4 b ≈ 0.65

8
y = 97.2(0.65) x
b 65
26. =
b 4 3 42. a = 12.94
65 12.94b 20 = 357.03
b4 =
3
b ≈ 1.18
b ≈ 2.16
y = 12.94(1.18) x
10b−7 2b 2
28. =
15b−2 3b7 ab3 10
44. =
2 5
2 ab
=
3b5 b=2
a (2)2 = 5
10b−7 4 a = 1.25
30. =
−2 7
15b
y = 1.25(2) x
2 4
=
5 7
3b
ab5 7
7 46. =
b5 = ab 2 1
6
b ≈ 1.91
b ≈ 1.03
a (1.91)2 = 1
32. a=5
a ≈ 0.27
1
5b = 15
y = 0.27(1.91) x
b=3
y = 5(3) x ab17 8
48. =
11 492
ab
34. a=8 b ≈ 0.50
8b4 = 79 a (0.50)11 = 492
b ≈ 1.77 a ≈ 1, 007, 616
x
y = 8(1.77) y = 1, 007, 616(0.50) x

36. a = 256
ab5 1.3
7 50. =
256b = 23 ab 3.5
b ≈ 0.71 b ≈ 0.78
y = 256(0.71) x a (0.78) = 3.5
a ≈ 4.49
y = 4.49(0.78) x

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174 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

ab10 250.8 58. a.

52. =
4 6.3
ab
b ≈ 1.85
a (1.85)4 = 6.3
a ≈ 0.54
y = 0.54(1.85) x

ab12 6.52
54. =
8 39.43
ab
b ≈ 0.64
a (0.64)8 = 39.43
b. Answers may vary. The regression
a ≈ 1442.07
equation is yˆ = 9.70(1.74) x .
y = 1442.07(0.64) x
c. The model is shown on the scatterplot from
56. a. part (a). Yes, the model comes close to all
of the data points.

d. The base is 1.74. The number of LEED-

certified projects has increased by 74% per
year since 2000.

e. 9.70(1.74)11 ≈ 4294 projects

60. a.

b. Answers may vary. The regression

equation is yˆ = 618.21(1.14) x .

c. The model is shown on the scatterplot from

part (a). Yes, the model comes close to all
of the data points.

d. The coefficient is 618.21; in 2005, there

were about 618 firearms discovered at
TSA checkpoints.
1835
e. ≈ 82.96% of firearms were loaded.
2212
There were 618.21(1.14)7 ≈ 1547 firearms
discovered in 2012. 82.96% of 1547 is
1283 loaded firearms discovered in 2012.
b. Answers may vary. The regression
equation is yˆ = 149.34(0.97) x . The
association is strong, exponential, and
negative.
c. The base is 0.97. Infant mortality rates in
the United States have decreased by 3%
per year.

d. 149.33(0.97)107 ≈ 5.74 deaths per

1000 infants

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 175

e. The mortality rate in the United States in 66. The points (0, 7) and (2,3) are on the curve.
2005 was 149.33(0.97) 105
≈ 6.10 deaths
a=7
6.1
per 1000 infants. The ratio is ≈ 2.9; the
2.1 7b 2 = 3
infant mortality rate in the United States is b ≈ 0.65
about 2.9 times the infant mortality rate in
Singapore. y = 7(0.65) x

62. a. 68. a. i. No. The value of b in the exponential

equation would be 1, but this is not a
valid value for the base.

ii. No. The value of b in the exponential

equation would be 1, but this is not a
valid value for the base.

b. No. The value of b in the exponential

equation would be 1, but this is not a valid
value for the base.
b. Answers may vary. The regression
equation is yˆ = 22.63(1.00088) x . The 70. L( x) = −2 x + 12
association is strong, exponential, and E ( x) = 20.16(0.63) x
positive.
72. The function can be linear but not exponential,
c. The coefficient a is 22.63; a gift card from
since the two points have the same y-value.
an expenditure of $0 will be worth $22.63.
Model breakdown has occurred. 74. a. No. Answers may vary.
d. The base b is 1.00088. For each additional b. Yes. Answers may vary.
dollar spent, the value of the gift card
increases by 0.088%. c. Yes. Answers may vary.
e. Customer A is predicted to receive a gift d. Yes. Answers may vary.
card worth $131.43. They will actually
receive a gift card worth $200; the residual Homework 10.5
is $68.57.
2. False. The residual is the predicted value
Customer B is predicted to receive a gift subtracted from the observed value, so if the
card worth $204.04. They will actually point lies above the curve, the predicted value
receive a gift card worth $200; the residual is less than the observed value, and the
is −$4.04. residual will be positive.

Customer C is predicted to receive a gift 4. The exponential coefficient of determination is

card worth $316.47. They will actually the proportion of the variation in the response
receive a $200 gift card; the residual is variable that is explained by the exponential
−$116.47. regression curve.

64. The points (0, 2) and (1, 6) are on the curve. 6. (c) because when r = 1, the points will follow
an exponential curve exactly.
a=2
8. (b) because the scatterplot in (d) indicates a
2b = 6 positive and very strong but not exact
b=3 association.
y = 2(3) x

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176 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
10. (a) because the pattern of data points above
and below the curve matches the pattern of
residuals above and below the zero residual
line.
12. (c) because the points all lie exactly on the
curve, which is consistent with the residuals
all being zero.
14. There is an outlier.
16. The vertical spread of the residual plot is not
about the same for all values of the
explanatory variable.
18. The outlier is not an influential point, because
the exponential regression curve does not
appear to change when the outlier is removed.
20. (a) because an r 2 value of 0.8 indicates a
strong association.
22. (c) because an r 2 value of 0 indicates no
association.
24. yˆ = 317.78(0.71) x ; yes, the model comes close
to the data points.
26. a.
b. yˆ = 1.52(1.08) x
c. There are no outliers. The association is
very strong, exponential, and positive;
r = 0.995.
d. 1.52(1.08)30 ≈ 15.30 million passengers.
The residual is 14.2 − 15.30 = −1.1 million
passengers.
e. 1.52(1.08)33 ≈ 19.27 million passengers;
19.27(1770) = 34,108 million dollars, or
about $34.11 billion dollars.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
28. a. yˆ = 0.66(1.096) x
b. The base b is 1.096; for nonsmoking
faculty members of a certain age, the
monthly rate is 9.6% greater than for
nonsmoking faculty members one year
younger.
c. The base a is 0.66; newborn faculty
members have a monthly rate of $0.66.
Model breakdown has occurred.
d. 0.66(1.096)37 = $19.61; the residual is
$18.50 − $19.61 = −$1.11; 37-year-old
faculty members are paying less for life
insurance than expected.
e. Men would pay higher monthly rates, since
there is a higher chance that they would die
before the insurance policy expires.
30. a. yˆ = 0.851(1.23) x
b. The coefficient a is 0.85; a person with a
Framingham point score of 0 has an 0.85%
risk of a heart attack in the next 10 years.
c. 0.851(1.23)11 = 8.3%
d. 0.851(1.23)16 = 23.4%
32. a.
b. yˆ = 242(0.92) x
c. There are no outliers; the association is
strong, exponential, and negative;
r = −0.993.
 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions
d. 242(0.92)45 ≈ 5.98; the expected number
of men’s colleges in 2005 is about 6. This
is interpolation, since this value of the
explanatory variable falls within the range
used to calculate the regression equation.
e. 242(0.92)65 ≈ 1.15; the expected number
of men’s colleges in 2025 is about 1. This
is extrapolation, since this value of the
explanatory variable is outside the range
used to calculate the regression equation.
34. a. yˆ = 0.66(1.096) x
b.
Both curves fit the model well.
c. 66.39
d. 711.21
e. The sum of squared residuals for the
regression model is over ten times that of
the given model. This is very surprising,
because we have come to expect the
regression equation to have the smallest
possible sum of squared residuals.
36. a.
b. yˆ = 15.37(0.618) x
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
177
c. There are no outliers. The association is
strong, exponential, and negative;
r = −0.99.
d. 15.37(0.618)4 ≈ 2.24 centimeters
e. The residual is 2.9 − 2.24 = 0.66 cm. The
actual mean height of froth 4 minutes after
pouring is 0.66 cm greater than predicted.
38. a. E = 16.2(0.825) x
A = 15.4(0.618) x
B = 15.9(0.651) x
b. The vertical intercept of E is (0,16.2). The
vertical intercept of A is (0,15.4). The
vertical intercept of B is (0,15.9). E has
the highest intercept, so Erdinger
Weissbier had the highest amount of froth
immediately after being poured. This is
consistent with the table.
c. The percentage of decay for E is 17.5%.
The percentage of decay for A is 38.2%.
The percentage of decay for B is 34.9%.
Augustinerbräu München has the highest
rate of decay, which is consistent with the
table. It had the largest difference in froth
height between 0 minutes and 6 minutes.
d. The rate of decay of the froth depends on
the area of the top of the froth. If the width
of the container is variable, this area can
change.
e. h = 15.9(0.651)5.5 ≈ 1.5
V = π (3.6)2 (1.5)
≈ 61.07 cm3
40. a. yˆ = 336(1.00416) x
b. 336(1.00416) 454 ≈ 2212.4 Newtons; the
residual is 2659 − 2212.4 = 446.6
Newtons. This data point is above the
graph of the model.
c. 336(1.00416)842 ≈ 11, 076.3 Newtons; the
residual is 10, 754 − 11, 076.3 = −322.3
Newtons. This data point is below the
graph of the model.
178 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
d. r 2 ≈ 0.967; about 96.7% of the variation in
the force of the fired gunpowder is
explained by the regression curve.
e.
For large values of the explanatory
variable, there is a pattern on the residual
plot where the residuals become very large.
46. a.
42. a. yˆ = 2.43(1.194) x
b. 2.43(1.194)16.6 ≈ 46.12 tons per day
c. 45 − 46.12 = −1.12 tons per day; the
amount of fuel used was 1.12 tons less than
predicted.
d. r 2 = 0.986; 98.6% of the variation in the
fuel consumption is explained by the
regression curve.
e.
There appears to be a linear pattern on the
residual plot where the dots are not all
close to the zero residual line.
44. a. The y-intercept is (0,106140092). When
the percentage of the Earth’s land surface
that is forested is 0%, carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
emissions will be 106,140,092 billion
tonnes, or 106 quadrillion tonnes.
b. The percentage rate of decay is 38.3%; for
each percentage point of increase in
forested land surface, carbon dioxide
emissions decrease by 38.3%.
c. r 2 = 0.989; 98.9% of the variation in
carbon dioxide emissions is explained by
the regression curve.
d. The model only describes association; it
does not address causation.
e. Industrialization results in both reduced
forest cover (from land being cleared,
lumber being harvested, etc.) and increased
carbon dioxide emissions from cars and
factories.
b. The linear regression equation is
yˆ = 0.69 x − 8.79; the exponential
regression equation is yˆ = 3.58(1.03) x .
Based on the scatterplot, the exponential
regression equation seems to be a better
match.
c. 3.58(1.03)40 ≈ 11.68 million; the residual
is 9.82 − 11.68 = −1.86 million. Due to the
war, it is not surprising that attendance was
down, since both ballplayers and fans
would be in the military at the time.
d. 3.58(1.03)110 ≈ 92.47 million; the residual
is 73.17 − 92.47 = −19.30 million. Due to
economic conditions, people may have
skipped out on going to games.
 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 179

e. 3.58(1.03)114 ≈ 104.07 million; the residual 50. a.

is −30.33 million, which is larger than in
2010 despite the weaker economy. This
does not suggest that MLB attendance is
strongly affected by the economy.

f. No, because causation cannot be inferred

from an observational study such as this.

48. a.

b. The association is negative; the higher the

percentage of the population involved in
agriculture, the lower the GNP per person.
This makes sense because fewer people
involved in agriculture means more people
in more advanced jobs.

c. yˆ = 37312.53(0.92) x ; the association is

strong, exponential, and negative.
d. The base b is 0.92; for each percentage
point increase in a country’s agricultural
labor, that country’s GNP per person
decreases by 8%.
e. The largest residual is Japan, with a
residual of $14,392. This country has an
advanced economy despite a relatively
large percentage of its population working
in agriculture.
b. Private non-profit: yˆ = 8978(1.03) x ;
public: yˆ = 1924(1.035) x
c. For the private non-profit colleges, there
are no outliers, and the association is
strong, exponential, and positive; r = 0.99.
For the public colleges, there are no
outliers, and the association is strong,
exponential, and positive; r = 0.97.
d. The base of the model for private non-
profit colleges is 1.03; tuition and fees at
private non-profit colleges have increased
by 3% per year.

The base of the model for public colleges

is 1.035; tuition and fees at public colleges
have increased by 3.5% per year.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

180 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

e. The average one-year percentage change bc9

for the private non-profit colleges was 5.
4
2.6% per year, which is less than b for this
model.
(2b −5 c −2 )3 8b −15 c −6
6. = 8 −12
The average one-year percentage change (3b 4 c −6 ) 2 9b c
for the public colleges was 3.2% per year, 8c 6
which is less than b for this model. =
9b 23
f. Private non-profit colleges had a higher
mean tuition and fees than public colleges (37b −3c 4 )97
7. =1
in 2014–2015, but since the growth rate for (37b −3c 4 )97
public colleges is greater than for private
non-profit colleges, this may change in the 540b3 c −6 b
future. We have little or no faith in this 8. =
540b2 c −5 c
prediction since this assumes that the rates
of change will remain the same in the
future. 9. 5
324 = 5 (25 )4
= 16
52. Decrease a while still leaving it as a positive
number, and leave b the same.
10. 4
16−3 = 4 (24 ) −3
54. This makes sense because if the model fits = 2−3
some data points more closely, this reduces the
1
sum of squared residuals for those points. =
8
56. Answers may vary.
1
58. For each unit increase in x, y is multiplied by 11. 2/15
b
b. This is the same as increasing by
b − 1 percent. 1
12.
60. If the residual has a pattern where the dots do b 5/3
not lie close to the zero residual line, if a dot
represents an outlier, or if the vertical spread 2b 2 c −1 2b11
13. =
of the residual plot is not about the same for 125b −9 c 6 125c 7
all values of the explanatory variable, then
there may be problems with the exponential
regression.
14. (16b c ) 8 4 1/ 4
= 2b 2 c

⎛1 ⎞ b
1/ 6
62. Association does not imply causation.
15. (4b −1/3 c3/ 4 ) ⎜ b1/ 2 c −5/ 2 ⎟ = 7/ 4
⎝4 ⎠ c
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
16. 43 = 64
1. 8b 27
3
2. (b 2 c) 4 (bc5 ) 2 = b8 c 4 b 2 c10 17. 3(5) −2 =
25
= b10 c14
−400
18. 491/ 2 = 7
2 1
3. =
2−405 2−5 2
19. 2(81) −3/ 4 =
= 32 27

48c 3
4.
b12

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 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 181

20. 25. a.

b. The graph of the equation is shown on the

21. scatterplot from part (a). The association is
exponential and strong.

c. The y-intercept is (0,1.22); in 1950, the

mean ticket price was $1.22.

d. 1.22(1.05)63 ≈ $26.38
1.22(1.05)64 ≈ $27.70

$27.70
e. ≈ 1.05; this ratio is equal to the
22. $26.38
base 1.05. This makes sense because on the
basis of the base multiplier property, if the
year is increased by 1, the mean ticket
price is multiplied by the base 1.05.

26. 2

27. 1.97

Domain: all real numbers; range: y < 0 28. 1.84

23. 29. 5b 4 = 80
b 4 = 16
b = ±2

30. 5b 2 − 3 = 10
b ≈ ±1.61

83
31. b5 =
6
Domain: all real numbers; range: y > 0 b ≈ 1.69

32. y = 2(1.08) x
24. x f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) k ( x )
2 3 162 2 96 33. y = 3.8(2.34) x
3 15 54 8 48
4 75 18 32 24 34. y = 62.11(0.78) x
5 375 6 128 12
35. y = 3.07(1.18) x
6 1875 2 512 6

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182 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
36. a.
b. Answers may vary. The regression
equation is yˆ = 0.011(2.43) x .
c. There are no outliers. The association is
exponential, strong, and positive.
d. The base is 2.43; the number of users
increased by 143% per year.
e. The coefficient is 0.011; in 2000, there
were 0.011 thousand users, or 11 users.
Model breakdown has occurred because
Zimride did not exist in 2000.
37. The plot has a pattern where the points do not
lie close to the zero residual line.
38. a.
b. yˆ = 32.66(.849) x
c. There are no outliers. The association is
strong, exponential, and negative;
r = −0.97.
d. The coefficient of determination is 0.95.
95% of the variation in the unemployment
rate is explained by the exponential
regression curve.
e. The predicted unemployment rate is
2.38%. The residual is 0.12 percentage
point. The unemployment rate for people
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
who have 16 full-time-equivalent years of
education is 0.12 percentage point greater
than the model’s prediction.
39. a. Wˆ ( x ) = 1.79(1.077) x ; Mˆ ( x) = 1.11(1.093) x
b. The base of W, 1.077, is less than the base
of M, 1.093. As ages increase, the quarterly
rates for women grow exponentially at a
rate less than the quarterly rate for men.
c. Wˆ (52) = 1.79(1.077)52 ≈ $84.74
Mˆ (52) = 1.11(1.093)52 ≈ $113.13
d. Wˆ (62) = 1.79(1.077)62 ≈ $177.92
Mˆ (62) = 1.11(1.093)62 ≈ $275.28
Mˆ (62) − Wˆ (62) = $97.36
40. a. nˆ = 8.99(1.332) x
b. cˆ = 0.58(1.264) x
c. The catch-rate model is better, since the
larger the catch rate, the larger the lake’s
population will tend to be.
d. The trout-removal model’s base, 1.332, is
greater than the catch-rate model’s base,
1.264. The percentage growth rate of the
number of trout removed is greater than the
percentage growth rate of the catch rate.
e. 0.58(1.264)12 = 9.65 lake trout caught per
100 meters of net per night. The residual is
−2.95 lake trout caught per 100 meters of
net per night.
f. The removal of trout may have become
large enough to slow the exponential
growth of lake trout or even reduce the
lake trout population.
41.
Increase a and decrease b.
 Chapter 10: Using Exponential Models to Make Predictions 183

Chapter 10 Test 12.

1. 4

1
2. −
16

3. 8b 9 c 24

4. 1
Domain: all real numbers; range: y > 0
5. b1/ 6
13. Answers may vary.
5b
6. 14. 6
7c 5

2 2
15. 1
⎛ 6b 4 c −2 ⎞ ⎛ 2b 2 ⎞
7. ⎜ 2 5 ⎟ = ⎜ 7 ⎟ x
⎝ 3b c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎛1⎞
16. f ( x) = 6 ⎜ ⎟
4b 4 ⎝2⎠
= 14
c
17. a.
125b12 c −9 (2c 3 )(b 2 ) 250b14
8. =
7 7c 6

1
9. 4−2 =
16

1
10. 4−3/ 2 = b. Yes, the model comes close to the data
8
points.
11. c. The base is 1.59; the number of hours of
video uploaded per minute increased by
59% per year.

d. 2.6(1.59)9 ≈ 168.9 hours of video uploaded

per minute; the residual is 131.1 hours of
video uploaded per minute. In 2014, the
amount of video uploaded per minute was
131.1 hours greater than predicted by the
model, so the model’s estimate is terrible.
Domain: all real numbers; range: y < 0
e. Even if a model fits the data points exactly,
we still have little or no faith in our results
when we extrapolate.

18. b ≈ ±1.72

19. y = 70(0.81) x

20. y = 0.91(1.77) x

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184 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

21. a. e.

The points (40, 400) and (42, 480) have very

b. Answers may vary. The exponential
regression equation is yˆ = 156(0.57) x .
c. The exponential regression curve is shown
on the scatterplot from part (a). The curve
comes close to all of the data points.
d. The coefficient is 156; in 2010, there were
156 bank failures.
large residuals. We should have little faith
in our prediction, because if the model
does not predict the 2010 or 2012
minimum salaries very well, then it will
probably not give a good estimate for
2011, either.

e. 156(0.57) 4 ≈ 16 bank failures. The residual

is 2 bank failures; in 2014, the number of
bank failures was 2 more than the model’s
estimate.

22. Because the exponential curve changes

significantly when the point is removed, this is
an influential point.

23. a.

b. yˆ = 12.7(1.094) x

c. The coefficient of determination is 0.99;

99% of the variation in MLB minimum
salaries is explained by the exponential
regression curve.

d. 12.7(1.094)41 ≈ $505.3 thousand

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