Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition Schaefer Test Bank

Chapter 11 - Stratification by Gender
Chapter 11
Stratification by Gender
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The expectation that a woman will be nurturing is an example of

A. a genetic trait.
B. a gender role.
C. homophobia.
D. None of these answers is correct.
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe women's and men's gender roles and the process of gender-role socialization in the United States.
Topic: Gender roles
Question Category: Information
2. Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior,
attitudes, and activities of males and females?
A. expressiveness
B. gender roles
C. gender schema
D. instrumentality

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Gender roles
Question Category: Definition
11-1
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3. Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called

A. homophobia.
B. gay fright.
C. Ebonics.
D. heterophobia.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Gender roles
4. A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role?
A. playing football
B. getting into a fight
C. joining a knitting circle
D. spitting

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender roles
Question Category: Application-Concept
5. Research on children's books published in the U.S. in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s indicates
that
A. females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations.
B. female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.
C. females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Gender roles
11-2
6. For every one stay-at-home dad there are ________ stay-at-home moms.
A. 6
B. 15
C. 27
D. 38

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Gender role socialization
7. When Ted consoles his sister about a difficult romantic breakup, works a day shift as a
construction worker, and sings nursery rhymes to his young daughter so that she may fall
asleep, he is portraying
A. expressiveness.
B. multiple masculinities.
C. instrumentality.
D. gender expectations.

Bloom's: Understand
8. Which sociologist discussed the concept of and coined the term for multiple masculinities?
A. Arlie Hochschild
B. R. W. Connell
C. Margaret Mead
D. Robert Merton

Bloom's: Remember
11-3
9. The idea that men play a variety of gender roles, including a nurturing-caring role and an
effeminate-gay role, in addition to their traditional gender role of dominating women, is
referred to as
A. multidimensional males.
B. multiple masculinities.
C. multifaceted men.

Bloom's: Remember
10. Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?

A. Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure.
B. Gender roles have a bias toward male power.
C. Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist; conflict; feminist; and interactionist explanations of gender stratification.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
11. Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an
emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship
between one's family and other social institutions?
A. identification
B. instrumentality
C. expressiveness
D. gender identity

Bloom's: Remember
11-4
12. Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to
concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?
A. expressiveness
B. identification
C. instrumentality
D. gender roles

Bloom's: Remember
13. According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by
A. men.
B. women.
C. children.
D. whichever adult has a career.

Bloom's: Remember
14. Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological
perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective

Bloom's: Remember
Question Category: Application-Perspectives
11-5
15. Conflict theorists view gender differences as

A. a reflection of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as
men.
B. necessary for the effective accomplishment of family and societal tasks.
C. unrelated to the overall exploitation and injustice found in capitalist societies.

Bloom's: Understand
16. Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in
preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties
allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such
considerations are not so important?

Bloom's: Remember
17. Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict, conflict theorists would argue that
women are in a position comparable to that of the
A. bourgeoisie.
B. proletariat.
C. middle class.
D. upper class.

Bloom's: Remember
11-6
18. Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?
A. There was no feminist movement in the U.S. until the 1980s.
B. Among the most important early critiques of women's position in society and culture was
John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women (originally published in 1869).
C. Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective.
D. Friedrich Engels argued that the rise of industrialization benefited women.

Bloom's: Understand
19. Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated
societies as
A. retribution.
B. inevitable.
C. hyperreactive.
D. merely a falsity.

Bloom's: Remember
20. Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the
most?

Bloom's: Remember
11-7
21. Who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during
industrialization?
A. Friedrich Engels
B. Ralf Dahrendorf
C. Talcott Parsons
D. Robert Bales

Bloom's: Remember
Question Category: Sociologists
22. Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a micro-level

analysis, it is also a reflection of macro-level relationships. Which sociological perspective(s)
would focus on the macro-level forces that influence these male-female conversations?
D. both the functionalist and conflict perspectives

Bloom's: Understand
23. Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex
conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more
battlegrounds in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise?

Bloom's: Remember
11-8
24. Educators are concerned about the reasons girls and young women are affected by the
verbal dominance of males in classroom settings. Which sociological perspective would be
most likely to address this issue?

Bloom's: Understand
25. Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate
status of poor non-White women?
A. web of power
B. kitchen prison
C. matrix of domination
D. gender trap

Bloom's: Remember
26. Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?

A. Patricia Hill Collins
B. Karl Marx
C. bell hooks
D. Ida Wells-Barnett

Bloom's: Remember
11-9
27. Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity?"
A. opening a door for a female
B. styling hair
C. feeding a baby
D. crying in public

Bloom's: Understand
28. Which of the following would be an example of a man "redoing" traditional gender?
A. fist fighting in public
B. organizing a birthday lunch at work
C. not crying when hurt
D. carrying lots of heavy items

Bloom's: Understand
29. Which of the following statements is true?

A. In 2012, five of the nation's 50 states had a female governor.
B. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Janet Reno are the only females to have ever been
members of the U.S. Supreme Court.
C. Only one woman, Hillary Rodham Clinton, has ever been a candidate for Vice President of
the U.S.
D. In 2012, nearly 65 percent of the House of Representatives were comprised of women.

Bloom's: Remember
11-10
30. The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as
A. sexual harassment.
B. sexism.
C. sex stratification.
D. gender identity.

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the effects of sex discrimination.
Topic: Sex discrimination
31. Which of the following terms refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to
individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society?
A. institutional discrimination
B. innovation
C. indoctrination
D. instrumentality

Bloom's: Remember
32. A scientific company lays off employees by seniority, retaining those that have been
employed the longest. The majority of the female employees had been hired in the last 10
years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences. This
situation is an example of
A. instrumentality.
B. expressiveness.
C. institutional discrimination.
D. pluralism.

Bloom's: Understand
11-11
33. Which of the following is true regarding men in our society, which is run by male-
dominated institutions?
A. Men have lower reported rates of most types of mental illness.
B. Men have a lower likelihood of death due to heart attack.
C. Men feel intense competitive stress from pressure to succeed at work.
D. Women hold the majority of middle-management positions in U.S. corporations, but only a
tiny minority of upper-management positions.

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the labor force participation and compensation of U.S. men and women in various occupations.
Topic: Labor force
34. According to Muslim traditions,

A. women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families.
B. a woman's feet must always be covered.
C. there are no restrictions on men's clothing.
D. women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families, but a
woman's feet must always be covered.

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the status of women in the U.S. and worldwide.
Topic: Status of women
35. The hijab is

A. the type of head scarf worn by Muslim women.
B. a form of prayer among Muslims.
C. the type of pants worn by Muslim men.
D. a traditional Muslim food.

Bloom's: Remember
11-12
36. The veil may be seen as a rejection of ________ prevalent in Western societies.
A. strict standards of modesty
B. the beauty myth
C. human rights standards
D. the respect for women

Bloom's: Remember
37. Which of the following countries banned the wearing of the hijab in public schools?
A. Japan
B. Australia
C. France
D. United States

Bloom's: Remember
38. Women do the majority of housework in which of the following?

A. the richest countries
B. the poorest countries
C. all countries
D. Housework is equal in all countries.

Bloom's: Remember
11-13
39. Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is
true?
A. Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land.
B. Women constitute one-half of the world's paid labor force but are generally found in the
lowest paying jobs.
C. Single-parent households headed by women are typically found only in industrialized
countries because such arrangements cannot survive in developing countries.
D. According to a detailed overview of the status of the world's women, issued by the World
Bank in 2012, the lives of girls and women have changed very little over the past quarter
century.

Bloom's: Understand
40. What percentage of adult women were in the labor force as of 2011?
A. around 85 percent
B. around 58 percent
C. around 35 percent
D. around 10 percent

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
41. What percentage of all physicians in the U.S. were women as of 2011?
A. 3 percent
B. 12 percent
C. 18 percent
D. 34 percent

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
11-14
42. Eighty-eight percent of all workers in which occupation in Great Britain are women?
A. computer programmer
B. cashier
C. nurse
D. traffic officer

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
43. What percentage of all dental assistants are women in the U.S. as of 2012?
A. 69 percent
B. 78 percent
C. 89 percent
D. 99 percent

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
44. An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work
environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is called
A. expressiveness.
B. a gender role.
C. the glass ceiling.
D. instrumentality.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
11-15
45. Women earn what percent of every dollar a man earns?

A. 95 percent
B. 90 percent
C. 85 percent
D. 80 percent

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
46. Male nurses, grade school teachers, and librarians may experience some scorn in the
larger society. Within the position, they
A. are often similarly scorned.
B. typically earn the same as women.
C. are automatically considered "better."
D. are more encouraged to become administrators.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
47. Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in
female-dominated occupations?
A. glass ceiling
B. glass escalator
C. crystal stairs
D. transparent ascension

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
11-16
48. The "second shift," which refers to the double burden borne by many women—work
outside the home followed by child care and housework—was the subject of analysis by
A. Letty Cottin Pogrebin.
B. Heidi Hartmann.
C. Susan Shaw.
D. Arlie Hochschild.

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain second shift in terms of women's employment.
Topic: Second shift
49. Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift?"
A. A woman works from 9 to 5 as a nurse and then has a second job as a waitress at a local
diner.
B. A man has a career as an accountant; when he gets home, he cleans the apartment and
makes dinner for his wife, himself, and their children.
C. A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the
apartment, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her husband.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Second shift
50. Arlie Hochschild concluded women work how much more time in a year compared to
men, due to the notion of the second shift?
A. 7 more hours
B. 7 more days
C. 2 more weeks
D. extra month of 24-hour days

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Second shift
11-17
51. The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as
A. social equality.
B. glass escalator.
C. feminism.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
52. Where was the feminist movement born in the United States?
A. Philadelphia, PA
B. Seneca Falls, NY
C. Akron, OH
D. Minneapolis, MN

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
53. Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections?
A. Tenth Amendment
B. Fourteenth Amendment
C. Nineteenth Amendment
D. Twenty-second Amendment

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
11-18
54. In what year did women win the right to vote in national elections?
A. 1865
B. 1895
C. 1920
D. 1945

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
55. When did the second wave of feminism emerge and come into full force?
A. 1950s
B. 1960s
C. 1970s
D. both the 1960s and 1970s

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
56. What percent of women considered themselves feminists in 2013?

A. 23 percent
B. 35 percent
C. 45 percent
D. 55 percent

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
11-19
57. In what year did the Supreme Court rule in favor of allowing women the right to terminate
a pregnancy?
A. 1953
B. 1963
C. 1973
D. 1983

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the concept of collective consciousness within the context of the development of feminism in the U.S.
Topic: Abortion
58. Which Supreme Court decision granted women the right to terminate pregnancies?
A. Brown v. Topeka
B. Roe v. Wade
C. Smith v. Allwright
D. Wood v. Lovett

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
59. Sixteen million abortions are performed illegally worldwide each year. This represents
what percentage of the total amount of abortions performed worldwide each year?
A. 40 percent
B. 50 percent
C. 60 percent
D. 70 percent

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
11-20
60. Which sociological perspective views the closure of clinics that would perform abortions
in rural areas another instance of an extra financial burden and possible deterrent for lower
income women to have an abortion due to the extra expense of traveling to an out-of-town
clinic as their best option?
D. feminist perspective

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Feminism
True / False Questions
61. Roller-derby girls conform to traditional gender roles within the United States.
FALSE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender roles
62. The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive
societal messages about how to behave.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender roles
11-21
63. Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender roles
64. We socially construct our behavior so that male-female differences are either created or
exaggerated.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
65. Recent research suggests that men who shave their body hair, cry in public, and have
pedicures are violating gender norms.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender roles
66. A conflict theorist would argue that men's work is uniformly valued, while women's work
(whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor) is devalued.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
11-22
67. Women are often more advantaged when working in male occupations because of the
existence of the glass ceiling.
FALSE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Labor force
68. Latin American countries generally have the strictest measures against the practice of
abortion.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Abortion
69. Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization,
work experience, and hours worked in a year reduced the pay gap between men and women
by only 3 cents.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
70. Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions.

FALSE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labor force
11-23
71. Members of Congress have successfully blocked foreign aid to countries that might use
the funds to encourage abortion.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Abortion
72. The Supreme Court approved the right to terminate a pregnancy by a narrow 5-4
majority.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Abortion
73. Children's books published since the 1970s have shown significant improvement in the
representation of females.
FALSE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Gender roles
Essay Questions
74. Explain why roller-derby girls would not fit into the traditional U.S. gender roles.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Gender roles
11-24
75. Describe the process involved in the social construction of gender roles in a society. Give
some examples to support your answer.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Gender roles
76. Define the term glass escalator, and discuss its significance regarding gender
stratification.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Labor force
77. Describe the effects of gender stratification as they relate to the issue of abortion. How do
you think the status of women has affected political debates concerning the rights of women?
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Abortion
78. Define the concept of a glass ceiling and discuss how it might apply differently to
corporations and less-corporate work structures, like that of public education.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Labor force
11-25
79. Choose two different occupations and write a detailed support for why you wouldn't want
either a man or woman performing these tasks. Remember to be honest with both yourself and
your audience. When finished, trade your piece with a classmate and start a dialogue about
why you both chose the occupations you did and whether the conversation might get you to
reconsider your original statement.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Gender roles
11-26

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Chapter 11 - Stratification by Gender

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The expectation that a woman will be nurturing is an example of

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?

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Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. Conflict theorists view gender differences as

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22. Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a micro-level

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26. Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?

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29. Which of the following statements is true?

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34. According to Muslim traditions,

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35. The hijab is

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38. Women do the majority of housework in which of the following?

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45. Women earn what percent of every dollar a man earns?

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