Test Bank For Sociology Compass For A New Social World 6th Canadian Edition by Brym Download

Test Bank for Sociology Compass for a New Social World 6th Canadian Edition by Brym
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Name: Class: Date:
CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

1. Which of the following terms refers to infants born with ambiguous genitalia?
a. hermaphrodites
b. intersex
c. conjoined
d. she-males
ANSWER: b
2. During an ultrasound, Lila is told that her baby is a girl based on the baby’s genitalia. As a result, Lila went
on a shopping spree for infant frilly dresses, dolls, and pink paint for the nursery. Which of the following do
genitalia exemplify?
a. sex
b. sexuality
c. gender identity
d. gender
ANSWER: d
3. Dr. Bains discovers that when the male embryos she has been researching in the lab failed to receive a
significant dose of testosterone at about six weeks of gestation, the genitalia fail to fuse to form a penis. If this
embryo were carried to full term, what would the resulting infant be called today?
a. female
b. hermaphrodite
c. intersex
d. bisexual
ANSWER: c
4. Which of the following constitutes a person’s sex?

a. chromosomes, hormones, and physiology
b. culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
c. sexual desires and behaviours
d. self-identification
ANSWER: a
5. Which of the following is consistent with a person’s gender?

ANSWER: b
6. Which of the following constitutes a person’s sexuality?

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Name: Class: Date:

ANSWER: c
7. Which of the following constitutes a person’s gender identity?

d. self-definition
ANSWER: d
8. According to the textbook, approximately what percent of the population is transgender?

a. 0.3
b. 1.3
c. 2.0
d. 2.3
ANSWER: a
9. Jack is playing with his friends in the backyard. His slightly younger friend Tyler brings over one of his
sister’s dolls. Jack tells him they can’t play with the doll because they are boys. What is this incident teaching
Tyler?
a. sex
b. sexuality
c. gender
d. gender role
ANSWER: d
10. Which of the following refers to cultural expectations about the ways that males and females should act?
a. gender
b. gender role
c. gender identity
d. gender assignment
ANSWER: b
11. What term is applied to the belief that sex is binary and ought to be perfectly aligned with gender, and that
appropriate sexual relations are restricted between people of the opposite sex?
a. heterosexuality
b. cisgenderism
c. heteronormativity
d. gender dysphobic
ANSWER: c

Name: Class: Date:

12. Genetically speaking, what makes a person a woman?
a. an XXY 23rd chromosome
b. an XXYY 23rd chromosome
c. an XX 23rd chromosome
d. an XY 23rd chromosome
ANSWER: c
13. Omar’s mother assumes that he will find a nice girl to settle down with and have lots of children in the
future. According to the textbook, what social assumption does this statement best reflect?
a. selective heterosexuality
b. hegemonic sexuality
c. monogamous normativity
d. heteronormativity
ANSWER: d
14. Taylor, a two-year-old, thinks of herself as a girl. Which of the following has she developed?
a. gender role
b. sex
c. gender
d. gender identity
ANSWER: d
15. When Carolina is interested in nurturing her baby dolls and playing with her Easy Bake oven, which of the
following does she conform to?
a. gender role
b. sex
c. gender
d. gender identity
ANSWER: a
16. Sara’s grandma believes that males and females are naturally suited for their complementary roles as
breadwinners and homemakers. When Sara asks her why she thinks this, grandma replies that males are innately
competitive and females are innately more nurturing. Which of the following perspectives is grandma adhering
to?
a. hegemonic sexuality
b. postmodernism
c. essentialism
d. nature versus nurture
ANSWER: c
17. Which of the following theorists would be the least likely to acknowledge that a person’s gender identity
may change during their lifetime?
Name: Class: Date:

a. a symbolic interactionist
b. a conflict theorist
c. a feminist
d. a functionalist
ANSWER: d
18. Which of the following refers to the alignment of sex, sexuality, gender, and gender roles in relations based
on the binary categories of male and female?
a. gender identity
b. sex roles
c. heterosexuality
ANSWER: d
19. Philippe is a macho guy who looks forward to settling down with a lovely woman and having children.
What concept do Philippe’s wishes exemplify?
a. gender identity
b. sex roles
d. sexuality
ANSWER: c
20. Which of the following refers to a preference for the “opposite” sex as sexual partners?
a. sexuality
b. heterosexuality
c. homosexuality
ANSWER: b
21. According to the textbook, the social function of conventional gender roles is to maintain which of the
following?
a. social solidarity
b. social tensions
c. social inequality
d. social equality
ANSWER: c
22. Which of the following is a school of thought that views gender differences as a reflection of biological
differences between women and men?
a. essentialism
b. social constructionism
c. non-heteronormativity
Name: Class: Date:

d. progressivism
ANSWER: a
23. Professor Johnson tells students in her gender psychology class that males and females are naturally suited
for their complementary roles as breadwinners and homemakers, because males are innately more competitive,
while females are innately more nurturing. Which of the following perspectives is Professor Johnson following?
a. essentialism
b. social constructionism
c. symbolic interactionism
d. postmodernism
ANSWER: a
24. Which of the following statements is consistent with the essentialist position with regard to gender?
a. Gender is socially imposed.
b. Gender creates conflict between the sexes.
c. Gender develops naturally, based on biological differences.
d. Gender is a social construction created to support capitalism.
ANSWER: c
25. According to an evolutionary psychology or sociobiology perspective, why would women be more invested
in ensuring the survival of their children than men would be?
a. because women are biologically incapable of being egocentric
b. because when a woman gets pregnant, a part of her brain that ensures altruism is activated
c. because most women can only have around 20 children, while men can have many more
d. because women have a gene that triggers nurturing behaviour as soon as a pregnancy occurs
ANSWER: c
26. Jimmy is at the pub after a fight with his wife. He tells anyone who will listen that he thinks it is ridiculous
that his wife would work outside the home. He believes it would be damaging for their children to see her
working outside her proper role as a homemaker. Which of the following perspectives is Jimmy’s reasoning
consistent with?
a. conflict theory
b. functionalism
c. feminism
d. symbolic interactionism
ANSWER: b
27. Which of the following theories can best explain variations in gender ideologies through history?
a. social constructionism
b. evolutionary psychology
c. sociobiology
d. essentialism
Name: Class: Date:

ANSWER: a
28. According to essentialists, what is the common cause for female greed and male promiscuity?
a. capitalism
b. division of labour
c. social stability
d. reproductive advantage
ANSWER: d
29. According to functionalists, which of the following is necessary for the proper functioning of society with
regard to gender?
a. That people allow their innate masculine and feminine tendencies to flourish.
b. That children be taught explicitly who should do what in the home.
c. That religions instill in people lessons about appropriate sexual choices.
d. To instill fear in people that they will be unattractive as mates if they stray from conventional gender
socialization.
ANSWER: d
30. Ellen is the CEO for a large multinational advertising firm. Most of her employees consider her highly
competitive and aggressive. She is married and has a child. Her husband, a musician, stays at home with the
child. What does the existence of this couple suggest?
a. Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct.
b. Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are incorrect.
c. Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates a
genetic mutation.
d. Essentialist arguments for innate gender differences are correct, but this couple demonstrates how
culture can overpower biology in a rare cases.
ANSWER: b
31. Which of the following is a criticism of essentialism?

a. Gender is historically and cross-culturally variable.
b. Essentialists pay too much attention to within-group variability.
c. DNA sequencing has uncovered genes that are linked to differing traits in males and females.
d. The role of power in explaining gender differences is central to essentialism.
ANSWER: a
32. Which of the following data about student scores on a math test could you use to criticize the essentialist
tendency to generalize from the average?
a. men’s average is 67% and women’s average is 72%
b. women’s average is 67% and men’s average is 72%
c. the lowest woman’s score is 36% and the lowest man’s score is 35%
d. women’s scores range from 36% to 92%, men’s scores range from 35% to 98%

Name: Class: Date:

ANSWER: d
33. Megan believes that the subordination of women developed alongside industrial capitalism, when men
acquired increasing wealth and property and required a system of inheritance. Since men can never be sure of
the parentage of their children in the same way women can, they developed a way to control women. Which
theory is Megan’s opinion consistent with?
a. feminism
b. essentialism
c. social constructionism
d. conflict theory
ANSWER: d
34. Jane is a wife of a well-off farmer in seventeenth-century England. Elizabeth is a wife of a rich industrialist
in nineteenth-century England. Which of them would Engels expect to experience higher levels of gender
inequality?
a. Jane, because she lives in a more traditional society
b. Elizabeth, because she lives in a more unequal society
c. Jane, because she lives in a more religious society
d. Elizabeth, because she lives in a more competitive society
ANSWER: b
35. Jane is a wife of a well-off farmer in seventeenth-century England. Elizabeth is a wife of a rich industrialist
in nineteenth-century England. Which of them would feminists expect to experience higher levels of gender
inequality?
a. Jane, because she lives in a more traditional society
b. Elizabeth, because she lives in a more unequal society
c. Jane, because she lives in a more patriarchal society
d. Elizabeth, because she lives in a more competitive society
ANSWER: c
36. According to the textbook, which of the following theories can be viewed as expressions of male power and
privilege?
a. sociobiology, social constructionism, and conflict theory
b. essentialism, Marxism, and feminism
c. evolutionary psychology, functionalism, and sociobiology
d. social constructionism, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism
ANSWER: c
37. According to the textbook, which of the following groups of children is exposed to a model of body shape
that is the most unlikely to achieve?
a. Africans
b. Asians
c. boys
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d. girls
ANSWER: d
38. Brittany is a seven-year-old girl. If she has been socialized conventionally, which of the following toys will
she select when she goes to after-school care?
a. the GI Joe doll
b. the Barbie doll
c. a dinosaur puzzle
d. a book about cars
ANSWER: b
39. According to the research on gender socialization, which of the following may cause Dustin to avoid
playing with the Easy Bake Oven at preschool?
a. an innate lack of interest in things associated with femininity
b. the fact that blocks are more creative toys to play with
c. the idea that his father might see and disapprove
d. the fact that Barbie dolls are much more fun to play with
ANSWER: c
40. Danielle has a three-year-old daughter and refuses to buy her a Barbie doll. She has also forbidden any of
her friends and relatives from doing this. Danielle’s childrearing practices can likely be attributed to a belief in
which of the following theories?
a. evolutionary psychology
b. sociobiology
c. social constructionism
d. essentialism
ANSWER: c
41. According to Talcott Parsons, gender forms a complementary set of roles that link men and women into
family units. Socialization teaches boys which types of roles?
a. cooperative
b. instrumental
c. aggressive
d. expressive
ANSWER: b
42. Anna and Mitch have a daughter. They encourage her to play cooperatively with other children in role-
playing games, but they do not allow any kind of competitive, noisy, or rowdy play. Which of the following is a
likely consequence of their parenting style?
a. The daughter will have heightened aggression.
b. The daughter will have heightened physical and spatial abilities.
c. The daughter will have heightened cognitive skills.

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d. The daughter will have heightened verbal and emotional skills.
ANSWER: d
43. According to Talcott Parsons, gender forms a complementary set of roles that link men and women into
family units. Socialization teaches girls which type of roles?
a. aggressive
b. instrumental
c. expressive
d. competitive
ANSWER: c
44. Based on research discussed in the textbook, in which of the following situations are boys and girls most
likely to play together without regard to gender?
a. in role-playing games
b. in the schoolyard
c. in sexually charged “chase” games
d. in sports
ANSWER: d
45. Ten-year-old Melinda is a skilled lacrosse player. All other lacrosse players in her neighbourhood are boys.
When she asks to play what is likely to be the outcome, based on the research discussed in the textbook?
a. They will mock her and say no.
b. They will mock her but say yes.
c. They will feel threatened, say no, and try to beat her up.
d. They will accept her because of her skills and be unconcerned that she is a girl.
ANSWER: d
46. In which of the following situations would boys and girls from the same class be most likely to participate
together without strain?
a. preparation and recording of the class radio show
b. a spelling contest where students choose their own teams
c. a match between the girls’ and boys’ soccer teams
d. unorganized play in the school yard
ANSWER: a
47. Cara and her husband Mark believe strongly that women should stay at home and care for children,
cooking, cleaning, and laundry, while men should go out and earn the household money, fix the car, and
represent the family in public. Which of the following do these beliefs reflect?
a. gender identity
b. gender ideology
c. gender role models
d. gender normativity
Name: Class: Date:

ANSWER: b
48. Which of the following refers to a set of interrelated ideas about the appropriate masculine and feminine
roles and behaviours?
a. gender identity
b. gender role models
c. gender ideology
d. essentialism
ANSWER: c
49. The percentage of women engineering students in Canada has decreased since the 1970s. Women licensed
engineers in Canada are more likely to be immigrants than Canadian-born. Which of the following would
explain why so few women in Canada are educated as engineers?
a. gender ideology
b. gender identity
c. insufficient encouragement
d. inadequate educational opportunities
ANSWER: a
50. According to the textbook, which of the following is likely to describe a female lead character in a film or a
TV show?
a. sexy, unemployed, and younger than her partner
b. intellectual, career-minded, and older than her partner
c. lesbian, unemployed, and older than her partner
d. heterosexual, career-minded, and younger than her partner
ANSWER: a
51. Which of the following best illustrates pornification of culture?

a. thin female and muscular male models in advertisements
b. wide availability of stripper pole exercise classes
c. increasingly unrealistic body shapes of models
d. availability of pornography on the internet
ANSWER: b
52. According to the textbook, what is the main problem with pornification of culture?
a. presence of sexuality in the mass media
b. presence of sexual violence in the mass media
c. portraying female sexuality in a demeaning way
d. portraying male sexuality in a demeaning way
ANSWER: c
53. Which of the following does the TV series Toddlers & Tiaras illustrate?
Name: Class: Date:

a. sexualization
b. pornification
d. essentialism
ANSWER: a
54. What do one-quarter of North American women and one-sixth of North American men say they would
willingly trade in exchange for achieving their body weight goals?
a. their careers
b. most of their possessions
c. several years of their lives
d. relationships with their intimate partners
ANSWER: c
55. How does the textbook explain cultural acceptance of an unrealistically thin body image?
a. increasing awareness of healthy living
b. feminist revolt against frequent child-bearing
c. widespread male preference for thin women
d. interests of fitness, dieting, and cosmetic surgery industries
ANSWER: d
56. Every time Heidi looks in the mirror she sees increasing levels of fat on her body, even though she eats only
a few frozen grapes and lettuce leaves, and works out at the gym for three to four hours each day. What
condition does Heidi have?
a. bipolar disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. bulimia
d. anorexia nervosa
ANSWER: d
57. Every time Monica eats, she worries that she will gain weight. However, she loves food, so her solution is
to eat everything and then make herself vomit afterwards. What condition does have?
a. bipolar disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. bulimia
d. anorexia nervosa
ANSWER: c
58. Women around the world were asked about their satisfaction with their own body. According to the
textbook, who exhibited the highest scores on body dissatisfaction?
a. Southeast Asian women
b. Scandinavian women
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c. North American women
d. Eastern European women
ANSWER: c
59. Shelley is a senior manager in government. Her team of employees appreciates her as a boss because, even
when she does a great deal of the work, she shares the credit with her team. She and her team are therefore
shocked when Shelley is bypassed for a promotion and the much-less-competent male manager gets it.
According to Deborah Tannen’s research, the fault lies with Shelley saying “we did it” instead of “I did it.”
What effect does Shelley’s behaviour usually have?
a. It makes workers more productive and no one wants to see that changed.
b. It camouflages Shelley’s considerable accomplishments.
c. It establishes team spirit, a valuable asset in short supply.
d. It makes Shelley seem weak and frivolous.
ANSWER: b
60. Kazia has worked as a junior manager for 15 years. She has watched several men younger than her get
promoted over the years, despite her superior performance evaluations. What is Kazia likely experiencing?
a. the mommy track
b. the gender barrier
c. the glass ceiling
d. gender stereotyping
ANSWER: c
61. Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the glass ceiling?
a. gender discrimination
b. gender differences in education
c. gender interaction styles
d. gendered commitment to family responsibilities
ANSWER: b
62. Which of the following refers to the form of segregation that prevents women from reaching the top of the
corporate ladder?
a. glass ceiling
b. gender barrier
c. mommy track
d. gender stereotyping
ANSWER: a
63. Which theorist argued that homosexuality is a relatively recent invention?

a. Talcott Parsons
b. Michel Foucault
c. Deborah Tannen
Name: Class: Date:

d. Barrie Thorne
ANSWER: b
64. Faron does not identify with any gender and refuses to tell people anything. No gender is indicated by
Faron’s clothing, behaviour, or voice. Which of the following terms best describes Faron?
a. transsexual
b. transcultural
c. transvestite
d. transgender
ANSWER: d
65. Which of the following refers to people who wish to alter their bodies, through surgery and hormone
therapy, to live life fully as members of the “opposite” sex?
a. transsexuals
b. transgender people
c. transvestites
d. transculturals
ANSWER: a
66. During a class discussion, Rivka argues that gender is the most important organizing principle of social
relations. Which of the following theories does her argument follow?
a. feminism
b. queer theory
c. essentialism
d. transgender theory
ANSWER: a
67. During a class discussion, Anat argues that most social inequality could be resolved if the society accepted
that there were multiple sexualities that may change during a person’s lifetime. Which of the following theories
does her argument follow?
a. feminism
b. queer theory
c. essentialism
d. transgender theory
ANSWER: b
68. What would Foucault say about the view that homosexual men are effeminate?
a. It was true in Ancient Greece, but it is now outdated.
b. It is incorrect, because some homosexuals are masculine.
c. It is incorrect.
d. It is a nineteenth-century idea.
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
69. Queer theory treats sexuality as feminism treats which of the following?
a. inequality
b. hierarchy
c. gender
d. conflict
ANSWER: c
70. Toni was born biologically male and has changed his body shape through surgery and hormonal treatment,
although he retains male genitalia. Which of the following categories fits Toni the best?
a. gender fluid
b. transgender
c. homosexual
d. heterosexual
ANSWER: b
71. Which of the following distinguishes transsexuals from transgender people?

a. belief that sex is binary
b. belief that sexuality is fluid
c. belief that patriarchy is a thing of the past
d. belief that matriarchy is the hope for the future
ANSWER: a
72. Which of the following refers to people who believe they were born into the wrong body and wish to
change that?
a. transsexuals
b. transgender people
c. transvestites
d. transculturals
ANSWER: a
73. Which of the following terms refers to the approximately 1 in 30 000 people in North America who identify
with a sex they were not born into and desire to live as another sex?
a. transsexuals
b. transgender
c. transvestites
d. transculturals
ANSWER: a
74. Ross has always believed that she was really a female locked inside a male’s body. She has finally saved up
the money for sex reassignment surgery and estrogen shots, and is looking forward to living as Rose. Which of
the following terms is used to refer to Ross/Rose and others like her?
Name: Class: Date:

a. transvestites
b. transculturals
c. transsexuals
d. transgenders
ANSWER: c
75. Some people dress in clothing generally deemed appropriate for people of the other sex. Which of the
following terms refers to this behaviour?
a. cross-dressing
b. cross-clothing
c. trans-dressing
d. trans-clothing
ANSWER: a
76. Lisa has always been romantically attracted to girls and women, and she entered into her first relationship
with a woman while in college. What is Lisa’s sexual orientation?
a. gay
b. lesbian
c. bisexual
d. asexual
ANSWER: b
77. Gerald has always been romantically attracted to boys and men, and he had his first sexual encounter with a
man while at band camp. What is Gerald’s sexual orientation?
a. gay
b. lesbian
c. bisexual
d. asexual
ANSWER: a
78. Charlie is not interested in sexual relations. He avoids both cruising bars with his friends and his mother’s
attempts to introduce him to a “nice girl.” Which of the following best describes Charlie?
a. transsexual
b. autosexual
c. bisexual
d. asexual
ANSWER: d
79. Which of the following refers to people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of the
same sex?
a. heterosexuals
b. homosexuals
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c. bisexuals
d. pansexuals
ANSWER: b
80. Which of the following refers to people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of both
sexes?
a. heterosexuals
b. homosexuals
c. bisexuals
d. transsexuals
ANSWER: c
81. Ruby has always felt attracted to both men and women. At various times in her life she has had
relationships with each. What is Ruby’s sexual orientation?
a. heterosexual
b. homosexual
c. asexual
d. bisexual
ANSWER: d
82. Fewer than 2 percent of Canadians identify as homosexual. However, 35 percent of female undergraduates
and 18 percent of male undergraduates admitted having same-sex activity or desire. What does this discrepancy
suggest?
a. A large number of people lie to researchers.
b. A large number of people are in denial about their sexual orientation.
c. The relationship among identity, behaviour, and desires is not simple.
d. Many people temporarily engage in “bisexual chic” while at university.
ANSWER: c
83. In which of the following times and places was homosexuality most likely to be accepted?
a. ancient Persia
b. medieval Britain
c. North American Aboriginal society
d. Québec before the Quiet Revolution
ANSWER: c
84. With regard to sexual orientation, what are sociologists most interested in?
a. how it is socially constructed, expressed, or repressed
b. the various lifestyle choices of those who practise each orientation
c. the ways that it is understood by various religions worldwide
d. the debate about its causes
ANSWER: a
Name: Class: Date:
85. Jason firmly believes that homosexuals choose their sexual orientation. Based on research, which of the
following most likely describes Jason’s attitude?
a. He is likely to be more tolerant of homosexuals.
b. He is likely to be less tolerant of homosexuals.
c. He is likely to explore his own homosexual desires.
d. He is likely to be even less tolerant of bisexuals than of homosexuals.
ANSWER: b
86. Which of the following contributed the most to growing acceptance of sexual diversity in twentieth-century
North America?
a. sexologists and civil rights advocates
b. feminists and civil rights advocates
c. sexologists and sexual minorities
d. feminists and sexual minorities
ANSWER: c
87. What percentage of Canadians today support wide social acceptance of homosexuality?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
ANSWER: d
88. Which of the following refers to the irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals?
a. homophobia
b. gay bashing
c. heterophobia
d. homonormativity
ANSWER: a
89. Some research suggests that some violent crimes against homosexuals could result from repressed
homosexual urges on the part of the aggressors. While this psychological explanation may account for some of
this violence, why is it not an adequate explanation?
a. Violence against homosexuals is based on pathological reasoning.
b. Violence against homosexuals is spontaneous.
c. Violence against homosexuals is encouraged by all major social institutions.
d. Violent sentiments against homosexuals are widespread and variously motivated.
ANSWER: d
90. According to the textbook, how many countries have laws against homosexuality?
a. fewer than 20
Name: Class: Date:

b. between 35 and 45
c. approximately 60
d. nearly 80
ANSWER: d
91. Where are the most gender-egalitarian states in the world today?
a. in Asia
b. in Europe
c. in North America
d. in Australia and Oceania
ANSWER: b
92. Which of the following is used to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index?
a. rates of domestic violence
b. domestic division of labour
c. women’s ownership of capital
d. women’s political influence
ANSWER: d
93. Which of the following is a measure of the comparison between women’s and men’s health, labour force
participation, and political power?
a. the Global Inequality Indicator
b. the Global Gender Gap Index
c. the Gender Disparity Measure
d. the International Equality Index
ANSWER: b
94. Hanne lives in one of the world’s most gender-equal nations. In which of the following countries does she
most likely live?
a. Canada
b. Norway
c. United States
d. Japan
ANSWER: b
95. What was the relative gender equality found in foraging societies based on?
a. women doing the same tasks as men
b. men doing more childrearing tasks than women
c. women being more likely to hold positions as tribal leaders and healers
d. women producing up to 80 percent of the band’s food
ANSWER: d

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96. Approximately how long has substantial gender inequality existed?
a. 500 years
b. 2500 years
c. 6000 years
d. throughout human history
ANSWER: c
97. Which of the following are major socio-historical processes contributing to the growth of gender inequality?
a. separation of public and private spheres, plow agriculture, and long-distance warfare and conquest
b. nomadic foraging, merging of public and private spheres, and the development of horticulture
c. merging of public and private spheres, inter-tribal raiding, and pastoralism
d. industrialization, technological warfare, and the merging of public and private spheres
ANSWER: a
98. Which of the following theorists of gender would be most likely to support the nineteenth-century idea that
women are naturally domestic?
a. a social constructionist
b. an essentialist
c. a feminist
d. a queer theorist
ANSWER: b
99. According to the textbook, during which decade did significant dissent appear in the women’s movement?
a. 1920s
b. 1940s
c. 1960s
d. 1990s
ANSWER: d
100. Shulamith believes that women’s inequality stems from the actions of men, their violence, and control over
politics and the economy. She believes that the only way to defeat patriarchy is for women to stop reproducing
or having relationships with men, as even the best intentioned men reproduce the harmful dynamics of
patriarchy. Which theory is Shulamith’s position consistent with?
a. liberal feminism
b. radical feminism
c. Marxist feminism
d. postmodernist feminism
ANSWER: b
101. Most young Canadians have been brought up in a culture influenced by which of the following streams of
feminism?
a. liberal feminism
Name: Class: Date:

b. radical feminism
c. Marxist feminism
d. postmodernist feminism
ANSWER: a
102. In 1967, the Canadian gender gap in earnings was first reported. What has happened to it since then?
a. The gap has not decreased at all.
b. The gap has decreased by approximately 12 percent.
c. The gap has decreased by approximately 50 percent.
d. The gap has been virtually eliminated.
ANSWER: b
103. In a class discussion, Inger states that equality before the law, employment equity, and similar policies
benefit mostly middle-class women. Which stream of feminism does Inger likely support?
a. liberal feminism
b. radical feminism
c. socialist feminism
d. postfeminism
ANSWER: c
104. Which of the following goals defines radical feminism?

a. right to use “girl power”
b. right to control one’s sexuality
c. right to equal education and pay
d. right to vote
ANSWER: b
105. In a class discussion, Mariam advocates censorship of all pornography. Which stream of feminism does
Mariam likely support?
a. radical feminism
b. liberal feminism
c. socialist feminism
d. postfeminism
ANSWER: a
106. The 1960s feminists believed that a woman who chose to be a homemaker betrayed the interests of all
women. Which of the following strands in the women’s movements is most likely to be critical of this belief?
a. liberal feminism
b. socialist feminism
c. radical feminism
d. postfeminism
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
107. Bettina works at a coffee shop along with several other young men and women. She knows the men make
$2.00 per hour more than any of the women and that the manager allows the men to take longer breaks. The
men never have to do any of the closing-shift janitorial duties. What sociological term refers to what Bettina
and the other women at the coffee shop experience?
a. employment inequity
b. gender discrimination
c. gender gap
d. the glass ceiling
ANSWER: b
108. In which of the following types of occupations are earnings of Canadian women closest to those of men?
a. management
b. health
c. sales and service
d. art, culture, recreation, and sport
ANSWER: d
109. Bruce works in construction with several other men while his wife Charlene works as a nurse, mainly with
other women. Their situation reflects a pattern common across Canada. Which of the following refers to this
pattern?
a. gender discrimination
b. the glass ceiling
c. occupational sex segregation
d. gender gap
ANSWER: c
110. How does the textbook explain occupational sex segregation in Canada?
a. by women’s choice of programs of study
b. by women’s choice to interrupt their careers for childbearing
c. by undervaluation of women’s skills
d. by gender discrimination in hiring
ANSWER: a
111. Which of the following impedes women from earnings equal to those of men in the labour force?
a. children and housework
b. education and training
c. experience and attitude
d. knowledge and skills
ANSWER: a
112. Why do female child-care workers earn less money than male general office machine technicians?

Name: Class: Date:

a. because child-care work takes less skill
b. because child-care work requires less training
c. because female jobs are valued less than male jobs
d. because technical jobs are harder work than child-care jobs
ANSWER: c
113. In Russia, medicine is a female-dominated occupation. If the Russian situation were to spread to Canada,
which of the following should you expect to happen to medical professionals’ pay?
a. It will be lower than in occupations where there are more men.
b. It will be the same as occupations that are male dominated.
c. It will be higher than in other occupations, because medicine is highly valued everywhere.
d. It will not matter which sex does the job, because pay is linked to the occupation itself.
ANSWER: a
114. According to the textbook, which of the following explains why women have earned less than men?
a. Skills in female-dominated jobs are undervalued.
b. Unions have traditionally ignored women’s interests.
c. Women are excluded from networks that determine salaries.
d. Women often engage in self-defeating workplace behaviours.
ANSWER: a
115. Which of the following does the textbook propose in order to eliminate gender gap in earnings?
a. higher union membership among women
b. higher political participation among women
c. high quality, affordable child care
d. high quality, affordable education
ANSWER: c
116. Even though Eva does a completely different job than her brother Ivan at the processing plant, their wages
are the same because they are based on the similar levels of skill, training, and responsibility in each of their
jobs. Which of the following refers to this situation?
a. gender equality
b. employment equity
c. affirmative employment action
d. equal pay for work of equal value
ANSWER: d
117. What percentage of Canadian preschoolers can be accommodated by the available regulated daycare
spaces?
a. 25%
b. 45%
c. 65%
Name: Class: Date:

d. 85%
ANSWER: a
118. Which of the following is a barrier to women’s full-time, full-year employment?

a. the presence of a double standard
b. the presence of sexual harassment
c. the lack of affordable child care
d. the lack of equal pay for equal work
ANSWER: c
119. Which Canadian province has proven that availability of daycare increases labour force participation of
women?
a. British Columbia
b. Alberta
c. Ontario
d. Québec
ANSWER: d
120. What legal principle guides pay of both men and women in Canada?
a. equal pay for equal work
b. equal pay for equal work stress
c. equal pay for work of equal value
d. equal pay for work of equal importance
ANSWER: c
121. Jocelyne is a personal assistant to the CEO of a large Canadian bank. Her company completes an equal-
pay study and Jocelyne receives a raise. What is the most likely reason for this?
a. Her work is highly stressful.
b. Her work is unhealthy.
c. She needs higher pay to support her children.
d. She needs higher pay to continue her education.
ANSWER: a
122. At her new job, Maryanne is invited out to a working lunch by her boss and told that if she flatters and
flirts with the clients he brings in, she will quickly advance in the company. What is this situation known as?
a. harassment
b. sexual harassment
c. quid pro quo sexual harassment
d. hostile environment sexual harassment
ANSWER: c
123. Which of the following refers to a type of sexual harassment involving sexual threats or bribery as a
Name: Class: Date:

condition of employment decisions?
a. workplace assault
b. sexual assault
ANSWER: c
124. Which of the following refers to a type of sexual harassment involving sexual jokes, comments, and
touching that interferes with work?
a. workplace assault
b. sexual assault
ANSWER: d
125. Linda is a firefighter working in a fire house where all the other firefighters are male. She puts up with
sexual innuendos, derogatory comments about her abilities as firefighter, and “practical jokes” like having the
hot water turned off every time she showers. What is Linda experiencing in her workplace?
a. sexual assault
b. workplace assault
ANSWER: d
126. According to the textbook, what do all forms of sexual assault involve?
a. quid pro quo harassment
b. domination and humiliation
c. strong sexual urges
d. psychological disorders
ANSWER: b
127. Why does rape occur on a wide scale during war?

a. because male soldiers are away from home and need to have no access to consenting sexual partners
b. because male soldiers miss their wives and girlfriends, and want to be close to someone
c. because male soldiers use rape as a method of humiliating their enemies
d. because male soldiers are unaware that what they are doing is rape, since military training teaches
that aggression is normal
ANSWER: c
128. Which of the following aspects of male gender role socialization is the most likely to contribute to the
sexual assault of women?
a. dominance, control, and aggression
Name: Class: Date:

b. independence, competition, and courage
c. rationality, honour, and expressiveness
d. power, loyalty, and gallantry
ANSWER: a
129. Which of the following refers to normalizing, excusing, and condoning rape?
a. rape culture
b. rape institutionalization
c. culture of aggression
d. culture of sexual harassment
ANSWER: a
130. What percentage of police-reported violent crime in Canada involves spousal violence?
a. 6%
b. 26%
c. 46%
d. 66%
ANSWER: b
131. Which of the following forms of spousal violence is equally likely to be committed by a man or a woman?
a. intimate terrorism
b. violent resistance
c. common couple violence
d. cohabiting violence
ANSWER: c
132. Given the known connection between gender equality and gender violence, in which of the following
countries is the rate of spousal violence likely to be the highest?
a. the United States
b. Norway
c. Canada
d. Yemen
ANSWER: d
133. A person born with ambiguous genitals, because of a hormone imbalance in the womb or some other
cause, is known as intersex.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
134. Social constructionists argue that gender is the product of biological properties and not the product of
social structure and culture.
Name: Class: Date:

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
135. The position that views gender as created by social structure and culture is known as social
constructionism.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
136. According to Talcott Parsons, instrumental traits make up the essence of femininity for girls and
expressive traits make up the essence of masculinity for boys.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
137. Many men are less aggressive than the average woman.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
138. Social constructionism explains apparently natural social phenomena such as gender differences.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
139. Social constructionists’ explanations for gender differences ignore the role of power.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
140. According to the textbook, Barbie and Ken are models of gender equality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
141. By the time adolescents enter high school, they have a well-formed gender ideology.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
142. The mass media have very little influence on the ideal body image people, particularly women, adopt.
a. True
b. False
Name: Class: Date:

ANSWER: False
143. Women get passed over for promotion to upper management because, according to Deborah Tannen, they
appear too accommodating and indecisive at work.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
144. According to Foucault, it was impossible for men involved in same-sex relationships in Ancient Greece to
“come out of the closet.”
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
145. According to queer theory, sexuality is an essential characteristic of an individual.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
146. According to some recent studies, some women will engage in same-sex activities just to turn on watching
men.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
147. “Transsexuals” are those who commit physical violence against homosexuals.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
148. Heteronormativity includes suppression of both homosexuality and lesbianism.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
149. Historically, men have always enjoyed more power and authority than women.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
150. Long-distance warfare and conquest is one of the historical conditions responsible for gender inequality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Name: Class: Date:

151. “Girl power” and radical feminism are incompatible.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
152. Freedom to choose programs of study in high school contributes to gender gap in pay.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
153. Men are more likely to commit acts of aggression against women, because men are more physically
powerful than women.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
154. Female managers are less likely to be victims of sexual harassment than female temporary workers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
155. Male aggression against women and gender inequality are separate issues.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
156. High-quality, government-subsidized, affordable child care is widely available in Canada today.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
157. Define sex and gender.

ANSWER: Responses will vary.
158. Define heteronormativity. Illustrate your answer with examples.

159. Would you expect a functionalist to support or oppose heteronormativity? Why?

160. Define essentialism and give examples of it.

161. Summarize the messages that Barbie and G.I. Joe, respectively, relay to children who play with them.
Name: Class: Date:
162. Define gender ideology and give examples of it.

163. What influence do adults have on gender boundary crossing among children?
164. Explain the influence that a Canadian father typically has on his child’s gender socialization.
165. Summarize the most important difference between the ways women and men are portrayed in the mass
media.
166. Define the term “pornified” and give an example.

167. Describe the impacts of long-distance warfare and conquest on gender relations.
168. Explain what the glass ceiling is.

169. Compare the terms transgender and transsexual.

170. Is homosexuality a matter of choice? Explain your answer.

171. Summarize what is known about causes of heterosexuality and homosexuality.

172. Summarize the most important differences between socialist and radical feminism.
173. Explain what the earnings gap is. How has it changed in Canada since the 1960s?
174. Define the two types of sexual harassment. Give one example of each.
175. “Sexual assault is not about sexual gratification at all.” Explain this statement.
176. What is “intimate terrorism” and who is most likely to commit it?
Name: Class: Date:
177. According to social constructionists, what are the three main sociohistorical changes that led to the
development of gender inequality?
178. Compare essentialism and social constructionism. Which position is supported by sociological research
and how?
179. Define essentialism and outline the main sociological criticisms of it. Which side do you take in this debate
and why?
180. What can be learned about gender socialization by analyzing Barbie dolls and other toys?
181. List and discuss the four main factors that contribute to the gender gap in earnings.
182. How does gender ideology shape gender identity? Illustrate your answer using your own experience.
183. Why do many parents socialize their sons and daughters differently? What are the social consequences of
these patterns for the children later in their lives?
184. You have been hired by a local school board as a consultant to help decrease the level of gender self-
segregation in schools. What research findings can you use to formulate your recommendations?
185. Discuss some of the ways in which children creatively interpret, negotiate, and resist conventional gender
roles.
186. Sociologists are increasingly interested in the “sociology of the body.” From the standpoint of gender, is
this interest justified? Why or why not?
187. Discuss the influence of mass media on gender ideology.

188. How do women and men interact in the workplace? What consequences does this interaction have for
each?
189. Define heteronormativity and the main variations in sexuality that challenge it. Illustrate your answer with
Test Bank for Sociology Compass for a New Social World 6th Canadian Edition by Brym
Name: Class: Date:

examples.
190. How significant is heteronormativity in contemporary Canadian society? Illustrate your answer with
examples.
191. Describe the main strains in the feminist movement. What are their respective goals and have they been
successful in achieving them?
192. According to the textbook, what should be done to eliminate gender gap in earnings in Canada? What
public policies would you suggest as most effective to achieve this goal?
193. How is male aggression against women related to the gender distribution of power?
194. What is the sociological explanation for sexual assault? What can be done to eliminate it?
195. Are sexual assault and spousal violence better explained as individual problems or as social problems?
Why?
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CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

4. Which of the following constitutes a person’s sex?

5. Which of the following is consistent with a person’s gender?

6. Which of the following constitutes a person’s sexuality?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

7. Which of the following constitutes a person’s gender identity?

8. According to the textbook, approximately what percent of the population is transgender?

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CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

31. Which of the following is a criticism of essentialism?

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CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

51. Which of the following best illustrates pornification of culture?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

63. Which theorist argued that homosexuality is a relatively recent invention?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

71. Which of the following distinguishes transsexuals from transgender people?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

104. Which of the following goals defines radical feminism?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

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CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

118. Which of the following is a barrier to women’s full-time, full-year employment?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

127. Why does rape occur on a wide scale during war?

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

145. According to queer theory, sexuality is an essential characteristic of an individual.

148. Heteronormativity includes suppression of both homosexuality and lesbianism.

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

157. Define sex and gender.

158. Define heteronormativity. Illustrate your answer with examples.

159. Would you expect a functionalist to support or oppose heteronormativity? Why?

160. Define essentialism and give examples of it.

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION

162. Define gender ideology and give examples of it.

166. Define the term “pornified” and give an example.

168. Explain what the glass ceiling is.

169. Compare the terms transgender and transsexual.

170. Is homosexuality a matter of choice? Explain your answer.

171. Summarize what is known about causes of heterosexuality and homosexuality.

CHAPTER 11 - SEXUALITIES AND GENDER STRATIFICATION