Test Bank for Sociology for the Twenty-First Century, 5th Edition: Curry

Test Bank for Sociology for the Twenty-First Century,

5th Edition: Curry

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 CHAPTER 7
INEQUALITIES OF SOCIAL CLASS

SHORT ANSWER

1. __________ The poverty of people who cannot afford some minimum of food, clothing,
shelter, and other necessities regardless of how they compare with other people.
Answer: absolute poverty (p. 189)

2. __________ A fixed arrangement of strata from the most to the least privileged, with a
person’s position determined unalterably at birth.
Answer: caste system (p. 172)

3. __________ An awareness by members of a social class that it is being oppressed and

that membership in the class dooms everyone to the same fate.
Answer: class consciousness (p. 187)

4. __________ The similarity among the characteristics that define class strata.
Answer: class consistency (p. 174)

5. __________ A system in which social standing is determined by factors over which

people can exert some control, such as their educational attainment, their income, and
their work experience.
Answer: class system (p. 174)

6. __________ The set of norms and values that helps the poor to adapt to their situation.
Answer: culture of poverty (p. 190)

7. __________ The honor that accrues to the individual filling a position in a social system.
Answer: esteem (p. 177)

8. __________ A class’s acceptance of an ideology that is contrary to the best interest’s of

that class.
Answer: false consciousness (p. 187)

9. __________ The pattern of beliefs that legitimizes or justifies a particular societal

arrangement.
Answer: ideology (p. 185)

10. __________ The possibility that an individual can change her or his position in the
stratification system.
Answer: individual social mobility (p. 185)

11. __________ Upward and downward movements in socioeconomic status measured by

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 the standing of children compared with that of their parents.
Answer: intergenerational mobility (p. 184)

12. __________ An occupation into which women are segregated characterized by relatively
low pay and low prestige.
Answer : pink-collar occupation (p. 177)

13. __________ The honor associated with an occupation or other position in a social
system.
Answer: prestige (p. 177)

14. __________ Poverty determined only by comparison to others.

Answer: relative poverty (p. 189)

15. __________ The arrangement of society into a series of layers or strata on the basis of an
unequal distribution of societal resources, prestige, or power, such that the stratum at the
top has the most resources.
Answer: social stratification (p. 172)

16. __________ A person’s ranking along several social dimensions, particularly education,
occupational prestige, and income.
Answer: socioeconomic status (p. 176)

17. __________ The movement of entire categories of people due to changes in society
itself.
Answer: structural mobility (p. 185)

18. __________ People who live predominantly in the inner city and who are trapped in a
cycle of joblessness, deviance, crime, welfare dependency, and unstable family life.
Answer: truly disadvantaged (p. 190)

19. __________ Societies that usually have a small, elite upper class dominating a mass of
peasant laborers.
Answer: agrarian (p. 172)

20. __________ Societies that usually have three main strata: a small upper class, a large
middle class, and a substantial lower class.
Answer: industrial (p. 172)

21. __________ Societies that have little in the way of social stratification.
Answer: hunting and gathering (p. 172)

22. __________ and __________ Two practices in India that serve to reinforce caste
boundaries.
Answer: ritual pollution and ritual avoidance (p. 173)

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23. __________ Basis of the caste system imposed on African society by European imperial
powers.
Answer: skin color (p. 173)

24. __________, __________, and __________ Three important determinants of

socioeconomic status in the U.S.
Answer: education, wealth, and occupational prestige (pp. 174)

25. __________ Top-rated occupation in the United States according to prestige.

Answer: physician (p. 178, table 7.1)

26. __________ Method of ranking individuals into social classes on the basis of measures
such as education, income, and occupational prestige.
Answer: objective (p. 177)

27. __________ and __________ In addition to social class, two important bases of other
forms of social stratification in the United States.
Answer: race and gender (p. 177)

28. __________ According to Thorstein Veblen, spending on things that served no useful
purpose as a way to enhance social status.
Answer: conspicuous consumption (p. 179, critical thinking box)

29. __________ Marxian term for the working class, who own only their own labor.
Answer: proletariat (p. 192)

30. __________ Theory that argues that groups tend to stratify once their needs are satisfied
and a surplus exists.
Answer: distributive systems theory (p. 194)

TRUE/FALSE

31. The poverty of people who cannot afford some minimum of food, clothing, shelter, and
other necessities, regardless of how they compare with other people, is called absolute
poverty.
Answer: T (p. 189)

32. A caste system is a fixed arrangement of strata from the most to the least privileged, with
a person’s position determined unalterably at birth.
Answer: T (p. 172)

33. An awareness by members of a social class that it is being oppressed and that
membership in the class dooms everyone to the same fate is called class identification.
Answer: F (p. 187)

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34. Class consistency refers to the similarity among the characteristics that define class strata.
Answer: T (p. 174)

35. A system in which social standing is determined by factors over which people can exert
some control, such as their educational attainment, their income, and their work
experience is called a caste system.
Answer: F (p. 174)

36. The set of norms and values that helps the poor to adapt to their situation is called the
culture of acceptance.
Answer: F (p. 190)

37. Esteem is the honor that accrues to the individual filling a position in a social system.
Answer: T (p. 177)

38. A class’s acceptance of an ideology that is contrary to the best interests of that class is
called false consciousness.
Answer: T (p. 187)

39. The pattern of beliefs that legitimizes or justifies a particular societal arrangement is
called the culture of legitimization.
Answer: F (p. 185)

40. The possibility that an individual can change her or his position in the stratification
system is called upward social mobility.
Answer: F (p. 185)

41. Upward and downward movements in socioeconomic status measured by the standing of
children compared with that of their parents is called intergenerational mobility.
Answer: T (p. 184)

42. Blue-collar occupations are those into which women are segregated characterized by
relatively low pay and low prestige.
Answer: F (p. 177)

43. Esteem is the honor associated with an occupation or other position in a social system.
Answer: F (p. 177)

44. Poverty determined only by comparison to others is called relative poverty.

Answer: T (p. 189)

45. Social stratification is the arrangement of society into a series of layers or strata on the
basis of an unequal distribution of societal resources, prestige, or power, such that the
stratum at the top has the most resources.
Answer: T (p. 172)

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46. A person’s ranking along several social dimensions, particularly education, occupational
prestige, and income is called social standing.
Answer: F (p. 176)

47. Structural mobility is the movement of entire categories of people due to changes in
society itself.
Answer: T (p. 185)

48. The truly disadvantaged are people who live predominantly in the inner city and who are
trapped in a cycle of joblessness, deviance, crime, welfare dependency, and unstable
family life.
Answer: T (p. 190)

49. Agrarian societies usually develop a large middle class.

Answer: F (p. 172)

50. The Great Social Transformation had a great effect on systems of social stratification.
Answer: T (p. 172)

51. India today is characterized by a caste system.

Answer: T (p. 173)

52. As a result of social mobility in a class system, the boundaries between classes have
become more discontinuous.
Answer: F (p. 184)

53. As a group the elite, or upper-upper class, are close-knit.

Answer: T (p. 179)

54. The middle-middle class includes teachers, small-scale entrepreneurs, and middle-level
managers.
Answer: F (p. 180)

55. American society is characterized by a very high level of upward social mobility.
Answer: F (p. 184)

56. The economic prospects for young people today are better than they were for young
people in the post-World War II period.
Answer: F (p. 185)

57. A major factor in homelessness today is the shortage of housing available for the poor.
Answer: T (p. 183)

58. Poverty is decreasing among the young.

Answer: F (p. 189)

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59. Functionalist theorists argue that poverty has some benefits for society in that it supplies
a pool of inexpensive labor for dirty jobs and their low wages hold down prices.
Answer: T (p. 192)

60. Symbolic interactionists argue that both formal and informal socialization play a role in
sustaining social inequality.
Answer: T (p. 195)

MULTIPLE CHOICE

61. Society’s arrangement into a series of layers or strata that form a hierarchy:
A) social class
B) social stratification
C) social differentiation
D) social organization
Answer: B (p. 172)

62. Societies with little in the way of stratification:

A) hunting and gathering
B) horticulture
C) agrarian
D) industrial
Answer: A (p. 172)

63. With industrialization, the class system:

A) becomes more rigid
B) becomes less rigid
C) begins to disappear
D) begins to emerge
Answer: B (p. 172)

64. The boundaries between these are discrete, that is, sharply drawn:
A) classes
B) social ranks
C) castes
D) all of the above
Answer: C (p. 172)

65. India’s highest caste:

A) Royal
B) Varna
C) Warrior
D) Brahman
Answer: D (p. 173)

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66. Within each of India’s castes, women:
A) have higher status than men
B) have lower status than men
C) have equality with men
D) depends on the specific caste as to whether men and women are equal
Answer: B (p. 173)

67. Class systems typically exhibit:

A) a fairly high amount of class consistency
B) little class consistency
C) moderate amount of class consistency
D) erratic patterns of class consistency
Answer: A (p. 174)

68. Upper-class dominance in Great Britain tends to be self-perpetuating because:

A) royalty is largely hereditary
B) upper class owns the means of production
C) British educational system is self-perpetuating and elitist
D) the people support it
Answer: C (p. 174)

69. With industrialism losing ground, scholars expect the British lower class to:
A) contract
B) expand
C) stay about the same size
D) divide into an upper and lower class.
Answer: B (p. 175)

70. Max Weber argued that social standing consists of three dimensions. Which of the
following is NOT one of the three?
A) class
B) party
C) status
D) residence
Answer: D (p. 176)

71. A person’s ranking on education, occupational prestige, and income:

A) social class
B) social stratification
C) social standing
D) socioeconomic status
Answer: D (p. 176)

72. Wealth includes:

A) assets
B) wages

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 C) interests and dividends
D) all of the above
Answer: D (p. 176)

73. Work that emphasizes mental activity and done in a pleasant environment:
A) white-collar
B) blue-collar
C) pink-collar
D) gray-collar
Answer: A (p. 177)

74. Which of the following is NOT a blue-collar occupation?

A) craft
B) technical
C) operative
D) farm worker
Answer: B (p. 177)

75. The occupation of highest prestige in the U.S.:

A) lawyer
B) college professor
C) physician
D) clergy
Answer: C (p. 178)

76. The occupation with the lowest prestige in the U.S.:

A) construction worker
B) truck driver
C) garbage collector
D) messenger
Answer: D (p. 178)

77. What do the Roosevelt family, the Rockefeller family, and the Kennedy family show us
about America’s upper class?
A) Money can buy political office.
B) The ruling class controls or greatly influences America’s political apparatus.
C) Even the rich can get elected in a democracy.
D) The rich have time for public service that the rest of us don’t have.
Answer: B (p. 178)

78. The main difference between the upper class and the lower-upper class is:
A) the upper class play polo and the lower-upper class do not
B) the upper class will marry only the upper class
C) the lower-upper class have recently achieved wealth and success
D) the upper class uniformly have more wealth than the lower-upper class
Answer: C (p. 180)

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79. A major difference between the upper-middle class and the lower-middle class is:
A) the upper-middle class emphasize career achievement, interpersonal skills, and
creativity while the lower-middle class emphasize respectability
B) the lower-middle class are more interested in sports
C) the upper-middle class marry only among themselves
D) the lower-middle class are downwardly mobile
Answer: A (p. 181)

80. The working class:

A) do not earn enough to accumulate substantial savings
B) are extremely vulnerable to disruptions in income through temporary layoffs or
unemployment
C) earn too little to afford college for their children but too much to receive federal
financial aid
D) all of the above
Answer: D (p. 182)

81. Through comparing the standing of children to their parents we determine:

A) upward mobility
B) downward mobility
C) intergenerational mobility
D) individual social mobility
Answer: C (p. 185)

82. Developed the concept of conspicuous consumption:

A) Max Weber
B) Karl Marx
C) Thorstein Veblen
D) Harriet Martineau
Answer: C (p. 179)

83. The movement of entire categories of people due to changes in society itself:
A) mass migration
B) structural mobility
C) individual social mobility
D) social advancement
Answer: B (p. 185)

84. Pattern of beliefs that legitimizes or justifies a particular social arrangement:

A) ideology
B) class interest
C) false consciousness
D) class culture
Answer: A (p. 185)

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85. A social class’s acceptance of an ideology that is contrary to the best interest of that class:
A) false consciousness
B) negative ideology
C) false ideology
D) negative consciousness
Answer: A (p. 187)

86. According to Karl Marx, the ruling class exploits the subordinate class because the ruling
class:
A) aims to retain power
B) does not return to it just rewards for its labor
C) creates structural unemployment
D) keeps it from significant political participation
Answer: B (p. 186, Figure 7.1)

87. What percentage of Americans agree with the statement that “welfare makes people work
less”?
A) ten
B) twenty-five
C) fifty-three
D) eighty-four
Answer: D (p. 196)

88. The belief of many Americans that economic failure is attributed to a lack of hard work
or to poor character while success is attributed to hard work and the openness of the
economic system is, from the perspective of Karl Marx, an example of:
A) blaming the victim
B) ideological blindness
C) false consciousness
D) self-fulfilling prophecy
Answer: C (p. 187)

89. Researchers have found that several factors account for homelessness. Which of the
following is NOT one of them?
A) shortage of affordable housing for the poor
B) unemployment
C) deinstitution of the mentally ill
D) culture of poverty
Answer: D (p. 183)

90. Which racial or ethnic category has the largest number of poor families?
A) white
B) African American
C) Hispanic
D) Asian
Answer: A (p. 189)

80
91. Which racial or ethnic category has the largest percentage of its children in poverty?
A) white
B) African American
C) Hispanic
D) Asian
Answer: B (p. 191)

92. Which age group has the largest number of its members poor?
A) under 18 years
B) 18 to 24 years
C) 25 to 60 years
D) over 60 years
Answer: A (p. 188)

93. Relative poverty refers to:

A) the number of family members living in poverty
B) people who cannot afford the minimum necessities
C) people poor only in comparison to others
D) people poor today by the standards of twenty-five years ago
Answer: C (p. 189)

94. People who live predominantly in the inner city and who are trapped in a cycle of
joblessness, deviance, crime, welfare dependency, and unstable family life:
A) poor
B) absolute poor
C) bottom strata
D) truly disadvantaged
Answer: D (p. 190)

95. The set of norms and values that helps the poor adapt to their situation:
A) oppositional subculture
B) mobility ethic
C) culture of poverty
D) fatalism
Answer: C (p. 190)

96. Perspective on social stratification that argues that the poor constitute a pool of
inexpensive laborers ready to do society’s necessary dirty work:
A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) distributive systems
Answer: A (p. 192)

97. Perspective on social stratification that argues that the proletariat has no choice but to

81
Test Bank for Sociology for the Twenty-First Century, 5th Edition: Curry

work for the bourgeoisie and the bourgeois exploit the labor of the proletariat by keeping
wages low:
A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) distributive systems
Answer: B (p. 192)

98. Perspective on social stratification that argues that because the necessities must be shared
more or less equally to ensure individual and societal survival, inequality can occur only
when surplus exists:
A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) distributive systems
Answer: D (p. 194)

99. Perspective on social stratification that argues that toleration for inequity is the self-
fulfilling consequence of class discrimination; that is, people who occupy subordinate
class positions sometimes adopt the value system of those above them, and come to view
themselves as unworthy:
A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) distributive systems
Answer: C (p. 195)

100. The American middle class seems to be:

A) expanding
B) staying about the same
C) shrinking
D) experiencing structural advancement
Answer: C (p. 197)

82

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