Test Bank for Sociology in Modules, 5th Edition Richard T.

Schaefer

Test Bank for Sociology in Modules, 5th Edition

Richard T. Schaefer

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Student name:__________
TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) According to journalist Naomi Wolf, women in the U.S. who do not conform to the
beauty myth are viewed as deviant.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) From a sociological perspective, deviance is hardly objective or set in stone.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) What is deviant in one culture may be celebrated in another.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) Stigma refers to an exaggerated ideal of beauty, beyond reach of all but a few females,
which has unfortunate consequences.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) Technological innovations such as smartphones cannot redefine social interactions and

the standards of behavior related to them.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) Laws, dress codes, and games all express social norms.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure is referred to as conformity.

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 ⊚ true
⊚ false

8) Adults in the United States view corporal punishment of children as a proper and
necessary means of informal social control.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) Binge drinking can be regarded as both a conformity and a deviant act.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) Control theory reminds us that while the media may focus on crime and disorder, most
members of most societies conform to and obey basic norms.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) Control theory effectively explains the rationale for every conforming act.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) The assumption of flight risk trumps the presumption of innocence.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) Individuals who feel justified in shoplifting goods so that their family can eat are
considered innovators in Robert Merton's terms.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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14) Female criminologists have suggested that many of the existing approaches to deviance
and crime were actually developed with both women and men in mind.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) Supporters of the right to carry concealed weapons on campus argue that it's a
constitutional right.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Hate crimes are distinguished in large part by motivation.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) Martha Stewart's criminal activity was considered a professional crime, as she committed
her crimes during the course of her regular business.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Crime data reported in the United States are based on index crimes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) Our society places greater emphasis on individual economic achievement than other
societies do.

⊚ true
⊚ false

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
20) Deviance is behavior that

A) always violates the laws of a society.

B) is always illegal.
C) violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
D) is always anomic.

21) Which of the following would be categorized as deviant in the United States?

A) Individuals who are against democratic values.

B) Individuals who dislike school.
C) Individuals with mental illness.
D) Individuals with Type A personalities.

22) Which of the following is true of deviance?

A) Deviance is objective and set in stone.

B) Deviance is subject to social definition within a particular society and time.
C) Individuals with the lowest status and power define what is acceptable and what is
deviant.
D) The definition of acceptable behavior does not evolve.

23) A label used to devalue members of certain social groups is referred to as

A) deviance.
B) obedience.
C) a sanction.
D) a stigma.

24) The term social control refers to

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 A) justifications for deviant behavior.
B) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
C) techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
D) behavior that violates the norms of a group.

25) Sanctions are defined as

A) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

B) justifications for deviant behavior.
C) rules made by a government.
D) a loss of direction when the social control of individual behavior has become
ineffective.

26) Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if
massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) labeling perspective

27) Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined
as individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior?

A) labeling
B) conformity
C) deviance
D) obedience

28) Obedience refers to

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 A) going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior.
B) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
C) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
D) going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior, as
well as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

29) According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will

A) conform to the attitudes and behaviors of their peers even if such attitudes and
behaviors are racist.
B) obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the
behavior may harm another individual.
C) disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, in most
instances, if the behavior may harm another individual.
D) not conform to the attitudes and behavior of their peers if racism is expected.

30) Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and
ridicule, is known as

A) neutralization.
B) conformity.
C) informal social control.
D) formal social control.

31) Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing
nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police
agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly
known?

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 A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

32) What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?

A) to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II

B) to better understand the deterrence power of the death penalty
C) self-esteem issues
D) a federal government grant

33) Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point
during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's
arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he
glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)

A) norm.
B) folkway.
C) formal sanction.
D) informal sanction.

34) An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)

A) formal sanction.
B) value.
C) informal sanction.
D) norm.

35) Clyde is imprisoned for "tagging," or "visual terrorism." The arrest is an example of a(n)

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 A) formal sanction.
B) value.
C) informal sanction.
D) norm.

36) Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school
administrators, and employers—is called

A) neutralization.
B) conformity.
C) informal social control.
D) formal social control.

37) A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide
disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's
action is an example of

A) formal social control.

B) informal social control.
C) neutralization.
D) enforcement of regulatory law.

38) Being late for class can be categorized as a(n)

A) deviant act.
B) accident.
C) crime.
D) infraction.

39) Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests
that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?

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 A) anomie theory of deviance
B) labeling theory
C) control theory
D) theory of differential association

40) Control theory states that we

A) are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we
use them as role models and act in the same manner.
B) are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow
the mores and folkways of our society.
C) are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law
enforcement agencies have over our lives.
D) act in a conforming manner because of self-control.

41) Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?

A) environmental influences
B) genetic roots
C) social structure
D) Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

42) The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the
larger debate over

A) biosociology.
B) sociobiology.
C) impression management.
D) Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

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43) "Deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the
view of which sociological perspective?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

44) In Émile Durkheim's view,

A) the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and
thus contribute to social stability.
B) labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person's becoming deviant.
C) people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to
fulfill their aspirations.
D) the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior, and
people accept or reject the goals of a society.

45) Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a
society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?

A) anomie
B) neutralization
C) cultural transmission
D) disobedience

46) In which of the following would anomie be felt to its greatest effect?

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 A) A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the
1930s.
B) An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
C) A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several
charities that are important to her.
D) A teen leaves her job at the end of summer when school resumes.

47) In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton

A) described five types of deviance.

B) created a typology to explain the basic types of adaptations people make to culture.
C) noted that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and
maintain that mode for an extended period of time.
D) suggested that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.

48) An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means
of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals
one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?

A) conflict theory
B) labeling theory
C) anomie theory of deviance
D) cultural transmission theory

49) In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic
regulations can be classified as

A) ritualists.
B) rebels.
C) innovators.
D) retreatists.

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50) Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers
from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory
of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)

A) ritualist.
B) retreatist.
C) rebel.
D) innovator.

51) An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time
to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance.
According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be a(n)

A) ritualist.
B) rebel.
C) innovator.
D) retreatist.

52) According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as

the Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as

A) rebels.
B) ritualists.
C) conformists.
D) innovators.

53) Which sociological perspective's approach explains why rule violation continues to exist
in societies despite pressures to conform and obey, but fails to indicate how a given person
comes to commit a deviant act or why on some occasions crimes do or do not occur?

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 A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

54) Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is
learned through social interactions with others?

A) labeling theory
B) cultural transmission
C) societal-reaction approach
D) techniques of neutralization

55) Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers
who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the national anthem. Although
Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same
behavior as her new friends. This is an example of

A) differential association and anomie.

B) conformity and labeling.
C) labeling and social disorganization.
D) differential association and conformity.

56) Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to include the price of a
new broom—which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register—on everyone's bill.
Bob's boss also encourages him to change the dates on expired food items, so the items can
continue to be sold. Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. This is
an example of

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 A) labeling.
B) anomie.
C) differential association.
D) dramaturgy.

57) Which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of
communal relationships and social institutions?

A) cultural transmission theory

B) labeling theory
C) social disorganization theory
D) conflict theory

58) Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?

A) too much focus on larger forces

B) seems to "blame the victim"
C) that there are no viable organizations
D) that troubled areas are hopeless

59) The societal-reaction approach is also known as

A) the human relations approach.

B) the anomie theory of deviance.
C) labeling theory.
D) the dramaturgical approach.

60) A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affect students'
performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and
students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This illustrates which explanation
of deviance?

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 A) anomie theory
B) labeling theory
C) cultural transmission
D) differential association

61) Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labeling theorists
who are researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels?

A) sexual predators and prostitutes

B) gamblers and money launderers
C) regulators of social control
D) sexual predators and prostitutes, and gamblers and money launderers

62) The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other
sociological explanation of deviance?

A) differential association theory

B) labeling theory
C) anomie theory of deviance
D) social disorganization theory

63) A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime
are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is

A) white and non-Hispanic.

B) Black.
C) Hispanic.
D) Asian or Native American.

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64) An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups
have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the
social significance of power maintained by the

A) functionalist perspective.
B) conflict perspective.
C) interactionist perspective.
D) global perspective.

65) A bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all
the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a
$50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500.
The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment
would be of particular concern to sociologists using the

A) functionalist perspective.
B) conflict perspective.
C) interactionist perspective.
D) global perspective.

66) Which perspective would look to the disproportionate economic and lobbying power
wielded by groups such as the National Rifle Association in the debate over gun violence in U.S.
society?

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) interactionist
D) feminist

67) Crime is a violation of

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 A) criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority.
B) societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions.
C) informal norms that are sanctioned with stigmas.
D) normative behaviors that are considered by society to be proper conduct.

68) Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a
prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would argue he has
committed various

A) organized crimes.
B) victimless crimes.
C) white-collar crimes.
D) corporate crimes.

69) Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show
that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African
American offenders?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

70) A professional criminal is

A) an affluent individual who commits crimes in the course of daily business activities.
B) always a member of a highly structured criminal organization that is involved in
smuggling, drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling.
C) a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques and
enjoying a degree of status among other criminals.
D) an individual who commits one to two crimes within their lifespan.

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71) An important aspect of a professional criminal's work is

A) studying crime statistics.

B) boundary maintenance.
C) developing skilled techniques.
D) goal multiplication.

72) The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises
involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities is
called

A) routine activities crime.

B) victimless crime.
C) organized crime.
D) white-collar crime.

73) The term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refers to

A) the migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other

immigrant groups.
B) the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic
group to another.
C) the process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed
from one ethnic group to another.
D) the migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.

74) In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but
they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of

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 A) assimilation.
B) ethnic succession.
C) labeling.
D) differential association.

75) What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily
business activities?

A) professional crime
B) organized crime
C) index crime
D) white-collar crime

76) A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a presidential aide. This
type of crime is called

A) professional crime.
B) white-collar crime.
C) organized crime.
D) an index crime.

77) Which of the following is true of white-collar crime?

A) The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.

B) Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as
much as conviction for a street crime would.
C) The label "white-collar criminal" carries a greater stigma than "felon convicted of a
violent crime."
D) They are more likely to be treated unfairly in the prison system.

78) Crime that occurs across multiple national borders is known as

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 A) transnational crime.
B) white-collar crime.
C) organized crime.
D) global crime.

79) What type of crime is motivated by characteristics such as race, religion, sexual
orientation or disability?

A) white-collar crime
B) professional crime
C) hate crime
D) victimless crime

80) According to crime statistics, hate crimes focus most frequently on which of the
following?

A) sexual orientation
B) disability
C) religion
D) race

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or
answers the question.
81) Explain why deviant behavior is not always negative. Provide examples in your
discussion.

82) Discuss the various components of social control. Identify and describe how sanctions
may be used to control the expectations of society regarding people's actions and behaviors.

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83) Discuss why the definitions of deviance and social stigma are dependent on cultural
variations and socially accepted norms. Give examples of how people are stigmatized for
behaviors they may no longer engage in.

84) Describe the similarities in and differences between conformity and obedience, according
to Stanley Milgram. Give examples to support both concepts.

85) How is binge drinking both a deviance and a conformity?

86) Describe the debate surrounding capital punishment in the U.S. and elsewhere.

87) Discuss government social control and its criticisms. Do you agree or disagree with the
criticisms?

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88) Explain why sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process.

89) Discuss the relationship between cultural transmission and differential association in
explaining deviance or criminal acts. Give an illustration of how a person would likely become
criminal using the differential association process.

90) Define and discuss white-collar crime. How does it compare to street crime? Provide
examples.

91) According to crime trends, there has been a significant decline in violent crime in the
United States in recent years. Why is this so?

92) Discuss the differences between deviance and crime.

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93) Discuss gun control via the sociological perspectives: conflict, functionalist, and
interactionist.

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Answer Key

Test name: Schaefer 7

1) TRUE
2) TRUE
3) TRUE
4) FALSE
5) FALSE
6) TRUE
7) FALSE
8) TRUE
9) TRUE
10) TRUE
11) FALSE
12) TRUE
13) TRUE
14) FALSE
15) TRUE
16) TRUE
17) FALSE
18) TRUE
19) TRUE
20) C
21) C
22) B
23) D
24) C
25) A
26) A

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27) B
28) B
29) B
30) C
31) C
32) A
33) D
34) A
35) A
36) D
37) A
38) A
39) C
40) B
41) B
42) B
43) A
44) A
45) A
46) A
47) B
48) C
49) A
50) D
51) A
52) A
53) A
54) B
55) D
56) C

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57) C
58) B
59) C
60) B
61) C
62) B
63) A
64) B
65) B
66) B
67) A
68) B
69) B
70) C
71) C
72) C
73) B
74) B
75) D
76) B
77) B
78) A
79) C
80) D
81) Answers will vary.
82) Answers will vary.
83) Answers will vary.
84) Answers will vary.

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Test Bank for Sociology in Modules, 5th Edition Richard T. Schaefer

85) Answers will vary.

86) Answers will vary.
87) Answers will vary.
88) Answers will vary.
89) Answers will vary.
90) Answers will vary.
91) Answers will vary.
92) Answers will vary.
93) Answers will vary.

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