Soc Cannadian 2Nd Edition Witt Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

SOC Cannadian 2nd Edition Witt Test
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06
Student: _______________________________________________________________________________________
1. To what does the term social control refer?
A. Justifications for deviant behaviour.

B. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
C. Techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society.
D. Behaviour that violates the norms of a group.
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of social control?
A. A police officer in an intersection, directing traffic.

B. Taking a number and waiting in line at the meat counter.
C. The directions on a box of cold medication.
D. The code of conduct at your school.
3. How are sanctions defined?
A. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

B. Justifications for deviant behaviour.
C. Rules made by a government.
D. A loss of direction when the social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective.
4. Sarita is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the
meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is
about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Sarita. Of
what is the glare an example?
A. norm
B. folkway
C. formal sanction
D. informal sanction
5. Being arrested for murder would be an example of which of the following?
A. a formal sanction
B. a value
C. an informal sanction
D. a norm
6. Clyde is arrested for graffiti writing. Of what is the arrest an example?
B. a value
D. a norm
7. Entrenched interests seek to maintain the status quo and use their power over which of the following
to do so?
A. sanctions
B. values
C. norms
D. culture
8. When Reena returns to school after summer break, she notices that all of her friends have begun to
wear makeup, so she asks her mother if she can wear makeup too. What kind of behaviour is Reena
displaying?
A. conformity
B. obedience
C. deviance
D. sanctioning
9. Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers (individuals of a person's own
status who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour)?
A. labelling
B. conformity
C. deviance
D. obedience
10. To what does obedience refer?
A. Going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour.
B. Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
C. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
D. Using initiative in order to achieve an organization's goals.
11. The managing editor of a newspaper, acting on an order from the publisher, fires three editors, one of
whom is an old friend. Of what is this an example?
A. obedience
B. conformity
C. deviance
D. neutralization
12. According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will do which of the following?
A. Conform to the attitudes and behaviours of their peers even if such attitudes and behaviours are racist.
B. Obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behaviour may harm
another individual.
C. In most instances, disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures if the
behaviour may harm another individual.
D. Not conform to the attitudes and behaviour of their peers if racism is expected.
13. Which of the following examined obedience by conducting an experiment that required subjects to
administer "painful" shocks to subjects in an analysis of "learning"?
A. Erving Goffman
B. Stanley Milgram
C. Robert Merton
D. Max Weber
14. What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
A. To better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II.
B. To better understand the deterrence factor of the death penalty.
C. To understand how selfesteem issues in subjects affect their treatment of others.
D. To develop more effective means to ensure soldiers follow orders.
15. What is the term for social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter,
smiles, and ridicule?
A. neutralization
B. conformity
C. informal social control
D. formal social control
16. A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry
glare. Of what is this an example?
A. formal social control

B. informal social control
C. neutralization
D. positive sanctions
17. What is the term for social control carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, judges,
school administrators, and employers?
A. neutralization
B. conformity
18. A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a collegewide disciplinary
committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. Of what is the committee's action an
example?

C. neutralization
D. enforcement of regulatory law
19. Which of the following is NOT a social control measure instituted after the 2001 terrorist attacks on
the United States?
A. Stricter identification requirements for Canadians wishing to enter the United States.
B. Having to take your shoes off to pass through airport security.
C. Encouragement by governments and police agencies to report the potentially suspicious activities of
others.
D. Mandatory fingerprinting of newborns in Canada.
20. College students receive conflicting messages about binge drinking on college campuses. It does
show conformity to the peer culture but it also represents ________ the standards of conduct
expected of those in an academic context.
A. adherence to
B. deviance from
C. formal social control of
D. informal social control of
21. Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our
connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
A. anomie theory of deviance

B. labelling theory
C. control theory
D. theory of differential association
22. What does control theory state?
A. We are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behaviour, we use them
as role models and act in the same manner.
B. We are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores
and folkways of our society.
C. We are "convinced" to act in a lawabiding manner because of the "control" that law enforcement
agencies have over our lives.
D. We act in a conforming manner because of selfcontrol.
23. Which of the following is NOT true of laws?
A. They are created because of a perceived need for formal social control.
B. They represent a universal consensus on appropriate sanctions.
C. They arise out of a social process.
D. They reflect continually changing standards of right and wrong.
24. Which of the following is true of deviance?
A. It always violates the laws of a society.

B. It is always illegal.
C. It violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
D. It is always anomic.
25. Which of the following is NOT an example of deviance?
A. A student sits in the middle of the front row in your sociology class and picks his nose throughout the
class period.
B. A student walks into your sociology class naked because it is hot outside.
C. A student cheats on her first sociology exam.
D. A student studies hard for a test and gets an A.
26. What term do sociologists use to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain
groups?
A. stigma
B. deviance
C. stigmata
D. crime
27. Which of the following is unlikely to be stigmatizing?
A. A conviction for possession of child pornography.

B. A stay in a mental hospital.
C. Being homeless.
D. Getting a B in sociology.
28. Crime is a violation of which of the following?
A. law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority
B. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions
C. criminal law that goes unnoticed by authorities
D. folkways
29. Which of the following statements about crime in Canada is correct?
A. Almost half of the crimes reported in Canada fall into the category of violent crimes.
B. In 2007, the national crime rate reached its highest level in 30 years.
C. The highest crime rate is found in small urban areas.
D. Rural areas have higher rates of property crime than do large urban areas.
30. Which of the following statements about crime statistics is NOT true?
A. The selfreporting rate of violent victimization among the gay and lesbian population is more than
twice the rate for heterosexuals.
B. Members of racial and ethnic minority groups often distrust law enforcement agencies and refrain
from contacting the police when they are victimized.
C. Many women do not report rape or spousal abuse for fear of being blamed for the crime.
D. Aboriginal Canadians are less likely to report being a victim of a violent crime than nonAboriginal
Canadians.
31. Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys?
A. fraud
B. burglary
C. motor vehicle theft
D. aggravated assault
32. What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business
activities?
A. professional crime
B. organized crime
C. index crimes
D. whitecollar crimes
33. A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a deputy minister. What is the term for
this type of crime?
B. whitecollar crime
C. organized crime
D. an index crime
34. Which of the following is true of whitecollar crime?
A. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.

B. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as
conviction for a street crime would.
C. Most cases are heard in municipal courts.
D. It is less costly to society than most other types of crime.
35. A man with a wife and two children loses $50,000 in an unlicensed gambling den. What type of
crime has he committed?
A. a whitecollar crime
B. spousal abuse
C. a victimless crime
D. a property crime
36. Feminist sociologists contend that the socalled victimless crime of prostitution, as well as the more
disturbing aspects of pornography, do what?
A. Reinforce the misconception that women can be treated as "toys".

B. Serve a vital deterrent function for all of society.
C. Should be criminalized only for younger women.
D. Demystify the culture of violence against women.
37. Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute,
gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has committed which
of the following?
A. organized crimes
B. victimless crimes
C. whitecollar crimes
D. corporate crimes
38. What is the term for the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises
involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities?
A. routine activities crime

B. victimless crime
C. organized crime
D. whitecollar crime
39. To what does the term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refer?
A. The migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other immigrant
groups.
B. The process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to
another.
C. The process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one ethnic
group to another.
D. The migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.
40. Which of the following is NOT an activity likely to be engaged in by organized crime?
A. Creation of computer viruses that allow third parties to send spam to your contacts list.
B. Bringing young women into the country on false pretences and forcing them into prostitution.
C. Producing, importing and distributing illegal drugs.
D. Running unlicensed gambling locations.
41. In a city in central Canada, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family", but they were
eventually displaced by Chinese Canadians. Of what is this an example?
A. assimilation
B. ethnic succession
C. labelling
D. differential association
42. What is the term for crime that occurs across multiple national borders?
A. transnational crime
C. organized crime
D. global crime
43. Which of the following is true?
A. Rates of car theft are higher in the United States than in Italy.
B. The United States has lower homicide rates than Scandinavian countries do.
C. Western European countries have higher violent crime rates than the United States.
D. The Unites States has an imprisonment rate more than 6 times greater than that of Canada.
44. On a typical day, which country imprisons 751 of every 100,000 adults?
A. Russia
B. United States
C. Cuba
D. Mexico
45. Since the overthrow of Communist Party rule in Russia, what has crime done?
A. skyrocketed
B. slightly declined
C. slightly increased
D. precipitously declined
46. In Émile Durkheim's view, which of the following is true?
A. There is nothing inherently deviant or criminal in any act; the key is how society responds to the act.
B. Labelling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant.
C. People accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their
aspirations.
D. People become deviant by associating with those of like persuasion.
47. According to Émile Durkheim, to what are our understandings of crime and deviance linked?
A. social roles
B. social prosperity
C. incarceration rates
D. social solidarity
48. Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when
social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective?
A. anomie
B. neutralization
C. cultural transmission
D. disobedience
49. Which of the following would be an example of anomie?
A. A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
B. An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
C. A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities that are
important to her.
D. A man switches from the Anglican to the Presbyterian church.
50. Which theory of deviance suggests that members of a society may conform or deviate from the
culturally prescribed goals and the means of attaining those goals?
A. control theory
B. differential association
C. anomie theory
D. labelling theory
51. What is the most common adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
A. ritualism
B. conformity
C. rebellion
D. innovation
52. In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton does which of the following?
A. Describes five types of deviance.

B. Creates a typology to explain the adaptations people make.
C. Notes that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and maintain that mode for
an extended period of time.
D. Suggests that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.
53. According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has done which of the following?
A. Abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional
means.
B. Withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
C. Accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
D. Accepted both the socially desired goals and the legitimate means of attaining them.
54. In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can
be classified as which of the following?
A. ritualists
B. rebels
C. innovators
D. retreatists
55. According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has done which of the following?
means.
D. Accepted both the goals of society and the legitimate means of attaining them.
56. An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means of earning
the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local
store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
A. conflict theory
B. labelling theory
C. anomie theory of deviance
D. cultural transmission theory
57. Arnold gets an A on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley,
the class brain who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, how
would Arnold be classified?
A. ritualist
B. retreatist
C. rebel
D. innovator
58. An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time to
administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance.
According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be an example of what?
A. a ritualist
B. a rebel
C. an innovator
D. a retreatist
59. According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish
Republican Army (IRA) would typically be classified as which of the following?
A. rebels
B. ritualists
C. conformists
D. innovators
60. Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behaviour is learned through
social interactions with others?
A. labelling theory
B. cultural transmission
C. societalreaction approach
D. techniques of neutralization
61. According to Edwin Sutherland, people will act in a deviant manner under which of the following
conditions?
A. If they are chronically deprived of the basic necessities of life.

B. If they learn deviant behaviour, motives, techniques and rationales from important people around
them.
C. If their society is in transition or flux, and there is no clear social consensus on norms and values.
D. If others come to view them as deviant.
62. Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use
marijuana and remain seated during the singing of O Canada. Although Monica had never used
marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behaviour as her new
friends. Of what is this an example?
A. differential association
B. positive sanctions
C. labelling
D. control theory
63. Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to include the price of a new broom
which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register—on everyone's bill. Bob's boss also
encourages him to change the dates on expired food items so the items can continue to be sold.
Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. Of what is this an example?
A. labelling
B. anomie
C. differential association
D. dramaturgy
64. Which of the following was illustrated by William Chambliss' study of the Saints and the
Roughnecks?
A. athletic high schoolaged males tend to be troublemakers.

B. the activity, and not the actor, is what provokes a sanctioning response.
C. perceptions of the actor influence responses to the act.
D. neither the act nor the actor are as significant to the outcome as the rule structure governing
sanctions.
65. In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the
varying fortunes of the two groups was the difference in which of the following?
A. their ages
B. their social class standing
C. their political views
D. their religion
66. What is the other name for the societalreaction approach?
A. The human relations approach.

B. The anomie theory of deviance.
C. Labelling theory.
D. The dramaturgical approach.
67. A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitude toward particular students affects students'
performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and
students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This would illustrate which explanation
of deviance?
A. anomie theory
B. labelling theory
68. Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labelling theorists who are
researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels?
A. sexual predators and prostitutes

B. gamblers and money
C. regulators of social control
D. victims of crime
69. The conflict perspective closely ties into which other sociological explanation of deviance?
A. the theory of differential association

B. labelling theory
C. the anomie theory of deviance
D. routine activities theory
70. Which theoretical perspective would argue that those with less power and influence, such as
Aboriginal Canadians, are more likely to find themselves incarcerated than members of the dominant
group?
A. symbolic interactionist perspective

B. functionalist perspective
C. conflict theory perspective
D. anomie theory perspective
71. More than 50 women, mostly poor, Aboriginal, and substanceaddicted, disappeared from
Vancouver's downtown east side over a little more than a decade. For a long time, police
investigations of these disappearances were cursory. Critics charge that this would not have been the
case if these women were white, universityeducated and middleclass. Of what could this be
considered an example?
B. differential justice
C. racial profiling
D. police brutality
72. What is the term for differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups?
A. labelling theory
B. deviance
C. differential justice
D. racial profiling
73. Feminist theorists of crime and deviance have noted which of the following?
A. As women make gains in the workplace and achieve higher positions, they are also becoming better
positioned to engage in whitecollar crime.
B. A woman's sexual history is more relevant to prosecutions of sexual abuse and assault than a man's is.
C. Most women report domestic violence.
D. Rape is a crime that cannot be perpetrated by a woman on a man.
74. When individuals experience a loss of direction in a society, the society's social control becomes
ineffective, often leading to increases in crime and deviance. This statement is supported by which of
the following?
A. social disorganization theory and the concept of anomie

B. societalreaction approach
D. the concept of differential justice and labelling theory
75. The participants who acted as "teachers" in Milgram's classic social control experiment obeying the
experimenter's orders to shock the "learner" were described by Milgram as acting obediently, because
they were accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures in the social world. Which
sociological perspective explains the organization of North American society in this way?
A. symbolic interactionists
B. conflict theorists
C. feminists
D. functionalists
76. An alcoholic who has lost his job and left his family to live on the street is considered to be
practicing which of the following forms of adaptation as described by sociologist Robert Merton?
A. rebel
B. retreatist
C. ritualist
D. acceptance
77. Read carefully through the statement below, and decide which of the following options is correct. An
important aspect of labelling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power
to define labels and apply them to others. This view ties into the functionalist perspective's emphasis
on the social significance of power.
A. "labelling theory" should be replaced with "anomie theory"

B. "social significance of power should be replaced with "social significance of deviance"
C. "functionalist" should be replaced with "conflict"
D. "some" should be replaced with "all"
78. A student was asked the following question: "Briefly list and explain the basic forms of adaptation in
Merton's anomie theory of deviance". As an answer, the student wrote the following: Merton argued
that conformity to social norms involves acceptance of both the overall societal goal and the
approved means to acquire the goal; the innovator accepts the goals of society but pursues them with
means that are regarded as improper; the ritualist has abandoned the goal of material success and
become compulsively committed to the institutional means; and finally the retreatist who feels
alienated from the dominant means and goals and may seek a very different social order.
How would you judge this student's answer?
A. Excellent (all stages are correct in the right order with clear and correct explanations)
B. Good (all stages are correct in the right order, but the explanations are not as clear as they should be)
C. Mediocre (one or two stages are missing, or the stages are in the wrong order, or the explanations are
not clear, or the explanations are irrelevant)
D. Unacceptable (more than two stages are missing and the order is incorrect and the explanations are
not clear and/or they are irrelevant)
79. Control theory reminds us that while the media may focus on crime and disorder, most members of
most societies conform to and obey basic norms.
True False
80. The high degree of anonymity allowing for uncivil behaviour when using the Internet has resulted in
calls for the establishment of formal rules for online behaviour.
True False
81. Edwin Sutherland coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of
certain social groups.
True False
82. According to journalist Naomi Wolf, women in the United States who do not conform to the beauty
myth are viewed as deviant.
True False
83. Both men and women in Canada may be stigmatized when they fail to conform to standards of
attractiveness.
True False
84. Aboriginal Canadians are incarcerated a nine times the rate of nonAboriginal Canadians.
True False
85. Edwin Sutherland coined the term whitecollar crime.
True False
86. Discuss the various components of social control. Identify and describe how sanctions may be used
to control the expectations of society regarding people's actions and behaviours.
87. Describe the similarities and differences between conformity and obedience, according to Stanley
Milgram. Give examples to support both concepts.
88. Discuss why the definitions of deviance and social stigma are dependent on cultural variations and
socially accepted norms. Give examples of how people are stigmatized for behaviours they may no
longer engage in.
89. Discuss the relationship between cultural transmission and differential association in explaining
deviance or criminal acts. Give an illustration of how a person would likely become criminal using
the differential association process.
90. What is differential justice? Give an example and explain how each of the four theoretical
perspectives (functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist and feminist) might view it.
06 KEY
1. (p. 118) To what does the term social control refer?
A. Justifications for deviant behaviour.

B. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
C. Techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society.
D. Behaviour that violates the norms of a group.
Learning Objective: 0602 Gain an understanding of formal and informal methods of social control
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #1
2. (p. 118) Which of the following is NOT an example of social control?
A. A police officer in an intersection, directing traffic.

B. Taking a number and waiting in line at the meat counter.
C. The directions on a box of cold medication.
D. The code of conduct at your school.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #2
3. (p. 118) How are sanctions defined?
A. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

B. Justifications for deviant behaviour.
C. Rules made by a government.
D. A loss of direction when the social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #3
4. (p. 120) Sarita is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the
meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he
is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at
Sarita. Of what is the glare an example?
A. norm
B. folkway
C. formal sanction
D. informal sanction
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #4
5. (p. 120) Being arrested for murder would be an example of which of the following?
B. a value
D. a norm
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #5
6. (p. 120) Clyde is arrested for graffiti writing. Of what is the arrest an example?
B. a value
D. a norm
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #6
7. (p. 118) Entrenched interests seek to maintain the status quo and use their power over which of the
following to do so?
A. sanctions
B. values
C. norms
D. culture
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #7
8. (p. 119) When Reena returns to school after summer break, she notices that all of her friends have begun
to wear makeup, so she asks her mother if she can wear makeup too. What kind of behaviour is
Reena displaying?
A. conformity
B. obedience
C. deviance
D. sanctioning
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #8
9. (p. 119) Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers (individuals of a person's
own status who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour)?
A. labelling
B. conformity
C. deviance
D. obedience
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #9
10. (p. 119) To what does obedience refer?
A. Going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour.
B. Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
C. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
D. Using initiative in order to achieve an organization's goals.
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #10
11. (p. 119) The managing editor of a newspaper, acting on an order from the publisher, fires three editors,
one of whom is an old friend. Of what is this an example?
A. obedience
B. conformity
C. deviance
D. neutralization
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #11
12. (p. 119) According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will do which of the following?
A. Conform to the attitudes and behaviours of their peers even if such attitudes and behaviours are racist.
B. Obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behaviour may harm
another individual.
C. In most instances, disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures if the
behaviour may harm another individual.
D. Not conform to the attitudes and behaviour of their peers if racism is expected.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #12
13. (p. 119) Which of the following examined obedience by conducting an experiment that required subjects
to administer "painful" shocks to subjects in an analysis of "learning"?
A. Erving Goffman
B. Stanley Milgram
C. Robert Merton
D. Max Weber
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #13
14. (p. 120) What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
A. To better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II.
B. To better understand the deterrence factor of the death penalty.
C. To understand how selfesteem issues in subjects affect their treatment of others.
D. To develop more effective means to ensure soldiers follow orders.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #14
15. (p. 120) What is the term for social control carried out casually by people through such means as
laughter, smiles, and ridicule?
A. neutralization
B. conformity
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #15
16. (p. 120) A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an
angry glare. Of what is this an example?

C. neutralization
D. positive sanctions
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #16
17. (p. 120) What is the term for social control carried out by authorized agents such as police officers,
judges, school administrators, and employers?
A. neutralization
B. conformity
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #17
18. (p. 120) A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a collegewide
disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. Of what is the
committee's action an example?

C. neutralization
D. enforcement of regulatory law
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #18
19. (p. 120Which of the following is NOT a social control measure instituted after the 2001 terrorist
121) attacks on the United States?
A. Stricter identification requirements for Canadians wishing to enter the United States.
B. Having to take your shoes off to pass through airport security.
C. Encouragement by governments and police agencies to report the potentially suspicious activities of
others.
D. Mandatory fingerprinting of newborns in Canada.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #19
20. (p. 121) College students receive conflicting messages about binge drinking on college campuses. It
does show conformity to the peer culture but it also represents ________ the standards of
conduct expected of those in an academic context.
A. adherence to
B. deviance from
C. formal social control of
D. informal social control of
Learning Objective: 0601 Learn how deviance is socially constructed
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #20
21. (p. 122) Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our
connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
A. anomie theory of deviance

B. labelling theory
C. control theory
D. theory of differential association
Learning Objective: 0604 Compare and contrast various sociological perspectives on deviance and crime
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #21
22. (p. 122) What does control theory state?
A. We are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behaviour, we use them
as role models and act in the same manner.
B. We are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores
and folkways of our society.
C. We are "convinced" to act in a lawabiding manner because of the "control" that law enforcement
agencies have over our lives.
D. We act in a conforming manner because of selfcontrol.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #22
23. (p. 121) Which of the following is NOT true of laws?
A. They are created because of a perceived need for formal social control.
B. They represent a universal consensus on appropriate sanctions.
C. They arise out of a social process.
D. They reflect continually changing standards of right and wrong.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #23
24. (p. 116) Which of the following is true of deviance?
A. It always violates the laws of a society.

B. It is always illegal.
C. It violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
D. It is always anomic.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #24
25. (p. 116) Which of the following is NOT an example of deviance?
A. A student sits in the middle of the front row in your sociology class and picks his nose throughout the
class period.
B. A student walks into your sociology class naked because it is hot outside.
C. A student cheats on her first sociology exam.
D. A student studies hard for a test and gets an A.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #25
26. (p. 117) What term do sociologists use to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain
groups?
A. stigma
B. deviance
C. stigmata
D. crime
Learning Objective: 0603 Consider the effects of stigma
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #26
27. (p. 117) Which of the following is unlikely to be stigmatizing?
A. A conviction for possession of child pornography.

B. A stay in a mental hospital.
C. Being homeless.
D. Getting a B in sociology.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #27
28. (p. 122) Crime is a violation of which of the following?
A. law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority
B. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions
C. criminal law that goes unnoticed by authorities
D. folkways
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #28
29. (p. 122) Which of the following statements about crime in Canada is correct?
A. Almost half of the crimes reported in Canada fall into the category of violent crimes.
B. In 2007, the national crime rate reached its highest level in 30 years.
C. The highest crime rate is found in small urban areas.
D. Rural areas have higher rates of property crime than do large urban areas.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #29
30. (p. 123) Which of the following statements about crime statistics is NOT true?
A. The selfreporting rate of violent victimization among the gay and lesbian population is more than
twice the rate for heterosexuals.
B. Members of racial and ethnic minority groups often distrust law enforcement agencies and refrain
from contacting the police when they are victimized.
C. Many women do not report rape or spousal abuse for fear of being blamed for the crime.
D. Aboriginal Canadians are less likely to report being a victim of a violent crime than nonAboriginal
Canadians.
Learning Objective: 0605 Explore the relationship of race; class; and gender to differential justice
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #30
31. (p. 123) Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys?
A. fraud
B. burglary
C. motor vehicle theft
D. aggravated assault
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #31
32. (p. 123) What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily
business activities?
B. organized crime
C. index crimes
D. whitecollar crimes
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #32
33. (p. 123) A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a deputy minister. What is the
term for this type of crime?
C. organized crime
D. an index crime
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #33
34. (p. 123) Which of the following is true of whitecollar crime?
A. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.

B. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as
conviction for a street crime would.
C. Most cases are heard in municipal courts.
D. It is less costly to society than most other types of crime.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #34
35. (p. 125) A man with a wife and two children loses $50,000 in an unlicensed gambling den. What type of
crime has he committed?
A. a whitecollar crime
B. spousal abuse
C. a victimless crime
D. a property crime
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #35
36. (p. 125) Feminist sociologists contend that the socalled victimless crime of prostitution, as well as the
more disturbing aspects of pornography, do what?
A. Reinforce the misconception that women can be treated as "toys".

B. Serve a vital deterrent function for all of society.
C. Should be criminalized only for younger women.
D. Demystify the culture of violence against women.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #36
37. (p. 125) Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a
prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has
committed which of the following?
A. organized crimes
B. victimless crimes
C. whitecollar crimes
D. corporate crimes
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #37
38. (p. 125) What is the term for the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal
enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal
activities?
A. routine activities crime

B. victimless crime
C. organized crime
D. whitecollar crime
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #38
39. (p. 125) To what does the term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refer?
A. The migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other immigrant
groups.
B. The process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to
another.
C. The process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one ethnic
group to another.
D. The migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #39
40. (p. 125) Which of the following is NOT an activity likely to be engaged in by organized crime?
A. Creation of computer viruses that allow third parties to send spam to your contacts list.
B. Bringing young women into the country on false pretences and forcing them into prostitution.
C. Producing, importing and distributing illegal drugs.
D. Running unlicensed gambling locations.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #40
41. (p. 125) In a city in central Canada, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family", but they
were eventually displaced by Chinese Canadians. Of what is this an example?
A. assimilation
B. ethnic succession
C. labelling
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #41
42. (p. 126) What is the term for crime that occurs across multiple national borders?
A. transnational crime
C. organized crime
D. global crime
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #42
43. (p. 126) Which of the following is true?
A. Rates of car theft are higher in the United States than in Italy.
B. The United States has lower homicide rates than Scandinavian countries do.
C. Western European countries have higher violent crime rates than the United States.
D. The Unites States has an imprisonment rate more than 6 times greater than that of Canada.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #43
44. (p. 126) On a typical day, which country imprisons 751 of every 100,000 adults?
A. Russia
B. United States
C. Cuba
D. Mexico
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #44
45. (p. 126) Since the overthrow of Communist Party rule in Russia, what has crime done?
A. skyrocketed
B. slightly declined
C. slightly increased
D. precipitously declined
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #45
46. (p. 127) In Émile Durkheim's view, which of the following is true?
A. There is nothing inherently deviant or criminal in any act; the key is how society responds to the act.
B. Labelling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant.
C. People accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their
aspirations.
D. People become deviant by associating with those of like persuasion.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #46
47. (p. 127) According to Émile Durkheim, to what are our understandings of crime and deviance linked?
A. social roles
B. social prosperity
C. incarceration rates
D. social solidarity
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #47
48. (p. 128) Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society
when social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective?
A. anomie
B. neutralization
D. disobedience
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #48
49. (p. 128) Which of the following would be an example of anomie?
A. A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
B. An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
C. A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities that are
important to her.
D. A man switches from the Anglican to the Presbyterian church.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #49
50. (p. 128) Which theory of deviance suggests that members of a society may conform or deviate from the
culturally prescribed goals and the means of attaining those goals?
A. control theory
B. differential association
C. anomie theory
D. labelling theory
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #50
51. (p. 128) What is the most common adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
A. ritualism
B. conformity
C. rebellion
D. innovation
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #51
52. (p. 128) In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton does which of the following?
A. Describes five types of deviance.

B. Creates a typology to explain the adaptations people make.
C. Notes that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and maintain that mode for
an extended period of time.
D. Suggests that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #52
53. (p. 128) According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has done which of the
following?
means.
D. Accepted both the socially desired goals and the legitimate means of attaining them.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #53
54. (p. 128) In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic
regulations can be classified as which of the following?
A. ritualists
B. rebels
C. innovators
D. retreatists
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #54
55. (p. 128) According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has done which of the following?
means.
D. Accepted both the goals of society and the legitimate means of attaining them.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #55
56. (p. 128) An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means of
earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one
from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
A. conflict theory
B. labelling theory
D. cultural transmission theory
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #56
57. (p. 128) Arnold gets an A on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from
Stanley, the class brain who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of
deviance, how would Arnold be classified?
A. ritualist
B. retreatist
C. rebel
D. innovator
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #57
58. (p. 128) An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time to
administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance.
According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be an example of what?
A. a ritualist
B. a rebel
C. an innovator
D. a retreatist
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #58
59. (p. 128) According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish
Republican Army (IRA) would typically be classified as which of the following?
A. rebels
B. ritualists
C. conformists
D. innovators
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #59
60. (p. 129) Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behaviour is learned
through social interactions with others?
A. labelling theory
B. cultural transmission
C. societalreaction approach
D. techniques of neutralization
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #60
61. (p. 129) According to Edwin Sutherland, people will act in a deviant manner under which of the
following conditions?
A. If they are chronically deprived of the basic necessities of life.

B. If they learn deviant behaviour, motives, techniques and rationales from important people around
them.
C. If their society is in transition or flux, and there is no clear social consensus on norms and values.
D. If others come to view them as deviant.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #61
62. (p. 129) Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who
use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of O Canada. Although Monica had never
used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behaviour as her
new friends. Of what is this an example?
B. positive sanctions
C. labelling
D. control theory
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #62
63. (p. 129) Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to include the price of a new
broom which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register—on everyone's bill. Bob's
boss also encourages him to change the dates on expired food items so the items can continue to
be sold. Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. Of what is this an
example?
A. labelling
B. anomie
C. differential association
D. dramaturgy
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #63
64. (p. 130) Which of the following was illustrated by William Chambliss' study of the Saints and the
Roughnecks?
A. athletic high schoolaged males tend to be troublemakers.

B. the activity, and not the actor, is what provokes a sanctioning response.
C. perceptions of the actor influence responses to the act.
D. neither the act nor the actor are as significant to the outcome as the rule structure governing
sanctions.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #64
65. (p. 130) In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key factor
in the varying fortunes of the two groups was the difference in which of the following?
A. their ages
B. their social class standing
C. their political views
D. their religion
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #65
66. (p. 130) What is the other name for the societalreaction approach?
A. The human relations approach.

B. The anomie theory of deviance.
C. Labelling theory.
D. The dramaturgical approach.
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #66
67. (p. 130) A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitude toward particular students affects students'
performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and
students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This would illustrate which
explanation of deviance?
A. anomie theory
B. labelling theory
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #67
68. (p. 130) Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labelling theorists who
are researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels?
A. sexual predators and prostitutes

B. gamblers and money
C. regulators of social control
D. victims of crime
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #68
69. (p. 130) The conflict perspective closely ties into which other sociological explanation of deviance?
A. the theory of differential association

B. labelling theory
C. the anomie theory of deviance
D. routine activities theory
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #69
70. (p. 130Which theoretical perspective would argue that those with less power and influence, such as
131) Aboriginal Canadians, are more likely to find themselves incarcerated than members of the
dominant group?
A. symbolic interactionist perspective

B. functionalist perspective
C. conflict theory perspective
D. anomie theory perspective
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #70
71. (p. 131) More than 50 women, mostly poor, Aboriginal, and substanceaddicted, disappeared from
Vancouver's downtown east side over a little more than a decade. For a long time, police
investigations of these disappearances were cursory. Critics charge that this would not have
been the case if these women were white, universityeducated and middleclass. Of what could
this be considered an example?
B. differential justice
C. racial profiling
D. police brutality
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #71
72. (p. 131) What is the term for differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups?
A. labelling theory
B. deviance
C. differential justice
D. racial profiling
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #72
73. (p. 133) Feminist theorists of crime and deviance have noted which of the following?
A. As women make gains in the workplace and achieve higher positions, they are also becoming better
positioned to engage in whitecollar crime.
B. A woman's sexual history is more relevant to prosecutions of sexual abuse and assault than a man's is.
C. Most women report domestic violence.
D. Rape is a crime that cannot be perpetrated by a woman on a man.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #73
74. (p. 128,When individuals experience a loss of direction in a society, the society's social control becomes
130) ineffective, often leading to increases in crime and deviance. This statement is supported by
which of the following?
A. social disorganization theory and the concept of anomie

B. societalreaction approach
D. the concept of differential justice and labelling theory
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #74
75. (p. 119,The participants who acted as "teachers" in Milgram's classic social control experiment obeying
127128) the experimenter's orders to shock the "learner" were described by Milgram as acting
obediently, because they were accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures in the
social world. Which sociological perspective explains the organization of North American
society in this way?
A. symbolic interactionists
B. conflict theorists
C. feminists
D. functionalists
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #75
76. (p. 128) An alcoholic who has lost his job and left his family to live on the street is considered to be
practicing which of the following forms of adaptation as described by sociologist Robert
Merton?
A. rebel
B. retreatist
C. ritualist
D. acceptance
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #76
77. (p. 130) Read carefully through the statement below, and decide which of the following options is
correct. An important aspect of labelling theory is the recognition that some individuals or
groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view ties into the
functionalist perspective's emphasis on the social significance of power.
A. "labelling theory" should be replaced with "anomie theory"

B. "social significance of power should be replaced with "social significance of deviance"
C. "functionalist" should be replaced with "conflict"
D. "some" should be replaced with "all"
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #77
78. (p. 128) A student was asked the following question: "Briefly list and explain the basic forms of
adaptation in Merton's anomie theory of deviance". As an answer, the student wrote the
following: Merton argued that conformity to social norms involves acceptance of both the
overall societal goal and the approved means to acquire the goal; the innovator accepts the
goals of society but pursues them with means that are regarded as improper; the ritualist has
abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional
means; and finally the retreatist who feels alienated from the dominant means and goals and
may seek a very different social order.
How would you judge this student's answer?
A. Excellent (all stages are correct in the right order with clear and correct explanations)
B. Good (all stages are correct in the right order, but the explanations are not as clear as they should be)
C. Mediocre (one or two stages are missing, or the stages are in the wrong order, or the explanations are
not clear, or the explanations are irrelevant)
D. Unacceptable (more than two stages are missing and the order is incorrect and the explanations are
not clear and/or they are irrelevant)
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #78
79. (p. 122) Control theory reminds us that while the media may focus on crime and disorder, most
members of most societies conform to and obey basic norms.
TRUE
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #79
80. (p. 116) The high degree of anonymity allowing for uncivil behaviour when using the Internet has
resulted in calls for the establishment of formal rules for online behaviour.
TRUE
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #80
81. (p. 117) Edwin Sutherland coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue
members of certain social groups.
FALSE
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #81
82. (p. 117) According to journalist Naomi Wolf, women in the United States who do not conform to the
beauty myth are viewed as deviant.
TRUE
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #82
83. (p. 117) Both men and women in Canada may be stigmatized when they fail to conform to standards of
attractiveness.
TRUE
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #83
84. (p. 131) Aboriginal Canadians are incarcerated a nine times the rate of nonAboriginal Canadians.
TRUE
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #84
85. (p. 123) Edwin Sutherland coined the term whitecollar crime.
TRUE
Type: Easy
Witt Chapter 06 #85
86. (p. 118Discuss the various components of social control. Identify and describe how sanctions may be
120) used to control the expectations of society regarding people's actions and behaviours.
Answers will vary.
Feedback: Social control refers to the institutions and procedures that make sure members of society
conform to the rules of expected and approved behaviour. Formal social control comprises those
authorized procedures that define how specific people, such as police officers, customs inspectors and
social workers, will enforce the rules and laws of society. Informal social control is the maintenance of
order through gossip, praise, blame or other officially unauthorized but tacitly condoned forms of
sanction. Sanctions help to preserve social order and to regulate expectations. For most people, the desire
for acceptance and approval causes them to wish to avoid negative sanctions, and they therefore conform
to socially accepted behaviours.
Type: Medium
Witt Chapter 06 #86
87. (p. 119Describe the similarities and differences between conformity and obedience, according to
120) Stanley Milgram. Give examples to support both concepts.
Answers will vary.
Feedback: Conformity is the term used to designate 'going along' with peers individuals of our own
status that have no special right to direct our behaviour. So, for example, if your friends shoplift, and
encourage you to do so as well, and you do, you are engaging in conformity. Obedience is compliance
with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. So if your boss tells you to 'lose' the expense report of
one of his other employees because he is trying to set that person up for disciplinary action, and you do
it, you are obedient. The main similarity is that in both cases, you can be influenced to act in ways you
otherwise would not. The difference is that in the case of obedience, there is a power differential between
you and the person exercising the influence, whereas in conformity, there is not.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #87
88. (p. 117) Discuss why the definitions of deviance and social stigma are dependent on cultural variations
and socially accepted norms. Give examples of how people are stigmatized for behaviours they
may no longer engage in.
Answers will vary.
Feedback: Deviance is a departure from social norms, and social norms vary across space and time.
Therefore, what is considered deviant will similarly vary. Stigma is a concept articulated by Erving
Goffman, who said it was a powerfully negative social label that radically changes a person's self
concept and selfidentity. Goffman asserts that stigma is not inherent in a quality or attribute it is
resident in a set of relationships. It is contextual. A stigmatized individual is one who is disqualified from
full social acceptance due to the possession of a characteristic or attribute, or their performance of a
behaviour, that produces a discrepancy between their virtual social identity (that which is expected of
persons holding that status) and their actual social identity (constituted by the characteristics they in fact
possess). Again, the content of these expectations will vary culturally. Stigmatization tends to be 'sticky',
and labels may persist even after the behaviour that produced them has stopped. Take mental patients, for
example. You never really 'recover' from mental illness you are either a 'former mental patient' or you
are 'in remission' indicating that the underlying illness is still present, but latent. So even though you are
no longer displaying symptoms, the stigma remains.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #88
89. (p. 129) Discuss the relationship between cultural transmission and differential association in explaining
deviance or criminal acts. Give an illustration of how a person would likely become criminal
using the differential association process.
Answers will vary.
Feedback: Cultural transmission theory states that the culture of deviance, the norms, values, techniques
and rationalizations that characterize it, are learned through socialization, in the same way that we learn
all other forms of culture. Differential association, a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland, argues that
the more that you associate with deviants, the more likely it is that you will come to act in a deviant
fashion. Essentially, Sutherland is making claims about an individual's reference groups, those groups
with which a person is most likely to identify with and compare himself to. Let's look at an example of a
high school student: AnnMarie was a fine student throughout elementary school, but when she got to
high school, she fell in with what her mother described as ‘the wrong crowd'. AnnMarie started staying
out past curfew, smoking, and doing drugs. Her mother thinks that she may be turning a few tricks to
help her buy drugs. Now, AnnMarie has been picked up in a stolen car with a bunch of her friends, after
they inadvertently ran it into a tree. The differential association perspective would argue that AnnMarie
is learning deviant behaviours from her friends which she is conforming to the norms of her new
reference group. The way to help eliminate this new socialization would be to put AnnMarie into an
overt resocialization environment detox to get her off the drugs, probably in another city, where she
would not have access either to her friends or to familiar streets with johns and dealers, then therapy to
help understand why she sought out this group of acquaintances, and then behaviour modification
techniques and followup support to encourage her not to simply return to her life and fall in with the
same ‘bad crowd'.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #89
90. (p. 128What is differential justice? Give an example and explain how each of the four theoretical
131) perspectives (functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist and feminist) might view it.
Answers will vary.
Feedback: Differential justice is a term for the way in which social control is exercised differently over
different groups. So, for example, Aboriginal Canadians are overrepresented in prisons. How might each
perspective explain this? A functionalist would tend to look at this as a natural result of the high levels of
crime in many aboriginal communities. Most of the communities lack the resources to treat offenders in
the community, and therefore, it is appropriate that offenders end up in penal institutions. A conflict
theorist would look at this disproportionate representation as part of the overall oppression of Aboriginals
as a marginal group. As a result of their having very little power on all of Weber's three dimensions.
Aboriginals find themselves imprisoned at higher rates than members of the dominant group. Similarly,
feminist theorists are also likely to approach this from the standpoint of Aboriginals being a marginalized
group, but they are likely to focus on the particular circumstances facing Aboriginal women, who are
imprisoned at rates disproportionately higher even than Aboriginal men. A symbolic interactionist is
likely to look at how the interactions between Aboriginals and the justice system tend to produce
conditions in which Aboriginals are more likely than nonAboriginals to be imprisoned. For example, we
view eye contact as a measure of truthfulness; in many Aboriginal cultures, it is disrespectful to look an
elder or an authority figure straight in the eye. Aboriginal offenders may have more difficulty
understanding the language of the court, and more trouble communicating with their lawyer. These are
elements of interaction that can contribute to different outcomes for Aboriginals and nonAboriginals
facing the same charges.
Type: Difficult
Witt Chapter 06 #90
06 Summary
Category # of Questions
Learning Objective: 0601 Learn how deviance is socially constructed 16
Learning Objective: 06
24
02 Gain an understanding of formal and informal methods of social control
Learning Objective: 0603 Consider the effects of stigma 4
38
04 Compare and contrast various sociological perspectives on deviance and crime
10
05 Explore the relationship of race; class; and gender to differential justice
Type: Difficult 24
Type: Easy 18
Type: Medium 48
Witt Chapter 06 90
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—¡Qué vergüenza! —exclamó la señora sin disimular su enfado—
¿Conque para despachar un pasaporte se ha de gastar más tiempo
que para juzgar y condenar a muerte a un hombre?... ¡Qué tribunales
Santo Dios! ¡Qué Superintendencia y qué Comisión militar! Pongan
todo eso en manos de una mujer, y despachará en dos horas lo que
ustedes no saben hacer en una semana.
—Pero usted, señora —dijo Chaperón en el tono que empleaba
para parecer benévolo—, no tiene en cuenta las circunstancias...
—Veo que aquí las circunstancias lo hacen todo. Invocándolas a
cada paso, se cometen mil torpezas, infamias y atropellos. Si volviera
a nacer, Dios mío, querría que fuese en un país donde no hubiera
circunstancias.
—Si se tratara aquí del pasaporte de una señora —indicó e
Presidente de la Comisión con énfasis, como el que va a desarrolla
una tesis jurídica—, ande con Barrabás... Pero usted lleva dos criados
los cuales es preciso que antes se definan y purifiquen, porque uno de
ellos perteneció en tiempo de la Constitución a la clase de tropa, y e
otro sirvió largos años al ministro Calatrava... Pero nos ocuparemos
del asunto sin levantar mano...
—Yo deseo partir mañana —dijo la señora con displicencia—. Voy
muy lejos, señor Chaperón: voy a Inglaterra.
—Empezaremos, empezaremos ahora mismo. A ver, Lobo...
Al dirigirse a la mesa, Chaperón fijó la vista en la víctima cuyo
proceso verbal había sido suspendido por la entrada de la soberbia
dama.
—¡Ah!... Ya no me acordaba de ti —dijo entre dientes—. Voy a
despacharte.
Soledad miraba a la señora con espanto. Después de observarla
bien, cerciorándose de quién era, bajó los ojos y se quedó como una
muerta. Creeríase que batallaba angustiosamente con su desmayado
espíritu, tratando de infundirle fuerza, y que entre sollozos
imperceptibles le decía: «Levántate, alma mía, que aún falta lo más
espantoso».
—Con el permiso de usted, señora —dijo Chaperón mirando a la
dama—, voy a despachar antes a esta joven. Lobo, extienda usted la
orden de prisión... Llame usted para que la lleven... Orden al alcaide
para que la incomunique...
La víctima dejó caer su cabeza sobre el pecho.
Después miró de nuevo a la dama; pero esta vez encendiose su
rostro, y parecía que sus ojos relampagueaban con viva expresión de
amenaza. Esto duró poco. Fue la sombra del espíritu maligno al pasa
en veloz corrida por delante del ángel oscureciendo su luz.
La señora estaba también pálida y desasosegada. Indudablemente
no gustaba de ver a quien veía, y en presencia de aquella humilde
personilla condenada parecía tener miedo.
—Aquí tienes, mala cabeza —dijo Chaperón dirigiéndose a la
huérfana—, el resultado de tu terquedad. Demasiado bueno he sido
para ti... ¿Qué hemos sacado de tu declaración? Que Cordero es
inocente. ¿Y qué ganamos con eso, qué gana con eso la justicia? Tú y
nosotros adelantamos muy poco... Si hablaras sería distinto... Tú
habrás oído decir aquello de... quien te dio el pico, te hizo rico. ¿Te vas
enterando? Pero ahora, picarona, lo meditarás mejor en la cárcel... All
se aclaran mucho los sentidos..., verás. Esta linda pieza —añadió
señalando a la víctima y mirando a la señora—, es la estafeta de los
emigrados, ¿qué tal? Ella misma lo confiesa, lo cual no deja de tene
mérito; pero nos ha dejado a media miel, porque no quiere decir a
quién entregó las cartas que ha recibido hace unos días.
Soledad se levantó bruscamente.
—Una de las cartas de los emigrados —dijo con tono grave
extendiendo el brazo— la entregué a esta señora.
Después de señalarla con energía, cayó en su asiento con la
cabeza hacia atrás. Breve rato estuvieron mudos y estupefactos los
tres testigos de aquella escena.
—Es verdad —balbució la dama—. He recibido una carta de un
emigrado que está en Inglaterra; no sé quién la llevó a mi casa... ¿qué
mal hay en esto?
Chaperón, que estaba como aturdido, iba a contestar algo muy
importante, cuando la señora corrió hacia la huérfana, gritando:
—Se ha desmayado esta infeliz.
En efecto, rendida Sola a la fuerza superior de las emociones y de
cansancio, había perdido el conocimiento.
La señora sostuvo la cabeza de la víctima, mientras Lobo, cuya
oficiosidad filantrópica no se desmentía un solo momento, acudió
transportando un vaso de agua para rociarle el rostro.
—Eso no es nada —afirmó Chaperón—. Vamos, mujer, ¡qué mimos
gastamos! Todo porque la mandan a la cárcel...
La puerta se abrió dando paso a cuatro hombres de fúnebre
aspecto, que parecían pertenecer al respetable gremio de
enterradores.
—Ea, llevadla de una vez... —dijo don Francisco resueltamente—
El alcaide le dará algún cordial... No quiero desmayitos en m
despacho.
Los cuatro hombres se acercaron a la condenada.
—Un poco de vinagre en las sienes... —añadió el jefe de la
Comisión militar—. Ea, pronto..., quitadme eso de mi despacho.
—¡A la cárcel! —exclamó con lástima la señora, acercándose más a
la víctima como para defenderla.
—Señora, dispense usted —dijo Chaperón apartándola con enfática
severidad—. Deje usted a la justicia cumplir con su deber... Vamos
cargar pronto. No le hagáis daño.
Los cuatro hombres levantaron en sus brazos a la joven y se la
llevaron, siendo entonces perfecta la similitud de todos ellos con la
venerable clase de sepultureros.
La mampara, cerrándose sola con estrépito, produjo un sordo
estampido, como golpe de colosal bombo, que hizo retumbar la sala.
XVII
Aquel mismo día, ¡por vida de la chilindraina!, ¡cuán amargas horas

pasó el pobre don Patricio! Habrían bastado a encanecer su cabeza s
ya no estuviera blanca, y a encorvar su cuerpo si ya no lo estuviera
también. Sus suspiros eran capaces de conmover las paredes de la
casa; sus lágrimas corrían amargas y sin tregua por las
apergaminadas mejillas. No podía permanecer en reposo un solo
instante, ni distraerse con nada, ni comer, ni aposentar en su cerebro
pensamiento alguno, como no fuera el fúnebre pensamiento de su
desamparo y de la gran pena que le desgarraba el corazón. Este
lastimoso estado provenía de que Solita había salido temprano
diciéndole:
—No sé cuándo volveré. Quizás vuelva pronto, quizás mañana
quizás nunca... Escribiré al abuelo diciéndole lo que debe hacer
Adiós...
Y dirigiéndole una mirada cariñosa, se limpió las lágrimas, y bajó
rápidamente la escalera y desapareció, ¡santo Dios!, como un ánge
que se dirige al cielo por el camino del mundo.
«¿Será posible que haya salido hoy para Inglaterra? —se
preguntaba don Patricio, apretándose el cráneo con las manos para
que no se le escapara también—. ¡Pero cómo, si aquí está toda su
ropa, si no ha hecho equipaje, si en la cómoda ha dejado todo su
dinero!... ¿Pues a dónde ha ido entonces?... Quizás vuelva pronto
quizás mañana, quizás nunca... Nunca, nunca».
Y repetía esta desconsoladora palabra como un eco que de su
cerebro a sus labios saliera. Otro motivo de gran confusión para él era
que Soledad había despedido a la criada el día anterior. Estaba, pues
el viejo solo, enteramente solo, encerrado en la espantosa jaula de sus
tristes pensamientos, que era como una jaula de fieras. Pasaba de un
sentimentalismo patético a la desesperación rabiosa, y si a veces
secaba sus lágrimas despaciosamente, otras se mordía los puños y se
golpeaba el cráneo contra la pared. En los momentos de exaltación
recorría la casa desde la sala a la cocina, entraba en todas las piezas
salía para volver a entrar, daba vueltas, y tropezaba y caía y se
levantaba. Como entrara en la alcoba de Sola y viera su ropa, se
abalanzó a ella, hizo con febril precipitación un lío, y oprimiéndolo
contra su pecho cual si fuera el cuerpo mismo de la persona amada y
fugitiva, exclamó así con lastimero acento:
—Ven acá, paloma... Ven acá, niña de mi corazón... ¿Por qué huyes
de mí? ¿Por qué huyes del pobre viejo que te adora? Ángel divino
ángel precioso de mi guarda, cuya hermosura no puedo comparar sino
a la de la diosa de la Libertad, circundada de luz y sonriendo a los
pueblos; adorada hija mía, ¿en dónde estás? ¿No oyes mi voz? ¿No
oyes que te llamo? ¿No ves que me muero sin ti? ¿No te sacrifiqué m
gloria?... ¡Ay!... Mi destino, mi glorioso destino ahora me reclama, y no
puedo ir, porque sin ti soy un miserable y no tengo fuerzas para nada
Contigo al suplicio, a la gloria, a la inmortalidad, a los Elíseos Campos
sin ti a la muerte oscura, a la ignominia. Sola, Sola de mi vida, ¿en
dónde estás? Dímelo, o revolveré toda la tierra por encontrarte.
Esto decía, cuando llamaron fuertemente a la puerta. Más ligero
que una liebre fue y abrió... No era Sola quien llamaba: eran seis
hombres, que sin fórmula alguna de cortesía se metieron dentro. Uno
de ellos soltó de la boca estas palabras:
—¿No es este el viejo Sarmiento que predicaba en las esquinas?..
Echadle mano mientras yo registro.
—¡Ah!... —exclamó don Patricio algo confuso—. ¿Son ustedes de la
policía?... Sí, yo recuerdo..., conozco estas caras.
—Procedamos al registro —dijo solemnemente el que parecía jefe
de los corchetes—. Toda persona que se encuentre en la casa, debe
ser presa. Cuidado no se escape el abuelo.
—Quiere decir —balbució Sarmiento— que estoy preso.
—Ya se lo dirán allá —replicó el polizonte desabridamente—
Andando... Llévenme para allá al vejete, que aquí nos quedamos dos
para despachar esto.
Según la orden terminante del funcionario (que era un funcionario
vaciado en la común turquesa de los cazadores de blancos en aquella
infame y tenebrosa época), Sarmiento fue inmediatamente conducido
a la cárcel, y solo por un exceso de benevolencia, incomprensible y
hasta peligrosa para la reputación de aquella celosa policía, le dieron
tiempo para ponerse el sombrero, recoger el pañuelo y media docena
de cigarrillos.
No se daba cuenta de lo que le pasaba el infeliz maestro, y durante
el trayecto de su casa a la cárcel de Corte, que no era largo, fue con
los ojos bajos, encorvado el cuerpo, las manos a la espalda, en un
estado tal de confusión y aturdimiento, que no veía por dónde pasaba
ni oía las observaciones picarescas de los transeúntes. Cuando
entraron en la cárcel, el anciano se estremeció, revolviendo los ojos en
derredor. Su entrada había sido como el choque del ciego contra un
muro, símil tanto más exacto cuanto que don Patricio no veía nada
dentro de las paredes del lóbrego zaguán por donde se comunicaba
con el mundo aquella mansión de tristeza y dolor.
Lleváronle al registro y del registro a un patio, donde había algunas
personas que imploraban la misericordia de los carceleros para pode
ver a los detenidos. Hiciéronle subir luego más que de prisa po
hedionda escalera que se abría en uno de los ángulos del patio, y
hallose en un largo corredor o galería, que parecía haber sido claustro
pero que tenía entonces tapiadas todas sus ventanas, sin dejar más
entrada a la luz que unos ventanillos bizcos en la parte más alta.
Al entrar en la galería, Sarmiento oyó gritos, lamentos
imprecaciones. Era al caer de la tarde, y como la luz entraba all
avergonzada, al parecer, y temerosa, deteniéndose en los ventanillos
por miedo a que la encerraran también, no era fácil distinguir de lejos
las personas. Veíanse sombrajos movibles, los cuales, al acercarse a
ellos, resultaban ser la simpática humanidad de algún calabocero que
entraba en las celdas o salía de ellas.
Había centinelas de trecho en trecho, cuya vigilancia no podía se
muy grande, porque a cada instante les era forzoso apartar de las
puertas de las celdas a personas importunas que iban a turbar la
tranquilidad de los reos. Las llorosas mujeres, abusando de los
miramientos que se deben a su sexo, molestaban a los señores cabos
pidiéndoles noticias de tal o cual preso, dándoles cualquier recadillo
verbal o encargo enojoso, como llevar pan a alguno de los muchos
hambrientos que se comían los codos dentro de las celdas. En una de
estas debía de estar encerrado un loco furioso, cuya manía era da
golpes en la puerta, con lo cual estaban muy disgustados los
carceleros, hombres celosísimos de la paz de la casa. El dolor y la
desesperación, callado el uno, ruidosa la otra, hacían estremecer las
frágiles paredes, porque el mezquino edificio era indigno de la rabia
que contenía, y a ser tal como a ella cuadraba, hubiera tenido más
piedras que el Escorial y más hondos cimientos que el Alcázar de
Madrid.
Sarmiento fue introducido en una pieza relativamente grande, cuya
suciedad parecía resumen y muestrario de todas las suertes de
inmundicia que los años y la incuria de los hombres habían acumulado
en la indecorosa cárcel de Corte. En la zona más baja, una especie de
faja mugrienta marcaba el roce de muchas generaciones de presos, de
muchas generaciones de alguaciles, de muchas generaciones de
jueces y curiales. Alumbrábala el afligido resplandor de un quinqué
colgado del techo, que parecía acababa de oír leer su sentencia de
muerte, y se disponía con semblante contrito a hacer confesión de sus
pecados. Como el techo era muy bajo, y los allí presentes se movían
de un lado para otro en torno al ajusticiado quinqué, las sombras
bailaban en las paredes haciendo caprichosos juegos y cabriolas. En
el fondo había la indispensable estampa de Su Majestad, y sobre ella
un crucifijo cuya presencia no se comprendía bien, como no tuviera
por objeto el recordar que los hombres son tan malos después como
antes de la Redención.
Delante de Su Majestad en efigie y de la imagen de Cristo
crucificado, estaba en pie, apoyándose en una mesa, no fingido, sino
de carne y hueso, horriblemente tieso y horriblemente satisfecho de su
papel, el representante de la justicia, el apóstol del absolutismo, don
Francisco Chaperón, siempre negro, siempre de uniforme, siempre
atento al crimen para confundirlo donde quiera que estuviese, en
honra y gloria del trono, del orden y de la fe católica. Pocas veces se le
había visto tan fieramente investigador como aquella noche. Parecía
que el tal personaje acababa de llegar del Gólgota, y que aún le dolían
las manos de clavar el último clavo en las manos del otro, del que
estaba detrás y en la cruz, sirviendo de sarcástico coronamiento a
retrato del señor don Fernando.
A la derecha estaban junto a una mesa media docena de diablejos
vestidos con el uniforme de voluntario realista, y acompañados por e
licenciado Lobo, prestos todos a sumergir las plumas dentro de los
tinteros. La izquierda era ocupada por un banquillo pintado de color de
sangre de vaca: en él se sentaba alguien a quien don Patricio no vio
en el primer momento. El anciano no había salido aún de aque
estupor que le acometió al ser conducido fuera de su casa; miró con
cierta estupidez al tremendo fantasma; miró después a toda la chusma
curialesca que le rodeaba, al licenciado Lobo; miró al santo Cristo, a
rey pintado, y por fin, clavando los ojos en el banco de color de sangre
vio a su adorada hija y compañera.
—¡Sola!... ¡Hija de mi alma!... —gritó con alegría—. ¡Tú aquí..., yo
también..., parece que esto es la cárcel..., el suplicio..., la gloria..., m
destino!...
XVIII
Clarísima luz entró de improviso en la mente del afligido viejo

desaparecieron las percepciones vagas, las ideas confusas, para da
paso a aquella siempre fija, inmutable y luminosa, que había dirigido
su voluntad durante tanto tiempo, llenando toda su vida moral.
—Ya estoy en mí —dijo en tono de seguridad y convicción—
Soledad..., ¡tú y yo en este sitio! Al fin, al fin Dios ha señalado mi día
¿No lo decía yo?... ¿No decía yo que al fin vendría la hora sublime?
¡Destino honroso el nuestro, hija mía! He aquí que no solo heredas m
gloria, sino que la compartes, y los dos juntamente, unidos aquí como
lo estuvimos allá, somos llamados...
—Silencio —gritó Chaperón bruscamente—. Responda usted a lo
que le pregunto: ¿cómo se llama usted?
—Excusada pregunta es esa —repuso con aplomo y dignidad don
Patricio—, pues todo el mundo sabe en Madrid y fuera de él que soy
Patricio Sarmiento, adalid incansable de la idea liberal, compañero de
Riego, amigo de todos los patriotas, defensor de todas las
constituciones, amparo de la democracia, terror del despotismo. Soy e
que jamás tembló delante de los tiranos, el que no tiene en su corazón
una sola fibra que no grite libertad, y el que aun después de muerto
sacará la cabeza de la sepultura para gritar...
—Basta —dijo Chaperón, notando que las palabras del reo
provocaban murmullos—. Charlatán es el viejo... Responda usted
¿Conoce a esta joven?
—¿Que si la conozco? ¡Que si conozco a Sola...! Si no temiera
faltar al respeto que debo a todo juez, quienquiera que sea, diría que
es necia pregunta la que vuecencia acaba de hacerme. Esta es mi hija
adoptiva, mi ángel de la guarda, mi amparo, mi compañera de vida, de
muerte, de cielo y de inmortalidad. Dios, que dispone todas las
grandezas, así como el hombre es autor de todas las pequeñeces, ha
dispuesto que este ángel divino me acompañe también ahora
¡Admirable solución de la Providencia! Yo creí haberla perdido, y la
encuentro junto a mí en la hora culminante de mi vida, cuando se
cumple mi destino; aparece a mi lado, no para darme esos triviales
consuelos que no necesita mi corazón magnánimo, sino para
compartir mi sacrificio, y con mi sacrificio, mi gloria. Adelante, señores
jueces, adelante. Acaben ustedes. Soledad y yo nos declaramos reos
de amor a la libertad, nos declaramos dignos de caer bajo vuestras
manos, y confesamos haber trabajado por el triunfo del santo principio
ahora y antes y siempre, porque para ello nacimos y por ello morimos.
Causaba diversión a los diablillos menores y aun al diablazo grande
el desenfado del buen viejo, por lo cual no habían puesto tasa a la
charla de este. Mas Chaperón, que deseaba concluir pronto, dijo a
reo:
—¿Es cierto que esta joven recibió un paquete de cartas de los
emigrados para repartirlas a varias personas de Madrid?
—¿Y eso se pregunta? —replicó Sarmiento como si admirara la
candidez del vestiglo—. ¿Pues qué había de hacer sino trabajar noche
y día por el triunfo de la sagrada causa?... ¿No he dicho que para eso
nacimos y por eso morimos?
Soledad miraba con ojos muy compasivos a su amigo y al juez
alternativamente. Mas pronto dejó de mirarlos y se reconcentró en s
misma, mostrando estoica indiferencia hacia aquel lúgubre diálogo
entre un insensato y un verdugo. Había hecho ya con Dios pacto de
resignación absoluta, y se entregaba a la voluntad divina, prometiendo
no oponer ninguna resistencia a los accidentes humanos, ni acepta
otro papel que el de víctima callada y tranquila. Entre el instante en
que la sacaron desmayada de la caverna del gran esbirro, hasta aque
en que le pusieron delante a su compañero de infortunio, habían
pasado para ella horas muy angustiosas. Pero su espíritu se había
rendido al fin, aceptando la fórmula esencial del cristiano, que es
rendirse para vencer y perderse absolutamente para absolutamente
salvarse. Si algún combate sostenía aún su alma, era porque e
propósito de pensar solamente en Dios no podía cumplirse aún con
rigurosa exactitud. Pensaba en algo que no era Dios; pero aun así, iba
conquistando la tranquilidad y un pasmoso equilibrio moral, porque
había arrojado fuera de sí valerosamente toda esperanza.
—Usted sabrá sin duda a quién venían dirigidas esas cartas —
preguntó Chaperón a Sarmiento.
—¿Pues qué?... ¿Ella no lo ha dicho?... —repuso el anciano
nuevamente admirado de la ignorancia del tribunal—. Esto no puede
considerarse como delación, porque esas personas son leales
patricios que también anhelan llegue la coyuntura de sacrificarse por la
libertad. Nosotros no tenemos secretos; nosotros, como los héroes de
la antigüedad, lo hacemos todo a la luz del día. Fue preciso prestar un
servicio a la santa causa, facilitando las comunicaciones entre todos
los que conspiran dentro y fuera por hacerla triunfar, y lo prestamos, sí
señor, lo prestamos a la clarísima luz del sol, coram populo. Las cartas
eran cuatro.
—Atención —dijo don Francisco acercándose a la mesa de los
escribanos.
—Una era para don Antonio Campos, ese gran patriota que acaba
de llegar de Tarifa y Almería; otra para un oficial de la antigua guardia
que se llama Ramalejo; la tercera venía dirigida a don Roque Sáez y
Onís, y la cuarta a doña Jenara de Baraona.
—Muy bien —gruñó Chaperón, asemejándose mucho en su gruñido
al perro que acaba de encontrar un hueso perdido—. Veo que el viejo
y la niña son la peor casta de conspiradores que se conoce en Madrid.
—Sí —dijo Sarmiento con exaltación—, insúltenos usted... Eso nos
agrada. Los insultos son coronas inmarcesibles en la frente del justo
Mire usted las espinas que lleva en su cabeza aquel que está en la
cruz.
—Silencio —gritó Chaperón—. Veo que él es tan parlanchín como
ella hipocritona. Ya sabemos lo de las cartas, linda pieza... Ahora e
buen viejo nos informará de todas las particularidades que hayan
ocurrido en la casa. ¿Tiene noticia de que entrara en estos líos don
Benigno Cordero?
—¡Cordero! —exclamó Sarmiento con asombro—. Cordero es un
hombre vulgar, un tendero, un quídam... ¿Cómo puede ser capaz
semejante hombre de intervenir en un complot de esos que solo
acometen las almas grandes y valerosas?
—¿Seudoquis fue muchas veces a la casa?
—Dos veces, dos. Para nada hay que mentar a Cordero. Nuestra
gloria es nuestra, señor mío, y de nadie más. ¡Ay de aquel que intente
quitarnos una partícula de ella, siquiera sea del tamaño de un grano de
alpiste! Nosotros, nosotros solos somos los héroes, nosotros las
víctimas sublimes. Fuera intrusos y gentezuela que se presenta en e
festín de la gloria con sus manos lavadas, reclamando lo que no les
pertenece ni han sabido ganar con su abnegación. ¡Nosotros solos
ella y yo, nadie más que ella y yo!
—El que enviaba las cartas —añadió don Francisco dando un paso
hacia Sarmiento— ¿no hablaba de lo de Almería y Tarifa, ni de la
revolución que estaban preparando?
—Nosotros —repuso Sarmiento con desdén—, no nos ocupamos
de frívolos detalles. ¡Almería, Tarifa! ¿Qué vale eso ni qué significa?
Hechos aislados que ni precipitan ni detienen el hecho principal, que
es la victoria de la libertad. ¡Si al fin tiene que ser, si ha de venir tan de
seguro como saldrá el sol mañana!... Que se frustre una intentona, que
salga mal un desembarco, que fusiléis a trescientos o a mil o a un
millón de patriotas..., nada importa, señores. Lo que ha de venir
vendrá. Si pretendéis atajarlo con patíbulos, vendrá más pronto. Los
patíbulos son árboles fecundos, que con el riego de la sangre dan
frutos preciosísimos. Echad sangre, más sangre; eso es lo que hace
falta. Las venas de los patriotas son el filón de donde mana la nueva
vida.
»No me habléis de conspiraciones parciales: yo no entiendo de eso
El que escribió las cartas, lo mismo que mi hija, lo mismo que yo
cooperamos con nuestra voluntad y nuestros deseos más íntimos y
más ardientes en ese gran complot moral, cuyas ramificaciones se
extienden por todo el mundo. ¡Ah!, señores, no conocéis la gran
conspiración del tiempo. A ella pertenezco, a ella pertenecen todas
vuestras víctimas... Ea, despachemos pronto. Basta de fórmulas y de
procedimientos necios. El patíbulo, el patíbulo, señores, esa es
nuestra jurisprudencia. De él hemos de salir triunfantes, trocados de
humanos miserables en inmaculados espíritus. Lo mismo nos da que
nos ahorquéis de esta o de la otra manera, más o menos noblemente
¿A los mártires del circo romano les importaba que el tigre que se los
comía tuviera la oreja negra o amarilla? No, porque no atendían más
que a la sublime idea; lo mismo nosotros no atendemos más que a
esta idea que nos lleva en pos del suplicio, la cual es como un fuego
sacrosanto que nos embelesa y nos purifica. No tenemos ya sentidos
no sabemos lo que es dolor... ¡La carne!... ¡Ah!, no nos merece más
interés que el despreciable polvo de nuestros zapatos. Adelante, pues
Cumpla cada uno con su deber: el vuestro es matar, el nuestro
sucumbir carnalmente, para vivir después la excelsa, la inacabable y
deliciosa vida del espíritu... Vamos allá: ¿en dónde, en dónde está esa
bendita horca?
Había tanta naturalidad en las entusiastas expresiones del exaltado
viejo patriota, y al propio tiempo un tono de dignidad tan majestuoso
que los empleados de la Comisión, así militares como civiles, no
podían resistir al deseo de oírle. Aunque el sentimiento que a la
mayoría dominaba era de burla con cierta tendencia a la compasión
no faltaba quien oyese al estrafalario viejo con un interés distinto de
que comúnmente inspiran las palabras de los tontos. El mismo
Chaperón se mostraba complacido, sin duda porque le divertía su
víctima, haciéndolo mucho más barato que el célebre gracioso
Guzmán, que empezaba su carrera en el teatro del Príncipe. Poro
como la dignidad del tribunal no permitía tales comedias, don
Francisco mandó al reo que diese por terminada la representación.
Los polizontes que se quedaron registrando la casa de Sola
aparecieron. Habían encontrado alguna cosa de gran valor jurídico
habían hecho provisión de pedacitos de papel, fragmentos de cartas
sin olvidar un polvoriento retrato de Riego, hallado entre los bártulos
de don Patricio; dos o tres documentos masónicos o comuneros, y una
carta dirigida al maestro de escuela. Examinolo todo ávidamente
Chaperón, y lo entregó después a Lobo para que constase en e
proceso. En tanto, don Patricio se acercaba a su compañera de
infortunio y en voz baja le decía:
—Ánimo, ángel de mi vida, cordera mía. Que en esta ocasión
solemne no deje de subir tu espíritu a la altura del mío. Inspírate en mí
Reflexiona en la gloria que nos espera y en el eco que tendrán
nuestros sonorosos nombres en los siglos futuros, perpetuándose de
generación en generación. ¿Por qué estás triste, y no alegre como
unas castañuelas? ¿Por qué bajas los ojos en vez de alzarlos como
yo, para tratar de ver en el cielo el esplendoroso asiento que nos está
destinado? Tu destino es mi destino. Ambos están escritos en e
mismo renglón. Hay gemelos del morir como los hay del nacer: tú y yo
somos mellizos, y juntos saldremos del vientre de este miserable
mundo a la inmensa vida del otro... Posible es que no lo
comprendieras antes, niña de mis ojos; yo tampoco lo creía, y era
engañado por hechos mentirosos. Tu proyecto de abandonarme era
una ficción del destino para sorprenderme después con esta unión
celestial. Mi entrada en tu casa, el amparo que me diste, ¿qué
significan sino la preparación para estas nuestras bodas mortuorias
de las cuales saldremos unidos por siempre ante el altar de la
glorificación eterna? Tú necesitas de mí para este santo objeto, as
como yo necesito de ti... Bien sabía yo que conspirabas... ¡Y
conspirabas por la santa libertad! Bendita seas... Serás condenada y
yo también. ¡Seremos condenados!... ¿Ves cómo no es posible la
separación? ¿Ves cómo lo ha dispuesto Dios así? Viviremos juntos
eternamente. ¡Qué inefable dicha!... Solilla de mi vida, ten ánimo; que
la flaca naturaleza corporal no soborne con sus halagos tu alma de
patriota. Vive como yo la excelsa vida del espíritu. Desprécialo todo
mira al cielo, nada más que al cielo y a mí, que soy tu compañero de
gloria, tu gemelo, tu segundo tú, a quien has de estar unida por los
siglos de los siglos.
Soledad miró a su amigo. La serenidad, que en él provenía de un
loco entusiasmo, provenía en ella de la resignación, ese heroísmo más
sublime que todas las exaltaciones del valor, y al cual damos un
nombre oscuro: lo llamamos paciencia, y germina como flor invisible y
modesta en el alma de los que parecen débiles.
—Veo que no lloras —dijo don Patricio observando aquel semblante
plácidamente tranquilo, a quien la virtud mencionada daba angelica
hermosura—. No lloras, no estás demudada...
—¿Yo llorar? ¿Por qué?
—Así me gusta —exclamó Sarmiento con entusiasmo—. ¡Oh almas
sublimes! ¡Oh almas escogidas! ¡Y pensar que os han de intimida
horcas y suplicios!... Señores jueces, aquí aguardamos la hora de
holocausto. Llevadnos ya; subidnos a esos gallardos maderos que
llamáis infamantes. Mientras más altos, mejor. Así alumbraremos más
Somos los fanales del género humano.
Chaperón mandó que los dos reos fuesen conducidos cada cual a
su calabozo; mas como el alcaide manifestase la imposibilidad de
ocupar dos departamentos, se dispuso que ambos gemelos de la
muerte fuesen encerrados en un solo cuarto.
—Vamos —dijo don Patricio enlazando con su brazo la cintura de
Sola.
Esta se dejó llevar. Cuando iban por la oscura galería, la joven
huérfana oyó claramente en su oído estas palabras, dichas en voz
muy baja, como un silbido:
—Señora, no se sofoque usted... Se hará un esfuercito po
salvarla... Una persona que se interesa por usted..., que se interesa
sí..., me encarga de advertírselo.
Soledad volviose prontamente y vio unos ojos verdes y grandes, de
tamaño de huevos. Estos ojos brillaban, reflejando la claridad del faro
de los carceleros, en un semblante amojamado y partido en dos por la
hendidura sonriente de la prolongada boca, casi vacía. En vez de
tranquilizarse, Soledad tuvo miedo.
XIX
El licenciado Lobo, asesor privado del señor Chaperón, tenía su

oficina en el ángulo más oscuro y apartado de la planta baja de la
Comisión militar. Cubría el piso la estera más vieja, servíale de
escritorio la mesa más rota que contaba entre sus propiedades e
Estado, y el pupitre, el tintero, la estantería, denotaban con honrosa
vejez haber acompañado en toda su larga vida a las antiguas
covachuelas. Hasta el retrato de Fernando VII que decoraba la pared
era el más feo de toda la casa, y comido de polilla, no presentaba a la
admiración del espectador más que los ojos y parte del cuerpo. Lo
demás era una mancha irregular con grandes brazos al modo de
tentáculos. Parecía un gran cefalópodo que estaba contemplando a su
víctima antes de chupársela.
En el centro de este mueblaje, y encorvado sobre una mesa llena
de descoloridos papeles, aparecía el leguleyo, cuya figura encajaba en
tal marco como el cernícalo en su nido. La diestra pluma rasgueaba
sin cesar, cual si fuera absolutamente imprescindible su actividad para
la existencia de todo aquello, o como si fuera la clave cabalística de
que dependían las imágenes del despacho, del retrato, de los muebles
y del licenciado mismo. Cuando la pluma paraba, creyérase que todo
iba a desvanecerse. A no ser porque en los ratos de descanso e
asesor se ponía a tararear alguna tonadilla trasnochada de las de
tiempo de la Briones y de Manolo García, se le hubiera tenido po
momia automática, o por alma en pena a quien se había impuesto la
tarea de escribir mil millones de causas para poderse redimir.
Al día siguiente de la prisión de Sarmiento, y cuando aún no había
despachado regular porción de su faena de la mañana, una señora se
presentó sin anunciarse en el escondrijo del asesor.
—¡Oh! señora... —exclamó Lobo suspendiendo la escritura—. No
esperaba a usted tan tempranito. Hágame el obsequio de toma
asiento.
Ya la señora lo había hecho en la única silla que servía para e
caso. Era la misma dama a quien vimos en el despacho de Chaperón
guapa si las hay, seductora de cara, cuerpo y apostura, tota totalitate
hermosa. Envolvíase en un rico chal blanco, que a Lobo le pareció
sobre los lindos hombros y entre los brazos de verde vestidos, como e
más gracioso capricho de la nieve entre las plantas de un jardín. Como
a los viejos feos se les permite ser galantes, Lobo dijo que la cara de
la señora era una rosa con la cual no se había atrevido la nieve
temiendo que una mirada la derritiera.
—Déjese usted de sandeces —dijo ella—. Yo vengo a salir de
dudas.
—¿Respecto a esa jovenzuela que se delató a sí misma?..
Confieso que es el primer caso que he visto desde que tengo esta
nobilísima pluma en la mano. Por ella se interesa la señora.
—Mucho, muchísimo —repuso la dama con pena—. Anoche he
tenido una pesadilla... No es la primera vez que sueño con ella..
¿Pues no he dado en soñar que soy verdugo y que la estoy
ahorcando?
—Graciosísimo, señora mía, graciosísimo. ¿La conoce usted hace
tiempo? ¿De qué procede ese interés tan vivo? Ella no demuestra
tenerla a usted grabada en las telas de su corazón. Recordemos cómo
declaró haberle entregado una de las cartas. Sin duda quería perderla
a usted. ¡Infame víbora! ¡Y usted quiere favorecerla! ¡Oh generosidad
inaudita!
—¡Ella me aborrece!
—Se conoce, sí, porque lo de la carta es una calumnia.
—No es una calumnia, no. Recibí la carta —dijo la señora
suspirando—. Pero Chaperón me ha dicho que no seré molestada po
ello. Mostraré la carta, si es preciso. No contiene nada que transcienda
a conspirar.
—Todo sea por Dios —dijo Lobo con ademán distraído—. Pues se
arreglará. Basta que usted se interese por ella, para que don Francisco
sea benigno. Para él no hay más Dios que Calomarde, y como m
señora tiene felizmente todo el favor de nuestro querido ministro y
también el de Quesada...
—No me fío yo del ministro —dijo la dama nublando su hermoso
semblante con las sombras de la duda—. Muy amigo mío era don
Víctor Sáez, y en Cádiz me prendió, como usted sabe. Aquello duró
poco; pero fui maltratada del modo más grosero. En estos tiempos no
hay que fiar de las amistades.
—No, no hay que fiar, señora mía —repitió Lobo riendo y bajando la
voz como el que va a decir un secreto peligroso—. ¡Estamos en los
tiempos más perros que se han visto desde que hay tiempos, y
bregamos con la gente más mala que se ha visto desde que e
hombre, esa infame bestia inteligente, apareció sobre la tierra! Empero
usted conseguirá lo que desea. ¿Es cuestión de gratitud? ¿Ha recibido
usted favores de esa infeliz o de su familia?
—No, no es eso —dijo la dama, mostrando que le importunaba la
curiosidad del hombre de leyes—. Es cuestión de conciencia.
—¿Debe usted favores a esa desgraciada?
—No, ella me debe a mí un disfavor muy grande. Yo he sido mala
señor Lobo..., pero no, no soy tan mala como yo misma creo. No faltan
voces en mi conciencia... Verdad es que tengo un genio arrebatado
que soy capaz en ciertos momentos... Vamos, lo diré: soy capaz hasta
de coger un puñal...
La hermosa dama, moviendo su brazo como para matar, convirtiose
por breve momento en una figura trágica de extraordinaria belleza.
—Pero estos furores me pasan —añadió pasándose la mano po
los ojos—. Pasan, sí, y como Dios castiga y advierte... Yo he sido
mala; pero no he cerrado mis ojos a las advertencias de Dios. No es
posible siempre reparar el mal que se ha causado... Pero se me
presenta ahora ocasión de hacer un bien, y he de hacerlo: quiero
sacar de la prisión a esa joven.
—El señor don Francisco...
—No me fío yo del señor don Francisco. Es demasiado amigo de m
esposo para que yo haga caso de sus palabrejas corteses. Usted
usted puede arreglarlo fácilmente.
—¿Cómo?
—Componiendo la causa de modo que aparezca la reo tan inocente
de conspiración como los ángeles del cielo, aunque no sé yo s
Chaperón y Calomarde podrán convencerse de que los ángeles no
conspiran.
—¡La causa, señora! —exclamó Lobo sonriendo con malicia.
—Sí; componer la causa, hombre de Dios; poner lo blanco negro y
lo negro blanco.
—Pero, señora doña Jenara de mis pecados, si aquí no hay
causas, ni jurisprudencia, ni ley, ni sentencia, ni testimonio, ni pruebas
ni nada más que el capricho de la Comisión militar y de la
Superintendencia, sometidas, como usted sabe, al capricho más
bárbaro aún de los voluntarios realistas. Si todo este fárrago de
papeles que usted ve aquí es tan inútil para la suerte de los presos
como los guijarros de que está empedrada la calle... ¡Si todo esto es
vana fórmula; si yo escribo porque me pagan para que escriba; si esto
es puramente lo que yo llamo pan de archivo, porque no sirve más que
para llenar esa gran boca que está siempre abierta y nunca se sacia!..
¡Oh inocencia, oh candor pastoril! No hable usted de causas ni de
procedimientos, porque si todo esto (señaló los legajos que en
grandes pilas le rodeaban) se escribiera en griego, serviría para lo
mismo que en castellano sirve: para nada... ¡Pobres ratones! ¡Y es tan
inhumana la Sala que manda poner ratoneras para impedirles que se
coman esto!
El licenciado, después que concluyó de hablar, siguió riendo un
buen rato.
—En ese caso, emprenderemos la conquista de Chaperón.
—Cosa muy fácil, pero facilísima... Tenga usted de su parte a
Calomarde y a Quesada, y échese a dormir, señora.
—Es que ahora —repuso la dama muy preocupada— dicen que
apretarán mucho la cuerda y que no perdonarán a nadie.
—Sí; el gobierno necesita ahora más que nunca demostrar gran
celo para perseguir a los liberales. Los voluntarios realistas le acusan
de que ahorca poco.
—¡Qué horror!
—De que ahorca poco. Pues bien: el gobierno se verá en el caso de
ahorcar mucho.
—¡Y a esa pobre joven...!
—Esa pobre joven... La verdad es que la causa, como causa de
conspiración, es de las que más alto piden un desenlace trágico
Ahora me acuerdo de una circunstancia que favorece mucho su deseo
de usted.
—¿Qué?
—Anoche nos han traído al que figura como cómplice de la
tunantuela.
—¿Sarmiento?... Le conozco —dijo la señora desanimándose—. Es
un pobre tonto, a quien la Comisión no puede considerar como reo.
—Poquito a poco. La ley está de tal modo redactada, que yo no me
atrevería a absolverle. Puesto que la señora quiere que yo dé unos
cuantos toques a la causa, se hará. Nada se pierde en ello. Verá usted
cómo resulta que el culpable de todo es Sarmiento, y que la joven
jamás ha roto un plato.
—Buena idea, si ese infeliz estuviese en su claro juicio, si tuviera
responsabilidad...
—Allí está el quid. Anoche dijo Chaperón que iba a mandarle a
Nuncio de Toledo. Puede que persista en esta humanitaria idea. Allá
veremos... Ya sabe usted que la cabeza de mi jefe es una piedra
berroqueña.
—Puede sostenerse —dijo la dama en tono humorístico— que su
jefe de usted es uno de los hombres más brutos que han comido pan
en el mundo.
—Señora —replicó Lobo como quien da expansión a un sentimiento
contenido por el deber—, yo le aseguro a usted que no come cebada
por no dar qué decir. Así anda el reino en manos de esta gente
Malaventurados los que se ven en la dura necesidad de servirle, como
yo, por ejemplo, que pudiendo estar pavoneándome en una Sala de
Consejo, cual lo piden mis merecimientos y servicios, me hallo
reducido a la triste condición en que usted me ve. ¡Ay, señora de m
vida! —añadió haciendo pucheros—. Esto me pasa por haber sido una
mala cabeza, por haber fluctuado entre los dos partidos sin decidirme
por ninguno. Desde la guerra vengo haciendo quiebros como un
bailarín, sin saber a qué faldón agarrarme. Mis vacilaciones, mi timidez
natural, y, ¿por qué no decirlo?, mi honradez me han traído al estado
en que me veo, simple secretario de un Chaperón, yo que llegué a
posarme en la sala de Mil y Quinientas... ¡Y que no he pasado yo
congojas en gracia de Dios!... (Al decir esto movía la cabeza como los
muñecos que la tienen pegada al cuerpo por una espiral de alambre)
¡Sin destino, y teniendo que mantener esposa, dos suegras y once
becerros mamones! Es verdad que Dios se llevó de mi casa a la gente
mayor; pero vinieron nietecillos..., ¡y qué casorios los de mis hijas!..
En fin, señora, me callo, porque si sigo hablando de mis lástimas ha de

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SOC Cannadian 2nd Edition Witt Test

1. To what does the term social control refer?

A. Justifications for deviant behaviour.

2. Which of the following is NOT an example of social control?

A. A police officer in an intersection, directing traffic.

3. How are sanctions defined?

A. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

5. Being arrested for murder would be an example of which of the following?

6. Clyde is arrested for graffiti writing. Of what is the arrest an example?

10. To what does obedience refer?

A. formal social control

A. formal social control

A. anomie theory of deviance

22. What does control theory state?

23. Which of the following is NOT true of laws?

24. Which of the following is true of deviance?

A. It always violates the laws of a society.

27. Which of the following is unlikely to be stigmatizing?

A. A conviction for possession of child pornography.

28. Crime is a violation of which of the following?

29. Which of the following statements about crime in Canada is correct?

34. Which of the following is true of white­collar crime?

A. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.

A. Reinforce the misconception that women can be treated as "toys".

A. routine activities crime

46. In Émile Durkheim's view, which of the following is true?

49. Which of the following would be an example of anomie?

A. Describes five types of deviance.

A. If they are chronically deprived of the basic necessities of life.

A. athletic high school­aged males tend to be troublemakers.

66. What is the other name for the societal­reaction approach?

A. The human relations approach.

A. sexual predators and prostitutes

A. the theory of differential association

A. symbolic interactionist perspective

A. social disorganization theory and the concept of anomie

A. "labelling theory" should be replaced with "anomie theory"

85. Edwin Sutherland coined the term white­collar crime.

A. Justifications for deviant behaviour.

2. (p. 118) Which of the following is NOT an example of social control?

A. A police officer in an intersection, directing traffic.

3. (p. 118) How are sanctions defined?

A. Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

10. (p. 119) To what does obedience refer?

A. formal social control

A. formal social control

A. anomie theory of deviance

22. (p. 122) What does control theory state?

24. (p. 116) Which of the following is true of deviance?

A. It always violates the laws of a society.

25. (p. 116) Which of the following is NOT an example of deviance?

27. (p. 117) Which of the following is unlikely to be stigmatizing?

A. A conviction for possession of child pornography.

34. (p. 123) Which of the following is true of white­collar crime?

A. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.

A. Reinforce the misconception that women can be treated as "toys".

A. routine activities crime

43. (p. 126) Which of the following is true?

49. (p. 128) Which of the following would be an example of anomie?

A. Describes five types of deviance.

A. If they are chronically deprived of the basic necessities of life.

A. athletic high school­aged males tend to be troublemakers.

A. The human relations approach.

34. Which of the following is true of whitecollar crime?

A. athletic high schoolaged males tend to be troublemakers.

66. What is the other name for the societalreaction approach?

85. Edwin Sutherland coined the term whitecollar crime.

34. (p. 123) Which of the following is true of whitecollar crime?

A. athletic high schoolaged males tend to be troublemakers.