Test Bank For Sociology in Our Times 11th Edition Diana Kendall Download

Test Bank for Sociology in Our Times, 11th Edition, Diana Kendall
Test Bank for Sociology in Our Times, 11th Edition,

Diana Kendall
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True / False
1. A 2016 Oxfam report indicated that the richest 62 individuals in the world own as much wealth as the poorest half of
the world’s population.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 222
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-1 - Define global stratification and explain how it contributes to
economic inequality within and between nations.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/5/2017 1:22 PM
2. Many of the poorest people in the world live in high-income countries.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 222
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

3. There have been no improvements in health status, literacy, and lessening of extreme poverty throughout the world
over the past 50 years.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: Although some progress has been made, the overall outlook is still very
bleak.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
4. The terms used to describe global stratification and economic inequality are the same today as they were 70 years
ago.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
Rejoinder: Today income and economic inequality are used to describe levels of
economic development. Countries are categorized into one of "three worlds" depending
upon their level of economic development.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

5. Improving a country’s gross national income (GNI) does not necessarily improve the standard of living for the
poorest people living in that country.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-2 - Describe the levels of development approach for studying global
inequality.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
6. Population researchers believe that issues such as population growth, economic development, and environmental
problems must be seen as independent issues.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 225
inequality.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: New
Rejoinder: The consensus is that these issues are tightly bound together.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

7. Only high-income countries are relatively unaffected by capital flight.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-3 - Identify the World Bank classifications of nations into four
economic categories, and explain why organizations such as the World Bank have
problems measuring wealth and poverty on a global basis.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: In the United States and other high-income countries, jobs and capital have
moved to places where labor is cheaper; this contributes to deindustrialization and
stagnant economic growth.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
8. Nations with high-income economies always have a higher rate of economic growth than newly industrializing
nations.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: Because of capital flight and deindustrialization, high-income nations like the
United States and countries in Western Europe do not have a high rate of annual
economic growth.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

9. The literacy rate has become increasingly less useful as an indicator of economic progress within a country.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
10. The Gini coefficient measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

11. For countries in the middle of the human development index, the average life expectancy at birth is about 12 years
less than that of people in countries at the top of the HDI.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 229
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-4 - Discuss the relationship between global poverty and key human
development issues such as life expectancy, health, education, and literacy.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
12. D
espite a decrease in tobacco smoking in high-income countries, there has been a global increase in per capita
tobacco consumption.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 231
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

13. According to the definition from the United Nations, people who can only write their name or simple figures are not
considered literate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
14. According to the United Nations, the gap in literacy rates between women and men has virtually disappeared.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), women constitute about two-thirds of those who are
illiterate. Literacy is crucial for women because it has been closely linked to decreases
in fertility, improved child health, and increased earnings potential.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

15. Economic growth and higher incomes in low- and middle-developed nations are not always necessary to bring about
improvements in health and education.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
16. The multidimensional measure of poverty is most useful in analyzing poverty in high- and middle-income countries,
where people have greater access to resources.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: The multidimensional measure of poverty is most useful in analyzing poverty
in less-developed countries because countries with less human development have more
multidimensional inequality and poverty.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

17. Throughout the world, the countries that have been most successful in moving from low- to middle-income status
have been those that are most centrally involved in the global capitalist economy.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-5 - Explain modernization theory and list the four stages of
economic development identified by Walt Rostow.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
18. Dependency theory does not explain how East Asia and India have historically been dependent on foreign aid and
foreign trade yet have still experienced rapid economic growth.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 235
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-6 - Define dependency theory and explain why this theory is often
applied to newly industrializing countries.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

19. Almost all commodity production today involves a producer-driven commodity chain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-8 - Discuss the new international division of labor theory and explain
how it might be useful in the twenty-first century.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: Producer-driven commodity chains describe industries in which transnational
corporations play a central part in controlling the production process. Industries that
produce automobiles, computers, and other capital- and technology-intensive products
are examples. However, buyer-driven commodity chains are also important. These
refer to industries in which large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading
companies set up decentralized production networks. This type of chain is most
common in labor-intensive, consumer-goods industries such as toys, garments, and
footwear.
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
20. According to world systems theory, the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a hierarchy of three
major types of nations.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 236
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: SIOT.KEND.18.8-7 - Describe the key components of world systems theory and
identify the three major types of nations set forth in this theory.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

21. Throughout the world, even in remote and rural areas, people are benefiting from the economic development of low-
and middle-income countries.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 239
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
Rejoinder: The elites in developing countries are the most likely to benefit from
economic partnerships with transnational corporations. Particularly in rural areas, but
also in urban areas, ordinary people are impoverished and exploited for their labor.
DATE CREATED: 1/5/2017 11:25 AM
Multiple Choice
22. Global stratification_________________________________________.
a. involves the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis
b. results in some countries being more democratic than others
c. ultimately ends up with people having remarkably similar lifestyles and life chances
d. refers only to inequality among the nations of the world
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 222
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

23. __________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial,
administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income.
a. M
iddle-income countries
b. L ow-income countries
c. H igh-income countries
d. R elative-income countries
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
24. The income gaps between richer and poorer countries of the world are __________ than the income gaps between
classes in the United States.
a. m ore pronounced
b. l ess pronounced
c. m ore equal
d. l ess stratified
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

25. Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal
income are termed __________.
a. r elative-income countries
b. m iddle-income countries
c. h igh-income countries
d. l ow-income countries
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
26. Low-income countries are primarily __________ and have little industrialization and low levels of national and
personal income.
a. service-oriented nations
b. egalitarian nations
c. urbanized nations
d. agrarian nations
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

27. One of the primary means used in attempts to reduce inequality and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less
industrialized nations of the world is __________.
a. welfare programs
b. development
c. improved literacy
d. birth control
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
28. After __________, the terms “First World,” “Second World,” and “Third World” were introduced by social analysts
to describe countries in terms of their economic development.
a. W orld War I
b. t he Korean War
c. W orld War II
d. t he Vietnam War
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 223
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

29. The terms “First World,” “Second World,” and “Third World” categorize countries according to __________.
a. d egree of economic development
b. t he status of women relative to that of men
c. r ates of literacy
d. p opulation size
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
30. Within the “Three Worlds” approach, __________ refers to rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist
economic systems and democratic political systems.
a. F
ourth World nations
b. S econd World nations
c. T hird World nations
d. F irst World nations
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

31. The United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand are examples of __________
nations.
a. T
hird World
b. S econd World
c. F irst World
d. F ourth World
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Applied
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
32. __________ refers to countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard
of living.
a. F
irst World
b. S econd World
c. T hird World
d. F ourth World
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Applied
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

33. China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union have been considered examples of
__________ nations.
a. S
econd World
b. F ourth World
c. F irst World
d. T hird World
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Applied
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
34. Countries in the __________ have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life
expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.
a. S
econd World
b. F ourth World
c. F irst World
d. T hird World
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Applied
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

35. Which of the following countries would best be described as a Third World nation?
a. Brazil
b. Russia
c. Ethiopia
d. Germany
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
TOPICS: Applied
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 1/5/2017 11:30 AM
36. The __________, named after a U.S. secretary of state, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to
rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.
a. Albright Plan
b. Baker Plan
c. Southern Plan
d. Marshall Plan
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
inequality.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

37. Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by __________ in his 1949 inaugural address. He stated that
nations in the Southern Hemisphere were “underdeveloped areas” because of their low gross national product.
a. P
resident Roosevelt
b. P resident Eisenhower
c. P resident Truman
d. P resident Kennedy
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
inequality.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
38. The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net
income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.
a. n ational net wealth (NNW)
b. g ross domestic income (GDI)
c. g ross national income (GNI)
d. g ross economic income (GEI)
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
inequality.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

39. The term __________ refers to material well-being that can be measured by the quality of goods and services that
may be purchased by the per capita national income.
a. s tandard of living
b. a bsolute poverty
c. r elative standard
d. g ross national income (GNI)
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
inequality.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
40. After several decades of development programs sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations, global
poverty __________.
a. h as been virtually eliminated
b. h as decreased considerably within countries
c. r emained essentially at the same levels
d. c ontinued to increase
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 224
inequality.
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

41. The upper and lower limits for the categorization of countries according to their levels of income are set by the
__________.
a. United Nations
b. World Bank
c. International Monetary Fund
d. World Trade Organization
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 225
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
42. About __________ countries are classified as low-income economies by the World Bank.
a. 10
b. 34
c. 72
d. 94
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 225
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

43. L
ow-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________, where half of the world’s population
resides.
a. E
astern Europe and Africa
b. A frica and Asia
c. A sia and South America
d. S outh America and Africa
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 225
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
44. All of the following are reasons why women and children are especially affected by poverty in low-income
economies except _____________.
a. lower overall pay than men
b. women lack control over household resources
c. the poor have lower fertility rates than the wealthy
d. gender disparities in work
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 225
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

45. P
robably the most affected by poverty in low-income economies are __________.
a. w omen and children
b. a dult men and women
c. a ged men and women
d. a ged women
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 225
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
46. About _________ of the world's population resides in nations with a middle-income economy.
a. o ne-half
b. o ne-third
c. o ne-fourth
d. o ne-fifth
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

47. Compared with lower-middle-income economies, nations having upper-middle-income economies typically
__________.
a. h ave a somewhat higher standard of living
b. h ave higher levels of indebtedness
c. e xport less and keep more raw materials and fuels
d. h ave less political freedom
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
48. The World Bank divides middle-income economies into different categories. Mongolia and Paraguay are examples of
nations with __________ economies.
a. upper-middle-income
b. high-income
c. lower-middle-income
d. low-income
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

49. Nations with __________ continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global
marketplace have affected some workers, who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.
a. lower-middle-income economies
b. low-income economies
c. high-income economies
d. upper-middle-income economies
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
50. The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed __________.
a. d ivestment
b. c apital flight
c. s outh-to-south migration
d. d eskilling
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

51. __________ refers to the closing of plants and factories because of their obsolescence or because workers in other
nations are being hired to do the work more cheaply.
a. R
eindustrialization
b. C apital flight
c. D ecapitalization
d. D eindustrialization
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
52. A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called
__________.
a. s tandard poverty
b. a bsolute poverty
c. r elative poverty
d. s ubjective poverty
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

53. __________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a
given quantity of goods and services.
a. R
elative
b. S ubjective
c. S tandard
d. A bsolute
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
54. The World Bank defines absolute poverty globally as living on less than __________ per day.
a. $1.00
b. $1.25
c. $1.90
d. $3.00
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

55. _________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average
standard of living.
a. R
elative poverty
b. A bsolute poverty
c. S ubjective poverty
d. S tandard poverty
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
56. __________ poverty is measured by comparing one person’s income with the incomes of others.
a. A
bsolute
b. E xtreme
c. R elative
d. S tandard
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

57. _________ poverty is measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and
perceptions.
a. A
bsolute
b. R elative
c. S tandard
d. S ubjective
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
58. Defining levels of poverty involves measuring along several dimensions, including_________________________.
a. r eligious affiliation
b. h ow far above the poverty line people’s incomes fall
c. h ow long people have been poor
d. p ercentage of income spent on basic living expenses
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

59. The __________ measures the degree of income inequality within a country.
a. Helmicki coefficient
b. Georgia equation
c. gross domestic inequality
d. Gini coefficient
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
60. A Gini coefficient of 0 means that________________________________.

a. t here is no income inequality in the country; everyone has the same income
b. a country has complete inequality; that is, one person receives all of the income
c. t here is a lack of sufficient data with which to compute income inequality
d. t here is a negative gross national income
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

61. Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the least economic inequality?
a. E
gypt
b. S weden
c. N amibia
d. U nited States
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 228
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
62. Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the highest economic inequality?
a. Afghanistan
b. Norway
c. Haiti
d. United States
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 228
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

63. In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross
national income, for measuring the level of development in a country.
a. n ational resource product (NRP)
b. p ersonal satisfaction index (PSI)
c. G ini coefficient
d. h uman development index (HDI)
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 228
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
64. In addition to gross national income (GNI), the human development index considers living standards, life expectancy,
and __________.
a. l iteracy
b. e ducation
c. f ertility rate
d. m inimum wage
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 228
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

65. The United Nations defines human development as_______________________.
a. the process of expanding people’s choices, capabilities, and ability to take action to improve their own lives
and live life to its fullest
b. access to adequate health services, including contraception, to increase physical fitness
c. the process of education and travel to increase a person’s earning power
d. involvement in global social movements for peace and stability
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 228
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
66. The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-HDI countries is about __________ years less than that of
people in very-high-HDI nations.
a. 12
b. 20
c. 25
d. 30
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 229
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

67. Which region of the world has the lowest life expectancy for persons born in 2015?
a. Southeast Asia
b. sub-Saharan Africa
c. East Asia
d. South America
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 229
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Modified
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
68. The __________ is a measure of the number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar year.
a. i nfant mortality rate
b. c rude-birth rate
c. f ertility rate
d. crude-death rate
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 229
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

69. Nearly __________ people around the world are malnourished.
a. 100 million
b. 500 million
c. 1 billion
d. 3 billion
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 229
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
70. Many people in low-income nations remain in poor health. In fact, about __________ million people die each year
from diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections and parasitic illnesses.
a. 1
b. 1 3
c. 2 5
d. 5 0
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 230
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

71. With regard to education around the world, ___________________________.
a. t here has been no progress in educational attainment
b. e ducational attainment has increased only for women
c. g ender gaps in education are greatest when children are young
d. c hildren from more affluent families have greater access to educational resources
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
72. Bringing about social change requires __________.

a. d eveloping effective social policies
b. g etting people to understand the issue as primarily financial
c. a ppealing to religious values
d. m oving people out of cities and back to farms
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 230
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

73. Because of __________, extreme global poverty has declined in recent years.
a. s ocial policy
b. g lobal warming
c. m ore equitable wealth distribution
d. g lobalization
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 230
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
74. The adult literacy rate in the low-income countries is about half that of the high-income countries. __________
constitute about two-thirds of those who are illiterate in the low-income countries.
a. M
en
b. W omen
c. C hildren
d. A dolescents
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

75. The United Nations Development Programme uses a multidimensional measure of poverty. What are the dimensions
used in the multidimensional poverty index (MPI)?
a. h ealth, education, and living standards
b. i ncome, employment, and living standards
c. h ealth, infant mortality, and literacy rates
d. l iteracy, employment, and infant mortality
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 232
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
76. Human development research has reached the conclusion that_________________.

a. i ncreases in human development will seem greater in poorer countries
b. w ithout significant increases in income, human development is not possible
c. t he best way to achieve human development is through economic development
d. e conomic growth and higher incomes are not necessary to achieve improvement in health and education
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 233
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

77. The most widely known development theory is __________, which is a perspective that links global inequality to
different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-
income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.
a. d ependency theory
b. w orld systems theory
c. m odernization theory
d. t he new international division of labor theory
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
78. The only significant group of middle- and lower-income economies to close the gap with the high-income economies
over the past few decades has been the nations of __________.
a. East Asia
b. L atin America
c. W est Africa
d. E urope
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Factual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

79. According to __________, the low-income, less-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a
period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s beliefs, values, and attitudes toward
work.
a. t he new international division of labor theory
b. m odernization theory
c. d ependency theory
d. w orld systems theory
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
80. Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy and proponent of modernization theory, identified
__________ as one of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations.
a. t raditional cultural values
b. d egree of ethnocentrism
c. n ontraditional cultural norms
d. l evel of cultural relativism
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

81. According to economic advisor Walt Rostow, all countries go through four stages of economic development. What is
the correct sequence of economic development stages?
a. t ake-off, traditional, high mass consumption, and technological maturity
b. t raditional, technological maturity, take-off, and high mass consumption
c. h igh mass consumption, technological maturity, take-off, and traditional
d. t raditional, take-off, technological maturity, and high mass consumption
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
82. According to economic advisor Walt Rostow, societies in the __________ stage are slow to change because the
people hold a fatalistic value system, do not subscribe to the work ethic, and save very little money.
a. t ake-off
b. t echnological maturity
c. t raditional
d. h igh mass consumption
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

83. The second of Rostow’s stages of economic development is the __________ stage, which is a period of economic
growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition, and achievement.
a. t raditional
b. t ake-off
c. t echnological maturity
d. h igh mass consumption
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
84. The fourth stage of Rostow’s stages of economic development is the __________ and is accompanied by a high
standard of living.
a. technological maturity stage
b. traditional stage
c. high mass consumption stage
d. take-off stage
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

85. Which of the major sociological perspectives is closely associated with modernization theory?
a. c onflict theory
b. f unctionalism
c. s ymbolic interactionism
d. p ostmodernism
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 235
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
86. Dependency theory, world systems theory, and the new international division of labor theory are perspectives rooted
in the __________ approach.
a. p ostmodern
b. f unctionalist
c. s ymbolic interactionist
d. c onflict
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 236
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

87. __________ states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries
have been exploited by the high-income countries during the historical growth of capitalism.
a. T
he new international division of labor theory
b. D ependency theory
c. W orld systems theory
d. M odernization theory
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 235
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
88. According to __________, poorer nations cannot pursue their own economic and human development because they
are trapped in a cycle of reliance on the richer nations for infusions of foreign capital and external markets for their
raw materials.
a. modernization theory
b. world systems theory
c. dependency theory
d. the new international division of labor theory
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 235
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

89. Dependency theory has little or no relevance for the economic growth and development in __________.
a. East Asia
b. A frica
c. S outh America
d. C entral America
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 235
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
90. Immanuel Wallerstein’s _________ theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system that is
held together by economic ties in which wealthier nations benefit from other nations.
a. d ependency
b. n ew international division of labor
c. w orld systems
d. m odernization
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 236
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

91. Within world systems theory, __________ are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of
industrialization and urbanization.
a. core nations
b. peripheral nations
c. semiperipheral nations
d. dependent nations
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 236
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
92. Within world systems theory, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, Brazil, and India are examples of __________.
a. c ore nations
b. p eripheral nations
c. s emiperipheral nations
d. d ependent nations
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 237
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

93. In the world system, countries that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and
have uneven urbanization are termed __________.
a. c ore nations
b. p eripheral nations
c. s emiperipheral nations
d. d ependent nations
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
94. Most sociologists studying global inequality agree that_______________.

a. t he nations of the world may be arranged into a hierarchical economic system
b. s ome nations have failed to develop economically because they hold on to traditional values
c. g lobal inequality is due to the historical dependence of some countries on others
d. n ations throughout the world are influenced by a small number of cities and transnational corporations that are
driving a global economy
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

95. From the perspective of new international division of labor theory,_______________.
a. commodity production takes place in whatever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination
of labor and capital
b. high- and low-income countries are both dependent on transnational corporations for cheap goods
c. producer-driven commodity chains are the only relevant type of commodity chain
d. transnational corporations pay high taxes in order to find locations that will provide cheap labor
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
96. Complex patterns of international labor and production processes are termed __________.
a. a world system
b. g lobal commodity chains
c. t ransnational corporations
d. p ostmodern production
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

97. Production networks for large retailers such as Walmart are termed __________.
a. a world system
b. p roducer-driven commodity chains
d. b uyer-driven commodity chains
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
98. Production networks for industries that produce commodities such as televisions, automobiles, and computers are
termed __________.
a. a world system
b. p roducer-driven commodity chains
d. b uyer-driven commodity chains
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

Subjective Short Answer
99. Describe the “Three Worlds” approach that is used to classify nations of the world.
ANSWER: After World War II, the “Three Worlds” approach was introduced by social analysts to
distinguish among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the
standard of living of their citizens. First World nations were the rich, industrialized
nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems.
The most frequently noted First World nations were the United States, Canada, Japan,
Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. Second World nations were countries with
at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living.
These nations included China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former
Soviet Union. Third World nations are the poorest countries, with little or no
industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and
highest rates of mortality.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 233–234
QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

100. Explain the levels of development approach used for describing global stratification.
ANSWER: Following World War II, the Marshall Plan provided massive sums of money in direct
aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed in World War II. Given
the Marshall Plan’s success in rebuilding much of Europe, U.S. political leaders
decided that the Southern Hemisphere nations that had recently been released from
European colonialism could also benefit from a massive financial infusion and rapid
economic development. Leaders of the developed nations argued that urgent problems
such as poverty, disease, and famine could be reduced through the transfer of finance,
technology, and experience from the developed nations to lesser-developed
countries. From this viewpoint, economic development is the primary way to solve the
poverty problem. Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by President
Harry S. Truman in his 1949 inaugural address. According to Truman, the nations in the
Southern Hemisphere were “underdeveloped areas” because of their low gross
national product (today called gross national income—GNI). Truman believed that it
was necessary to assist the people of economically underdeveloped areas to raise their
standard of living, by which he meant material well-being that can be measured by the
quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.
After several decades of economic development fostered by organizations such as the
United Nations and the World Bank, it became apparent by the 1970s that improving a
country’s GNI did not tend to reduce the poverty of the poorest people in that country.
In fact, global poverty and inequality were increasing, and the initial optimism of a
speedy end to underdevelopment faded.
POINTS: 1
inequality.
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

101. Describe the World Bank’s classification of nations according to their gross national incomes.
ANSWER: The World Bank divides countries into four different categories based on their gross
national income (GNI). The categories are determined according to upper and lower
limits set by the World Bank. Low-income economies are primarily agricultural nations
found in Asia and Africa, where half of the world’s population resides. Among those
most affected by poverty in low-income economies are women and children. Middle-
income economies are divided into upper-middle (e.g., Brazil and Mexico) and lower-
middle (e.g., Southeast Asia). Despite the designation of middle-income, at least 30
percent of the population in these countries lives in poverty. High-income economies
have a high standard of living (e.g., Western Europe, Japan, United States).
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
102. How do capital flight and deindustrialization affect high-income economies?

ANSWER: Capital flight—the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to
another—negatively affects high-income economies because transnational corporations
have found a ready-and-willing pool of workers worldwide to perform jobs for lower
wages. In the United States and other industrialized nations, the process of
deindustrialization—the closing of plants and factories because of their obsolescence or
the movement of work to other regions of the country or to other nations—has
contributed to shifts in the global marketplace.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 226
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

103. Distinguish among absolute, relative, and subjective poverty.
ANSWER: Absolute poverty is a condition in which people do not have the means to secure the
most basic necessities of life, and it is measured by comparing personal or household
income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services;
relative poverty exists when people are able to afford basic necessities but are still
unable to maintain an average standard of living, and it is measured by comparing one
person’s income with the incomes of others; and subjective poverty is measured by
comparing the actual income against the income earner’s expectations and potential.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 227
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
104. Explain what is measured by the Gini coefficient.

ANSWER: The World Bank uses the Gini coefficient to measure income inequality. The
coefficient measures the extent or degree of income inequality within a country. The
coefficient is a number between 0 and 100. A coefficient of 0 would mean that
everyone has the same income; conversely, a coefficient of 100 would mean that one
person receives all of a country’s income. Countries with extremes of wealth and
poverty have higher coefficients; these include India, Cambodia, and Namibia, for
example. Countries like Norway and Sweden have low Gini coefficients, reflecting
their low levels of income inequality.
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

105. Define infant mortality rate, and explain its relevance for measures of health and life expectancy.
ANSWER: The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar
year. High infant mortality is related to malnutrition, as well as illness and disease. So,
high rates of infant mortality suggest low health status. High rates of infant mortality
contribute to an overall lower life expectancy within a population.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 229
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
106. What is modernization theory?

ANSWER: Modernization theory is an approach to understanding global poverty and inequality and
is based on the belief that countries that are less developed are held back by traditional
values and beliefs. From this perspective, economic development can be achieved by
values and attitudes that are similar to those in high-income nations. A corollary is that
economic growth occurs most rapidly in a capitalist economy. Modernization theory is
associated with the functionalist perspective in sociology.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 234
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

107. Outline the elements of Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems theory of global inequality.
ANSWER: World systems theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global
system held together by economic ties. From this approach, global inequality does not
emerge solely as a result of the exploitation of one country by another. Instead,
economic domination involves a complex world system in which the industrialized, high-
income nations benefit from other nations and exploit their citizens and resources.
Wallerstein suggests that a country’s place within the global economy is the key feature
in determining how economic development takes place in that nation. According to
world systems theory, the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a
hierarchy of three major types of nations—core, semiperipheral, and peripheral. Core
nations are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization
and urbanization. Core nations such as the United States, Japan, and Germany possess
most of the world’s capital and technology. Even more importantly for their position of
domination, they exert massive control over world trade and economic agreements
across national boundaries. Semiperipheral nations are more developed than peripheral
nations but less developed than core nations. Nations in this category typically provide
labor and raw materials to core nations within the world system. These nations
constitute a midpoint between the core and peripheral nations; this midpoint promotes
the stability and legitimacy of the three-tiered world economy. These nations include
South Korea and Taiwan in East Asia, Mexico and Brazil in Latin America, India in
South Asia, and Nigeria and South Africa in Africa. Most low-income countries in
Africa, South America, and the Caribbean are peripheral nations—nations that are
dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization (other than what
may be brought in by core nations), and have uneven patterns of urbanization.
According to Wallerstein, the wealthy in peripheral nations benefit from the labor of
poor workers and from their own economic relations with core nation capitalists, whom
they uphold in order to maintain their own wealth and position.
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

108. Define the two types of global commodity chains.
ANSWER: According to the new international division of labor theory, commodity production is
split into fragments that can be assigned to whichever part of the world can provide the
most profitable combination of capital and labor. The new international division of labor
has changed the pattern of geographic specialization between countries, so that high-
income countries have now become dependent on low-income countries for labor. The
low-income countries provide transnational corporations with cheaper labor, lower
taxes, and fewer regulations regarding workplace conditions and environmental
protection. The global nature of production and consumption has been referred to as
global commodity chains, a complex pattern of international labor and production
processes that results in a finished commodity ready for sale in the marketplace. Some
commodity chains are producer-driven whereas others are buyer-driven. A producer-
driven commodity chain is a process in which transnational corporations play a central
part in controlling the production process. Industries that produce automobiles,
computers, and other capital- and technology-intensive products are typically producer-
driven. In contrast, a buyer-driven commodity chain refers to industries in which large
retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies set up decentralized
production networks in various middle- and low-income countries. This type of chain is
most common in labor-intensive, consumer-goods industries such as toys, garments,
and footwear. Athletic footwear companies such as Nike and Reebok and clothing
companies like The Gap and Liz Claiborne are examples of the buyer-driven model.
Since these products tend to be labor intensive at the manufacturing stage, the typical
factory system is very competitive and globally decentralized. Workers in buyer-driven
commodity chains are often exploited by low wages, long hours, and poor working
conditions.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

Essay
109. E
xplain the various measures of poverty and inequality. Discuss the difficulties in obtaining accurate data for
measuring poverty and inequality.
ANSWER: Will Vary
POINTS: 1
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
110. Discuss global poverty and human development using the dimensions of health, life expectancy, and education.
ANSWER: Will Vary
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM

Test Bank for Sociology in Our Times, 11th Edition, Diana Kendall
111. Compare theories of uneven development that are associated with functionalism and those associated with conflict
theory. Highlight the significant differences.
ANSWER: Will Vary
POINTS: 1
SIOT.KEND.18.8-6 - Define dependency theory and explain why this theory is often
SIOT.KEND.18.8-7 - Describe the key components of world systems theory and
SIOT.KEND.18.8-8 - Discuss the new international division of labor theory and explain
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: Pickup
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
112. Explain the new international division of labor theory, including descriptions of the two types of global commodity
chains.
ANSWER: Will Vary
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 238
TOPICS: Conceptual
NOTES: New
DATE CREATED: 12/29/2016 11:21 AM
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2. Many of the poorest people in the world live in high-income countries.

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60. A Gini coefficient of 0 means that________________________________.​

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72. Bringing about social change requires __________.​

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76. Human development research has reached the conclusion that_________________.​

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94. Most sociologists studying global inequality agree that_______________.​

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102. How do capital flight and deindustrialization affect high-income economies?

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104. Explain what is measured by the Gini coefficient.

60. A Gini coefficient of 0 means that________________________________.

72. Bringing about social change requires __________.

76. Human development research has reached the conclusion that_________________.

94. Most sociologists studying global inequality agree that_______________.