Magmatism

Magmatism is the geological process involving the formation, movement, and solidification
of magma.

Magma forms through partial melting of the Earth's mantle- note that if rocks melt they turn into
magma, which is under the influence of temperature, pressure, and water content.

Intrusive rocks form beneath the surface, like granite, through the solidification of magma.
Extrusive rocks, like basalt, form on the surface when magma reaches and solidifies.

Magma consists of molten rock, mineral crystals, and gasses, with variations in composition,
including basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic.

Basaltic

Rich in iron, magnesium, and low in silica.

Fluid, low viscosity, and often associated with effusive eruptions.
Basalt rocks result from the solidification of basaltic magma.

Andesitic

Has intermediate silica content, with a balance of iron and magnesium.

Exhibits moderate viscosity, contributing to both explosive and effusive eruptions.
Andesite rocks resulting from andesitic magma solidification.

Rhyolitic

Possess high silica content, low in iron and magnesium.

Is highly viscous, associated with explosive volcanic eruptions.
Rhyolite rocks result from the solidification of rhyolitic magma.

Magmatic processes include crystallization (solidification), assimilation (incorporation of

surrounding rocks), and magma mixing (blending of different magmas).

Crystallization (Solidification)

Magma cools, and mineral crystals form as it transitions from a molten to a solid state.

Note : As I discussed, when magma cools it forms into igneous rocks right? Now this
crystallization results in igneous rocks but varies depending on how fast the rate the
magma cools down. Slower production cooling makes larger crystals while faster cooling
makes smaller crystals.
Assimilation (Incorporation)

Magma incorporates surrounding rocks as it rises, altering its composition.Which results

in hybrid magmas with characteristics influenced by assimilated material.

Magma Mixing (blending of different magmas)

Different magmas blend, combining their compositions, generating a new magma with
intermediate characteristics.