ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
Synthesis
of Sentences
n

n
io

io
at

at

a
nd

nd

nd
AIP aAl E arR
Synthesis of sentences Synthesis 61 37e
4T
aà à
f art h Igcht VG
ou

ou

ou
simple, compound 1 complex HAcll I
y
3T
Sentence HAA: 4R, Synthesis 3-fa
if

if
Simple sentence $1 aI Finite verb rai
hi

hi
e.g. The boy is going to school.
(3Ad aF) H
• Complex sentence 34 ar v Principal clause zHH 3T- Subordinate clause
us

us
e.g. God gave the land and man built house on land.
Kh

Kh
Compound sentence 57 alaR Y à fJeh Principal clause (9H qjR-US) (T a -t
e.g. Ram was very sad became his father was not felling well.
• Synthesis of sentences
I A:
ffefiga át frufri fAI II
(i) fr Simple sentences y Simple sentence 411II
(ii)t 3fres Simple sentences y# Complex sentence q1|
(iüi) I frs Simple sentences y Compound sentence 111
n

Simple Sentences
tio

tio

y
3fy Sentences #1 Simple sentence HI
a

a
Simple sentences à arg frri y# Finite verb ži I
nd

nd

nd
e.g. (1) She is a good girl.
(i) He is a naughty boy.
ou

ou

ou
•
t
fA Simple sentences fIGR V# Simple sentence aA feffafed fafgi ym
f

f
ii

ii
sh

sh

Scanned by TapScanner
u

u
Kh

Kh
n

n
tio

tio
da

da

da
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
Using Participles
Darticiples H
structure verb âq form à Tàt
rh at forms Helping verbs g
n

n
io

io
Present Participle
at

at

a
nd

nd

nd
ou

ou

ou
Present participle hl use sentences hl g
if

if
fu faa
hi

hi
us

us
Present participle 1 Verb Ì lst form ing igeht qYI
Kh

Kh
II U, + ing
e.g. Thethief heard the noise. He ran away.
Hearing the noise, the thief ran away. (Combined)
3uRTT example hear Present participle (hearing) RI
n

n
tio

tio

Past Participle
a

a
nd

nd

nd
ou

ou

ou
f

f
ii

ii

gH Verb t IIIrd form RI indicatef| GI ŽI

sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh

e.g. i) The teacher checked my work. The work was

completed. (Separate)
The teacher checked my completed work.
(Combined)
(iü) The child was lost. He was crying for his father
and mother. (Separate)
n

n
tio

tio

The lost child was crying for his father and

(Combined)
da

da

da

mother.
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
c
Passive voice particples aat use prt R
GTG structures
changes:
Voice
Participle Active Passive
n

n
Present V, + ing Being + V,
io

io
Past
at

at

a
Perfect Having + V,
nd

nd

nd
Having + been + V,
e.g. () He was
ou

ou

ou
tired. He tooka rest.
(Present participle Passive voice)
if

if
Being tired, he took a rest. (Combined)
hi

hi
(ii) Ifound my watch. The watch was stolen.
us

us
(Past participle Passive voice)
Ifound my stolen watch.
Kh

Kh
(Combined)
(iii) The candidate filled his form. He submitted it.
(Perfect participle Passive voice).
Having been filled his form, the candidate
submitted it. (Combined)
gYT examples À sentence (i) a
Passive voice Present participle
n

Bing tried' RI sentence (i) ot Past participle 'stolen' RI TeT

tio

tio

sentence (ii)
t Perfect participle 'Having been filled' otgI TUT ŽI
a

a
nd

nd

Exercise 1
nd
ou

ou

ou
Combine the following sentences by using participles.
f

f
ii

ii

1. He cried at the top of his voice. He rushed to the spot.

sh

sh

2. We had worked for five hours.We went home.

u

3. He had been hit on the head. He fell unconscious.

Kh

Kh

4. She delivered a performance. It was stunning.

5. He was overwhelmed by emotion. He could not utter
a single word.
6. Who is that girl? She is dancing with your brother.
7. She had lost much blood. She became unconscious.
8. Ifailed my engineering exams. I took up cheating.
n

a
9. He lost all his money in gambling. He became
tio

tio

pauper.
da

da

da
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
SRtGT examples infinitive earn' ot sentence (1) geT 'to play
T sentence (ii) use prch sentence GsI TUTI
aE H 9TR+ sentences yrg yoe prt fer too + adjective
qea to verb lst form use Hrdo qt sentence not
I
n

n
e.g. i) You are very lazy. You cannot complete the work.
io

io
(Separate)
at

at

a
You are too lazy to complete the work.
nd

nd

nd
(Combined)
ou

ou

ou
(ii) Mohan was very poor. He could not buy a bicycle.
(Separate)
if

if
Mohan was too poor to buy a bicycle. (Combined)
hi

hi
us

us
JYRTTT too-to ot use prào very ot not
examples () qd () EC
Kh

Kh
Exercise 2
Combine the following sentences by using infinitives.
1. They wanted to win. They worked hard for that
n

reason.
tio

tio

2. She was sensible. She did the right thing.

a

a
3. The students were not able to solve the problem.
nd

nd

It was too difficult for them.

nd
ou

ou

ou
4. He went to England. He wanted to learn English.
f

f
5. The robber took out a knife. He wanted to frighten
ii

ii

the traveller.
sh

sh

6. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.

u

u
Kh

Kh

7. Ihave no interest in politics. I must tell it frankly.

8. The men held a meeting. They wanted to elect a
manger for the company.
9. He collects old stamps. It is his hobby.
10. He has five children. He must provide for them.

Using Preposition with a Noun or Gerund

,
n

n
tio

tio

,
Gerund Infinitive át RE fa-¢i Verb à 1
a
da

da

da
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
Exercise 3
Combine the following sentences by using a preposition tuis
a noun or
gerund.
1. She had many shortcomings. But she was a nice
n

n
woman.
io

io
2. Tagore was a great poet. He was a good painter.
at

at

a
reached the movie hall. T'he movie had finished
nd

nd

nd
3. We

by that time.
ou

ou

ou
room. He found a rupee
4.
The servant swept the lying
if

if
in the corner.
hi

hi
5. He has failed many times. He still hopes to get
us

us
success at last.
Kh

Kh
6. He had many faults. But he was a good man at heart
7. Rossetti was a painter. He was also a poet.
8. He had a great deal of influence. But he could not get
the job.
9. She has a lot of money. But she is unhappy.
10. He had a great deal of influence. But he could not get
n

the award.
tio

tio

Using an Adverb or an Adverbial Phrase

a

a
nd

nd

Adverb Adverbial phrase Ì sentence verb Ì qualify nd

ou

ou

ou
f

f
ii

ii
sh

sh

e.g. (i) Rahul came third in the competition. He was

u

unlucky. (Separate)
Kh

Kh

Unluckily Rahul came third in the competition.

(Combined)
(i) Meenal performs her duties. She is obedient.
(Separate)
Meenal performs her duties obediently (Combined)
n

GyrteT examples sentence (i)

Ì adverb 'unluckily' reT sentence (i)
tio

tio

t obedientiy ts AI
da

da

da
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
Using Adjective, Adjective
Conjunction Phrase and
Adjective 3TYAI Adjective
sentences
phrase h
I noun i pronoun
gI
Ì I HAII Counjunction use
n

n
l
io

io
eg. (i) A man went
to the Himalaya.
at

at
He was lame.

a
nd

nd

nd
A lame man went (Separate)
tothe Himalayas
ou

ou

ou
(i) There is a pen in the pocket. (Combined)
It is made of steel.
if

if
The pen in the pocket is made (Separate)
hi

hi
of steel. (Combined)
(i) Ram killed demons. Laxman
us

us
also killed demons.
Kh

Kh
Ram and Laxman killed demons. (Separate)
(Combined)
gutGT examples sentence
() Adjective 'lame' (0)
phrase 'is made of steel' t Adjective
(i) t Conjunction and' gI
TII
Exercise 5
n

n
tio

tio

Combine the following sentences by

using Adjective, Adjective
phrase and Conjunction.
a

a
nd

nd

nd
1. The girl won the medal.
She was blind.
ou

ou

ou
2. Pintu jumped into the river.
Chintu also jumped with
him.
f

3. There was a
ii

ii

bottle on the table. It was made of plastic.

sh

sh

4. He is an honest person. He is poor.

u

5. Icould win the race. The race was tough.

Kh

Kh

6. A boy came to my office. He was very tall.

7. Ratan bought a car. He bought a motorbike.
8. There is a cat under the chair. It has blue eyes.
9. I want to have a horse. My wife also wants to have a
horse.
n

10. Mahesh went to market. Suresh also went to market.

tio

tio

Using a Noun or a Phrase in Apposition

da

da

da
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
Exercise 6
Combine the following sentences by sing a noun or
phrase in apposition.
1. Mr Francis is my tenant. He pays the rent
regularly.
n

n
io

io
2. He won the first prize in long jump, high jump
at

at
and pole vault. It was a glorious performance.

a
3. Stalin was the dictator of Russia. He had talks
nd

nd

nd
with Roosevelt and Churchill. Roosevelt was the
ou

ou

ou
President of the US. Churchill was the Prime
if

if
Minister of Britain.
hi

hi
4. Mr Paul is my tenant. He doesn't pay the rent
us

us
regularly.
5. Rama killed Ravana. Ravana was
Kh

Kh
the king of
Lanka.
6. Alice is my girlfriend. She is Spanish.
7. He won the first prize in singing, dancing and
acting. It was a glorious performance.
8. Ilove Ritu very much. She is my sister.
n

9. Isaw a famous dancer. Her name is Diya.

tio

tio

10. My friend was killed in a plane crash. He was

a

a
one of my greatest supporters in my bad time.
nd

nd

nd
ou

ou

ou
Using the Nominative Absolute
Construction
f

f
ii

ii

Nominative Absolute Construction 4 yã particular

sh

sh

Noun/Pronoun à indicate htà 3t 34+ 3THR sentence

u

u
Kh

Kh

h GSà I Verb to be (is, am, are, was, were) K

being, Past indefinite 4I Past perfect tense # YT R
having + IIIrd form TTI Passive voice H having+
IIIrd form l use hd
a

e.g. (i) It was Monday. He killeda lion. The lion was

old. (Separate)
n

It being Monday, he killed an old lion.

tio

tio

(Combined)
da

da

da

d Tt etarted raining
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
4. His father was dead. He had to support his widowed
mother.
5. Rain was plentiful this year. Rice is cheap.
6. The secretary ship was vacant. Nobody was willing to
undertake duties of the post. I offered my services.
n

n
7. The prisoner was questioned. No witness came
io

io
forward. The Judge dismissed the case.
at

at

a
8. The sun rose. The fog cleared away. The lighthouse
nd

nd

nd
was seen less than a mile away.
ou

ou

ou
9. He fired his gun. The ball went high. The tiger
sprang on him.
if

if
10. The master was out of the room. The door was shut.
hi

hi
The bovs made a lot of noise.
us

us
Kh

Kh
Exercise 8
Combine the folloring sentences into sinple scntences.
1. The manager appointed James. He will do the
accounts.
2. We went to the theater. We saw a movie there.
3. The thieves were caught by the police. They
n

n
tio

tio

surrendered the stolen property.

a

a
4. The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.
nd

nd

nd
5. The town was enlosed by strong wall. The enemy
was unable to capture it.
ou

ou

ou
6. He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.
f

7. Ididn't know what to do. I called the police.

ii

ii
sh

sh

8. He was sitting at a table. The table was covered

u

with papers.
Kh

Kh

9. He was the principal of the college. He was also the

manager.
10. They decided to elect John their chairman. AII
agreed to this.

Complex Sentence
n

n
tio

tio

à
3frs Simple Sentences
da

da

da
un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
e.g. The information was wrong. The terrorist was i
the house. (Separate)
The information was wrong that the terrorist, Wwor
in the house. (Combined)

zUt example 'that the terrorist was in the house', information r

n

n
io

io
noun clause
at

at

a
Adjective Clause
nd

nd

nd
Princin.l
ou

ou

ou
Adjective clauses Parts of speech arà
clause Noun 4I Pronoun l qualify
if

if
sentences
hi

hi
us

us
e.g. He gifted me a pen. lost it.
Ihave (Separate)
Kh

Kh
Ihave lost the pen which he gifted me. (Combined)
GYRlGT example 'which he gifted me', pen I Adjective clause

Adverb Clause
Adverb clause, Principal clause 1yK verb Ì qualify à
n

n
tio

tio

e.g. Work hard. Otherwise you will fail. (Separate)

a

a
Work hard lest you should fail. (Combined)
nd

nd

'lest you should fail', verb 'work hard' I Adverb nd

ou

ou

ou
34RGT example
clause I
f

f
ii

ii
sh

sh

Use of Noun Clause

u

HIT: 5 functions aà
Kh

Kh

Noun clause

Subject of the Verb

e.g. What the man did was not very polite.
34GT sentence clauses
clause-(0) was not very polite.
Principal
n

n
tio

tio

What the man fIU subject

Noun clause id, 48 verb 'was'
da

da

da

3AA: 4Z subiect of the verb

un

un

un
ou

u
fo

fo
ii

ii
sh

sh
u

u
Kh

Kh
object of Preposition
e.g. Sheena is the owner of
that blue car.
zuta sentence clauses
Principal 'Sheena isthe owner
clauseS of' Noun clauseThat
n

n
f Preposition 'of'
#
governed blue car,
io

io
Object of preposition
at

at
4l what?

a
Ì preposition qAI EH
nd

nd

nd
Sheena is the owner of what? GI
ou

ou

ou
aagTDclI , uI
Question T answer o
f
object (that blue car) ôt
if

if
object of preposition (Noun clause)
HEII
hi

hi
Case in Apposition
with a Noun or Pronoun
us

us
e.g. The pen
that he bought was stolen.
Kh

Kh
gur sentence clauses ŽI
Principal clause-The pen was
stolen.
Noun clause-That
he bought, 4z clause noun pen'
31T: 4E Case in apposition with the noun
qs orft

Synthesis of Complex Sentences

n

n
tio

tio

e.g. (i)
The thiefwas arrested. It is true.
(Separate)
a

a
Synthesis It is true that the thief was arrested.
nd

nd

nd
ou

ou

ou
Or (Combined)
That the thief was arrested is true.
f

(Combined)
ii

ii
sh

sh

GURGT Synthesis first sentence (synthesis) noun clause

u

(that the thief was arrested) adjective true

oI complement
Kh

Kh

Wg second sentence (synthesis) That the thief was

arrested' verb is' l subject I 317: 48 Subject of the
verb
(ii) You have eaten your food. We know it.
(Separate)
Synthesis We know that you have eaten your food.
n

(Combined)
tio

tio

SH 3<15LU that you have eaten your food' verb know

da

da

da

hl obiect. ŽI 31d: UZ obiect of the vorh l

un

un

un