Agenda

08:00 - 08:30 Load 23 Overview

08:30 - 09:00 Declaring an Emergency
09:00 - 09:30 Considerations on Brakes and
Reversers usage
09:30 - 10:00 Coffee Break
10:00 - 10:45 Landing on Contaminated Runways
10:45 - 11:00 Procedures and Techniques
11:00 - 11:15 FDM Guidance
11:15 - 12:00 System Issues
12:00 - 13:00 Lunch
13:00 - 14:15 CNS/ATM
14:15 - 15:00 ECL Virgin Blue
 Declaring an Emergency

Agenda
Principles
Decision Making
Evaluating the Scenario
Evaluating the environment
Evaluating airplane capability

Conclusion

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 Declaring an Emergency

Agenda
Principles
Decision Making
Evaluating the Scenario
Evaluating the environment
Evaluating airplane capability

Conclusion

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 Declaring an Emergency

No clear definition on what is an emergency

“An emergency can be either a distress or an urgency condition."
ƒ Pan-Pan: indicates uncertainty, alert or urgency.
ƒ Mayday: indicates "immediate and grave danger"

But when to declare an emergency?

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 Declaring an Emergency

Written on the books….

ƒ “Pilots do not hesitate to declare an emergency when they are faced with
distress conditions such as fire, mechanical failure, or structural damage.”
ƒ “An aircraft is in at least an urgency condition the moment the pilot
becomes doubtful about position, fuel endurance, weather, or any
other condition that could adversely affect flight safety. This is the
time to ask for help…”
ƒ “Pilots who become apprehensive for their safety for any reason
should request assistance immediately.”
Source: Aeronautical Information Manual

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 Declaring an Emergency

But how to measure the possible consequences of a situation and classify it

accordingly?

+ 2
× __ MAY
PAN
DAY
PAN

There are too many variables on the system!

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 Declaring an Emergency

An emergency is usually the result of:

ƒ System Failure
ƒ Environmental Situation
ƒ Previous Human Failure

….or by a combination of then!

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 Declaring an Emergency

Agenda
Principles
Decision Making
Evaluating the Scenario
Evaluating the environment
Evaluating airplane capability

Conclusion

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.
 Declaring an Emergency

Decision Making Process

ƒ Normative (or analytical) model
ƒ Naturalistic (or intuitive) model

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 Declaring an Emergency

Naturalistic Decision Making Process

ƒ How to do?
ƒ Based on experience and knowledge
ƒ Used by experts - Rely on experience in similar situations
ƒ Good for:
ƒ Common or simple problems
ƒ Those requiring rapid response

ƒ When to do?
ƒ Time is critical
ƒ The situation is changing quickly and / or unclear
ƒ There is an immediate threat and something must be done
ƒ People have the experience to act intuitively

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 Declaring an Emergency

Normative Decision Making Process

ƒ How to do?
ƒ Examine all known options
ƒ Assess favorability of outcome
ƒ Assess the probability of a favorable outcome
ƒ Determine best option

ƒ When to do?
ƒ Time is not ‘critical’
ƒ The options are clearly defined
ƒ Knowledge or experience is low

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 Declaring an Emergency

Agenda
Principles
Decision Making
Evaluating the Scenario
Evaluating the environment
Evaluating airplane capability

Conclusion

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.
 Declaring an Emergency

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.
 Declaring an Emergency

Environment:
ƒ Weather
ƒ Terrain profile
ƒ Destination and Alternate Airports
ƒ ATC Restrictions

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 Declaring an Emergency

Airplane Capability

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 Declaring an Emergency

Hierarchy Between the Basic Tasks may be flexible…

Loss of GPS Constellation

Rudder Fault
on RNP operations

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 Declaring an Emergency

Procedure Classification:
ƒ Not the only Situation criticality indicator

AC 25.1581
ƒ (1) Emergency. A procedure requiring immediate flight crew
action to protect the airplane and occupants from serious
harm.
ƒ (2) Abnormal or Non-normal. A procedure requiring flight
crew action, due to failure of a system or component, to
maintain an acceptable level of airworthiness for continued
safe flight and landing.

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 Declaring an Emergency

An emergency procedure does not necessarily means an emergency declaration…

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 Declaring an Emergency

And caution procedure may lead to an emergency…

ETOPS Operation

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 Declaring an Emergency

And what about “LAND AT THE NEAREST SUITABLE AIRPORT” ?

ƒ This statement does not necessarily requires an emergency declaration

ƒ This statement is related to the “next critical failure” and its associated probability

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 Declaring an Emergency

And what about “LAND AT THE NEAREST SUITABLE AIRPORT” ?

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 Declaring an Emergency

And what about “LAND AT THE NEAREST SUITABLE AIRPORT” ?

TOP EVENT

and

EVENT A EVENT B

or or

FAILURE 1 FAILURE 2 FAILURE 1 FAILURE 2

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 Declaring an Emergency

And what about “LAND AT THE NEAREST SUITABLE AIRPORT” ?

ƒ Safety Assessment – AC 25-1309
ƒ 5. a. (1) In any system or subsystem, the failure of any single element, component, or
connection during any one flight (brake release through ground deceleration to stop) should be
assumed, regardless of its probability. Such single failures should not prevent continued
safe flight and landing, or significantly reduce the capability of the airplane or the ability of the
crew to cope with the resulting failure conditions.

TOP EVENT AFTER EVENT A:

Failures 1 and 2 becomes single failures
and

EVENT A EVENT B

or or
LAND AT THE NEAREST
FAILURE 1 FAILURE 2 FAILURE 1 FAILURE 2 SUITABLE AIRPORT

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 Declaring an Emergency

Agenda
Principles
Decision Making
Evaluating the Scenario
Evaluating the environment
Evaluating airplane capability

Conclusion

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 Declaring an Emergency

Conclusion
ƒ Large amount of information
ƒ No regulatory guidance
ƒ Operators can narrow down the
variables by adopting policies
ƒ Each situation is unique… No specific
procedures can be designed for every
situation

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 Declaring an Emergency

Conclusion
ƒ Pilots must be aware of the airplane
capabilities and its relation with the
external environment at all times.

ƒ If any aid is required to maintain the

continued safe flight and landing, ATC
must be contacted immediately

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 Declaring an Emergency

Conclusion
ƒ Extract from Air Traffic Controllers Handbook:

10-1-1. EMERGENCY DETERMINATIONS

If the words "Mayday" or "Pan-Pan" are not used and you are in
doubt that a situation constitutes an emergency or potential
emergency, handle it as though it were an emergency.

ƒ Pilots should do the same!

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THANK YOU!