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5.1 INTRODUCTION
So far we have looked at how we can get the optimal values in cases where optimization is not subject
to any constraints.
In a constrained optimization problem, the decision maker would want to optimize but is faced with a
Example
Maximize utility = ( , )
Subject to = ( )
A consumer would want to maximize the utility (U) derived from consuming two goods but this will be
Minimise = ( , )
; = ( , )
A firm would want to minimize the cost of production but this will be subject to the output level that is to
be produced.
At times we can have more than two or more constraints or limitations. (This will be handled at another
level).
Langragian Multiplier
The purpose of this multiplier is to convert the objective function and the constraints into one augmented
function.
For example
max = ( , )
= ( , )
The two functions can be combined into one using a langragian multiplier and in our case we will use the
constant . The augmented function is known as the langragian function. It will be given as:
= ( , )+ ( − ( , )
= ( , , ).
To get the optimal values of x, y and λ, we need to get the first order derivatives of the augmented
function Z with respect to each of the variables x, y and λ. The first order derivatives will be equated to
= − =0
= − =0
= − ( , )=0
If the equations are solved for λ, we get that = =
The first order derivatives are then solved simultaneously to get the optimal values of X, Y and λ.
Example
Maximise
= + +
Subject to
+ 3 = 13
Solution
= + + + (13 − −3 )
=2 + − = 0−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
=2 + −3 = 0−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
= (13 − −3 )= 0−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
= (2 + )
2 +
3 =2 + → =
3
2 +
= = (2 + )
3
=2 + = (6 + 3 )
2 −3 =6 −
1
− = 5 =−
5
+ 3 = 13
1
− + 3 = 13
5
− + 15
= 13
5
14 = 65
65
=
14
−1 65 13
= =−
5 14 14
13
= −
14
=2 +
26 65
=− +
14 14
39
=
14
2 − ( ) + ( ) > 0 – Maximize
2 − ( ) + ( ) < 0 - Minimize
→ ℎ ℎ
→ ℎ ℎ
=Cross partial derivative of augmented function Z with respect to then with respect to .
1. Utility Optimization
Maximise
= ( , )
= +
>0
Where
M is the level of income, q1 and q2 are the amounts of goods 1 and 2 respectively, and P1 and P2 are
= − . =0
= − . = 00
= − − =0
= . → =
= =
= =
= =
→ =
Alternatively
= ( )
= . + .
Along an indifference curve the utility does not change, hence du=0
= −
= −
Slope of B.L
− +
= −
−
=
− =−
→ =
S.O.C
2 − + >0
Example one
Given a utility function U=5xy, and a budget constraint given as 5x+y=30, determine the levels of x and y
Solution
=5 + (30 − 5 − )
= 5 −5 =0→ =
= 5 − =0→ =5
= 30 − 5 − =0
= =5
If we replace in the third equation we get:
= 30 − 5 − =0
5 + = 30
5 + 5 = 30
10 = 30
=3
= 5 = 15
= = 15
=5 = 5 ∗ 3 ∗ 15 = 225
Cost minimization
If the firm wants to minimize the cost subject to a given output level, the problem can be written as:
Minimise = +
= ( , )
Where r and w are input prices of capital and labour respectively while K and L are the units of capital
= + + − ( , )
= − ( , )=0
= − ( , )=0
= − ( , )=0
= ( , ) = ( , )
= ( )
= =
= →
Proof
Slope of Isocost
= −
= −
−
=
Slope of Isoquant
= ( )
Total differential
= ( , ). + ( , )
= . + .
. =−
+
=+ =
2 . . − . + . < 0 - Minimise
Example three
. .
The production function for a firm is given as = 12 . If the firm wants to produce an output of
240 units, find the optimal values of labour and capital that will minimize the total cost of production
given that labour cost per unit is 25 dollars and capital cost per unit is 50 dollars
Solution
. .
= 25 + 50 + (240 − 12 )
. .
= 25 − 0.5.12 =0
. .
= 50 − 0.5.12 =0
. .
= 240 − 12 =0
. .
0.5.12 = 25
. .
0.5.12 = 50
. .
25 0.5.12
= . .
=
50 0.5.12
1
→ =
2
. .
12 = 240
. . . .
240
12 (0.5 ) = 240 (0.5 ) = = 20
12
(0.5) .
= 20
20
= = 28.28
0.5 .
1
= = 14.14
2
= 25 + 50 = 1414
Example Three
The production function for garages which services cars and trucks is given as:
/ /
= 15
If each unit of labour used costs $5 while each unit of capital cost $3, find the units of labour and capital
to be used so as to maximize the production given that the garage has only $450 dollars at its disposal.
Solution
We will represent labour as L and capital as K. The equation of the iso-cost line will be given as:
5 + 3 = 450
/ /
2 /
2 15
= 15 ∗ 15 −5 = − 5 =0
3 3
/ /
1 1 15
= 15 ∗ 15 −3 = − 3 =0
3 3
= 450 − 5 − 3 = 0
2 15
− 5 =0
3
2
=5
3
2
=
15
1 15
− 3 =0
3
1
=3
3
1
=
9
2 1
= → 18 = 15
15 9
15
=
18
= 450 − 5 − 3 = 0
5 + 3 = 450
15
5 +3 = 450
18
= 5 + 2.5 = 450
7.5 = 450
450
= = 60 ℎ ℎ
7.5
15 15
= ∗ = ∗ 60 = 50 ℎ ℎ
18 18