ERA, ALONA JANE

JARAPA, HAZELENE
NECIO, JAMES CLERK

MARATHON
GROUP 4/BSBA LM 2/ PE 3
 RUNNING AS A SPORT

Running was officially born as a sport in

776 B.C.E, in ancient Greece, in the
town of Olympia. The first event in the
first Olympics ever held was a race. In
WHEN WAS fact, from its inception to 724 B.C.E.,
the stadion race was the only

RUNNING competition hosted at the Olympics.

Before that running was mainly used as

INVENTED? something of an expedient – a tool that

people possessed that allowed them to
find food and avoid dangers.

But it took many, many centuries to

give running its modern forms.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RUNNING AS
A SPORT (RACE)
1. Sprint
2. Middle Distance 6. Cross Country Running
3. Endurance Running 7. Trail Running 11. Joggling
4. Marathon 8. Sky Running 12. Tower Running
5. Ultramarathon 9. Hurdle Race 13. Aqua Jogging
10. Ekiden 14. Canicross
15. Race Running
MARATHON
HISTORY OF MARATHON
History: The marathon is a long-distance running race with an official distance
of 42.195 kilometers (26.219 miles). It has its roots in ancient Greek history and
mythology. The legend of Pheidippides, a Greek messenger who is said to have
run from the Battle of Marathon to Athens to deliver news of the victory
before dying of exhaustion, is the inspiration for the marathon race. The first
organized marathon race as we know it today took place during the modern
Olympic Games.
The modern marathon race has its origins in the 1896 Athens Olympics, where
it was included to commemorate the ancient legend. The race was set at the
distance it is today to accommodate the Royal Family viewing the race from
Windsor Castle during the 1908 London Olympics. Since then, the marathon
has become one of the most iconic and widely participated events in the world
of running.
14 RULES IN MARATHON
Age Eligibility: Participants must meet a minimum age
requirement to enter the race. Age restrictions can vary by
event. (The minimum typical age is 16 or 18 years old. But
some may allow 7 years old)

Registration: All participants must register for the marathon

before the race day, and they must follow the registration
process and pay the associated fees.

Bib and Timing Chip: Runners receive a bib number and a

timing chip, which must be securely fastened to their
clothing or shoes. The timing chip is used to record their
official time.
BIB AND TIMING CHIP
 Starting Time: Runners must start at the designated
starting line and follow the official start time. Late starters
may be disqualified.

Course Boundaries: Participants must follow the marked

course and stay within the designated course boundaries.
Cutting the course or taking shortcuts is not allowed.

Aid Stations: Marathons typically have aid stations along

the course for hydration and sometimes nutrition. Runners
are allowed to receive water, sports drinks, or other
refreshments from these stations. Littering is usually
prohibited, and runners should dispose of cups and trash in
designated bins.
 Prohibited Items: Participants are often prohibited from
carrying items or equipment that could pose a danger or
interfere with other runners' safety, such as bicycles,
rollerblades, or pets.
Time Limits: Marathons have established time limits for
completing the race. Runners must finish within the
specified time to receive an official finishing time and be
eligible for awards. (Commonly 7 hours)
Medical Assistance: Runners in distress are encouraged to
seek medical assistance, and race organizers usually
provide medical personnel along the course.
 Bandits and Bib Swapping: Unauthorized runners,
sometimes referred to as "bandits," are generally not
allowed and can create safety and logistical issues.
Swapping or sharing bibs is also usually prohibited.

Disqualification: Violating race rules or engaging in

unsportsmanlike behavior can result in disqualification from
the race. Common disqualifying actions include cutting the
course, using a substitute runner, or accepting outside
assistance.
Identification: Runners must wear their bib numbers visibly
on the front of their clothing so they can be identified by
race officials.
Timing Mats: Participants are required to cross timing mats
at designated points along the course, including the start
and finish lines. Failing to do so may result in an incomplete
or invalid time.
Prohibited Substances: The use of performance-enhancing
drugs or substances is strictly prohibited, and runners may
be subjected to drug testing in some events.
TIMING AND PLACEMENT SYSTEM
Individual Timing: In a marathon, each participant is
equipped with a timing chip or bib tag. These electronic
devices are used to record the individual's start and finish
times.
Finish Time: The primary basis for ranking in a marathon is
the individual's finish time. The runner who crosses the
finish line first is the winner.
Age and Gender Categories: Marathons often feature age
and gender categories to recognize the top performers in
specific groups. Participants are ranked within their
respective age and gender divisions. This allows for fair
competition and acknowledges the achievements of
different demographics.
TIMING AND PLACEMENT SYSTEM
Award Categories: Awards and prizes are typically given to
the top finishers in various categories, such as overall male
and female winners, top finishers in age groups (e.g., 18-24,
25-29, 30-34), and sometimes categories like masters
(typically 40 and older).
TIMING AND PLACEMENT SYSTEM
Personal Records: For many marathon
runners, achieving a personal best
(PB) or a new course record is a
significant goal. Runners may use
their own previous times as
benchmarks for improvement.
Course Records: Marathons also
maintain records for the fastest times
on their specific courses. This allows
for historical comparisons and
recognition of exceptional
performances.
TIMING AND PLACEMENT SYSTEM
National and World Records: Exceptional performances may
be eligible for national and world records. These are
typically recognized by official governing bodies, such as
USA Track & Field (USATF) in the United States and World
Athletics at the international level.
Non-Competitive Runs: It's essential to note that not all
marathon participants are focused on competitive ranking.
Many runners participate for personal achievement, charity
fundraising, fitness, and the sense of accomplishment
rather than aiming for a top rank.
 EIGHT KEY SKILLS FOR A FASTER AND
MORE EFFICIENT RUN
ARM POSITION
Keep the arms relaxed and close
to your body. It’s important not to
cross your arms over in front of
your body. This helps to keep
your chest open so your
breathing is easier and reduces
over rotating. Make sure you also
keep your hands and shoulders
relaxed.
STRAIGHT AND TALL TORSO
Think about this like someone is
pulling upwards on a string that’s
connected to your head. This will
prevent you from slouching and
improve your biomechanics
throughout. It’s especially important
as you get tired, as this is when
people tend to slouch, which
increases your energy expenditure.
STANDING STARTING POSITION
NO CROSSING OVER
MIDLINE
Ideally your feet should land in
line with the hip joint and not
cross over the midline of the
body. Crossing the midline is
typically a sign that the athlete
isn’t strong enough through their
gluteals and stomach to support
the pelvis on initial foot contact.
HIP EXTENSION
The greater the degree of hip
extension you can achieve while
controlling your core, the faster
you’ll be able to run. To improve
hip extension, regularly do hip
flexor exercises like the butterfly
stretch. Dynamic stretches like
walking lunges, butt-kickers and
toy soldier walks are best just
prior to training with short holds
(3secs) and static stretches (aim
for 30sec holds) key for the
period immediately after training.
 FOOT CONTACT AND
HEAD POSITION CANDACE
The location of initial foot contact
Your head position is crucial in
with the ground is key to good run
controlling your body position.
technique. The foot contacting the
Look too far forward and you’ll
ground in front of the hips leads to
lean back and slow yourself
an increase in braking forces on
down; too close and you’ll be
landing, slowing you down and
slouching and applying a braking
increasing injury risk. It’s not about
force to your stride. It’s ideal to
how your foot lands (heel vs. midfoot
look around 10-15 metres in front.
strike) that’s critical, but where it
lands.
 STRONG
STOMACH
A strong stomach assists in
improving pelvic control and drive
for the run gait. Keeping a stable
pelvis means the gluteal muscles
can be used more efficiently,
while allowing you to wind up
your connective tissue. The
connective tissue then acts like a
spring to recoil and drive your leg
through to the front using less
energy.
ARM SWING
The arm swing in endurance running
does not provide drive like in
sprinting, but provides balance and
rhythm. Slightly increasing the elbow
bend at the back of the swing helps
the elbow to act like a pendulum and
makes running more efficient. Aim for
90-110° of elbow bend at the back of
the arm swing.
 THE HEALTH BENIFITS OF
RUNNING/MARATHON

Boosted Mood and Energy Levels A

Boosted Memory, Focus, and Task-
study published in 2018 found that
Switching Because running causes
running for as little as 15 minutes can
biochemical substances called
improve mood and energy levels, and
endocannabinoids to be released in
it had more of an effect for
the bloodstream and into the brain, it
participants than meditation, deep
optimizes brain function.
breathing, progressive muscle
relaxation
 Better Respiratory Function Along
with mental health benefits, running
is linked to improved cardiovascular
and respiratory function because
each of those systems is getting
more oxygen and better blood flow
Improved Bone Density
Those who ran regularly
maintained bone strength,
and some even improved
their density over time, while
those who’d reduced training
saw a decline in bone health.
Improved Cardiovascular Health A
research review published in 2020
found that increased rates of
participation in running, regardless of
how frequently you run, show lower
risk of cardiovascular-related mortality
Living Longer According to a
research review published in
2017, studies suggest runners
have a 25 to 40 percent reduced
risk of premature mortality and
live approximately three years
longer than nonrunners.
THANK YOU!!
REFERENCES: