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淺談抗精神病藥引起
高泌乳激素血症
署立胸腔病院藥劑科藥師 陳建坊、柯博文
摘要
高泌乳激素血症是一種常見的內分泌疾病,可能是由生理或疾病問題所引起。
許多藥物也會造成泌乳激素血中濃度異常昇高的現象,並引起臨床上相關不良反應
的發生。在所有的藥物中,以傳統的抗精神病藥或稱為第一代抗精神病藥造成高泌
乳激素血症最為常見;在非典型的抗精神病藥或稱為第二代抗精神病藥當中,則以
risperidone及paliperidone較常引起高泌乳激素血症。女性比男性更容易因為抗精神病
藥的使用而引起高泌乳激素血症。高泌乳激素血症引起的臨床問題可能會影響病人的
生活品質,包括月經週期異常、乳漏症、性功能障礙、男性女乳症、骨密度降低及乳
癌等。因此,對於抗精神病藥的臨床應用,使用最低有效劑量或者改用一些對泌乳激
素血中濃度有較小程度影響的藥物都可以降低引起高泌乳激素血症之風險。
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receptors) 增加而刺激其生成及分泌 。
Prolactin的主要生理功用為刺激乳房乳腺
生長及分泌乳汁,而其分泌的主要調控
者乃是透過多巴胺 (dopamine) 的抑制作
用。在tuberoinfundibular neurons所分泌的
dopamine,最主要作用在泌乳胚層細胞
(lactotropes) 而抑制prolactin的分泌,並維
持prolactin levels在生理正常範圍。Prolactin
levels的恆定是由外在與內在之環境因素,
透過複雜的正、負向調控因子以直接或間
2
接方式影響而形成的平衡狀態 (圖一) 。
2
臨床上一些會影響這些調控因子的藥物就 圖一 泌乳激素分泌的主要調節物質
2
有可能會引起hyperprolactinemia (表一) ;
參、抗精神病藥與 Hyperprolactinemia
同樣的,許多生理狀況及疾病問題也會
造成prolactin的分泌增加 (表二) 。臨床上
2 抗精神病藥是臨床上藥物治療使用中
3
hyperprolactinemia的定義為:起床 (清醒) 後 最常見引起hyperprolactinemia 。對於使用
2小時,在未進食情況下抽血,男性prolactin 抗精神病藥而引起hyperprolactinemia的盛
2
表一 引起高泌乳激素血症的藥物
藥物類別 藥物名稱
Typical Haloperidol, Chlopromazine, Thioridazine, Thiothixene
抗精神病藥 (Antipsychotics) Risperidone, Amisulpride, Molindone, Zotepine,
Atypical
Paliperidone
Tricyclics Amitriptyline, Desipramine, Clomipramine, Amoxapine
抗憂鬱藥 (Antidepressants) SSRI Sertraline, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine
MAO-I Pargyline, Clorgyline
其他精神藥物
Buspirone, Alprazolam
(Other psychotropic)
促進排空劑 (Prokinetics) Metoclopramide, Domperidone
抗高血壓藥 (Antihypertensive) α-methyldopa, Reserpine, Verapamil
鴉片類藥物 (Opiates) Morphine
H2-Antagonists Cimetidine, Ranitidine
其他 Fenfluramine, Physostigmine, Chemotherapics
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藥學雜誌 第107冊 133
用藥安全 Drug Safety
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表二 生理及病理問題引起高泌乳激素血症
生理問題
病理問題 (Pathologic)
(Physiologic)
腦下垂體疾病 中樞神經系統疾病 系統性疾病
(Pituitary disorders) (CNS disorders) (Systemic disease)
Pregnancy Prolactinomas Tumors Severe Hypothyroidism
Breast feeding Mixed pituitary adenomas Granulomatous diseases Epathic cirrhosis
Breast stimulation Cushing's disease Vascular disorders Chronic renal failure
Sleep Acromegaly Autoimmune disorders Polycystic ovary syndrome
Stress Not secreting adenomas Hypothalamic tumours or Estrogen-secreting tumours
Empty sella syndrome metastasis Pseudocyesis
Pituitary stalk section or Cranial irradiation Chest wall trauma
tumours Seizures Herpes zooster
Lymphoid hypophysitis
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不良反應,或許最好的解決方式就是改用較 參考資料:
低程度影響prolactin levels的抗精神病藥或 1. Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK, Ellingrod VL: Antipsychotic-
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29(1): 64-73.
量時,卻也很容易造成精神疾病的復發。有 2. Torre DL, Falorni A: Pharmacological causes of hyperpro-
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14 4. Kinon BJ, Gilmore JA, Liu H, et al: Prevalence of hy-
對prolactin levels的影響 。因此,當臨床上
perprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with
必須使用一種可能會引起hyperprolactinemia conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone.
Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 55-68.
的抗精神病藥時,最重要的即是適當的
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監測相關臨床數值 (如藥物使用前後的 done) package insert. Titusville, NJ; 2007.
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15
症狀之風險 。 9. Knegtering H, van der Moolen AE, Castelein S, et al:
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不論是臨床醫療人員或者病人,都應該 10. Liu-Seifert H, Kinon BJ, Ahl J, et al: Osteopenia associ-
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警覺抗精神病藥可能引起hyperprolactinemia tients treated with prolactin-elevating antipsychotics. Ann
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之風險,以維護病人用藥安全及品質。
Antipsychotic-Induced
Hyperprolactinemia
Chien-Fang Chen, Po-Wen Ko
Abstract
Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrinological disorder that may be caused by
several physiological and pathological conditions. Several drugs may determine a significant
increase in prolactin serum concentration that is frequently associated with symptoms.
Typical antipsychotics are frequently responsible for drug-related hyperprolactinemia,
while both risperidone and paliperidone are the atypical neuroleptics that most likely to
induce hyperprolactinemia. Women are more sensitive than men to the hyperprolactinemic
effect of antipsychotics. Hyperprolactinemia has short- and long-term consequences
that can seriously affect quality of life: menstrual disturbances, galactorrhea, sexual
dysfunction, gynecomastia, decreased bone mineral density, and breast cancer. The risk of
hyperprolactinemia can be minimized by using the lowest effective dose of the antipsychotic
agent or changing to another agent that is less likely to affect prolactin levels.
憂鬱
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