Professional Documents
Culture Documents
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用
降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
劉濟弘 1, 2、魏怡嘉 3
1
林口長庚醫院神經內科部暨腦中風中心
2
長庚大學醫學系
3
基隆長庚醫院神經內科
通訊作者:魏怡嘉醫師,林口長庚醫院神經內科部暨腦中風中心
E-mail: yichiawei@gmail.com
DOI: 10.6318/FJS.202209_4(3).0002
143
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
144
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
外也具有其他的特性。例如,telmisartan可能 的病人族群,後續出現新的失智症診斷的風險
39
提高了adiponectin的分泌 。儘管adiponectin的 較低(telmisartan比non-telmisartan ARBs:2.19%
濃度與臨床結果之間的相關性仍存在爭議 40, 比3.20%; hazard ratio:0.72,95% confidence
但是較高的adiponectin濃度可能與增高的胰島 interval:0.53−0.97)。此外,telmisartan組也呈
素敏感性、抗發炎、抗粥狀動脈硬化,抑或是 現較低的缺血性中風發生風險(6.84%比8.57%;
41, 42
抗血栓作用相關 。雖然過往在telmisartan的 HR:0.79;95% CI:0.67−0.94) 58。相較於過
臨床研究上並沒有能夠顯現出腦中風的保護效 往研究,這項研究挑選了糖尿病的病人,這樣
43, 44
果 ,但一項健保資料庫研究呈現出合併多 的族群可能對於胰島素的阻抗性更加顯著。另
項 PPAR-γ調控作用藥物(例如:pioglitazone 外,此研究也針對了50歲以上的病人族群,
及telmisartan),可能在糖尿病及高血壓共病的 而過去的研究也顯示中老年族群的血壓控制
中風患者具有保護效果,而與較低的再中風發 與認知能力下降較相關 59。以上的研究顯示了
生率相關45。過去也有研究指出,telmisartan也 telmisartan在糖尿病與高血壓共病的中老年人
可能透過海馬迴(hippocampus)中tropomyosin- 的認知保護潛力。然而,在次級資料庫的研究
related kinase B和brain-derived neurotrophic 中,並無法去明確區辨失智症的類型,未來仍
factor的提升來防止認知能力下降 46 。此外, 需要更多的研究與臨床試驗來驗證這項結果的
47
telmisartan已被證明具有良好的降血壓效果 、 正確性與外推性。
足夠的腦血屏障穿透效果、和優異的血壓變異
度調控能力19, 48, 49,而這些都可能促成了它的認
結 論
知保護效果 50, 51。至今為止,我們對於如何控
制血壓,才有助於降低失智症發生風險,尚沒 在高齡化來臨的社會中,具有額外認知保
有明確的答案 52。儘管我們已知道血壓變異性 護效果的高血壓治療是臨床關注的重點,雖然
是腦白質病變和無症狀腔隙型中風惡化的危險 ARB在部分研究上有其潛在助益,但目前仍
因子之一 50, 53,而這些可能都是失智症發生的 沒有足夠證據支持特定的藥物用在這類病人的
54
重要因素 ,Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention 治療上。對於糖尿病或胰島素阻抗性的患者,
Trial-MIND (SPRINT-MIND)研究也無法在嚴格 pioglitazone已經顯示出其潛在的附加認知保護
血壓控制對失智症發生的影響上給出明確的結 效果,而這項效果有可能是來自於PPAR-γ的
55
論 。在某些小鼠研究模型中,telmisartan對於 調節作用。具有PPAR-γ的調節作用的降血壓
認知障礙發生或是血管性失智症具有保護作用 藥物,在機轉上也許可以做為高血壓患者在此
56, 57
。雖然這些研究都暗示著telmisartan在失智 項考量上的選擇之一。未來,我們期待有更多
症預防上的潛在可能性,但可惜的是,過去並 的臨床試驗能提供我們更多的證據來挑選在認
沒有足夠的研究來探討這個議題。 知保護上較為適當的降血壓藥物。
一項台灣近期發表的健保資料庫研究,挑
選了合併糖尿病的高血壓病人,探討telmisartan 參考文獻
相對於其他ARB在整體失智症風險上的可能相
關性 58 。這項研究收錄了65,511病人,並將其 1. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.
區分為 (1) telmisartan及 (2) 非telmisartan ARBs 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/
兩組,經由傾向分數配對(propensity score APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline
matching)追蹤後續新發生的失智症診斷,以分 for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
析可能的相關性。此研究發現使用telmisartan and Management of High Blood Pressure in
145
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
Adults: A Report of the American College of incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease:
Cardiology/American Heart Association Task a meta-analysis of individual participant data
Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am from prospective cohort studies. Lancet Neurol
Coll Cardiol 2018;71(19):e127-e248. 2020;19(1):61-70.
2. Chen TB, Yiao SY, Sun Y, et al. Comorbidity 12. Peters R, Yasar S, Anderson CS, et al.
and dementia: A nationwide survey in Taiwan. Investigation of antihypertensive class,
PLoS One 2017;12(4):e0175475. dementia, and cognitive decline: A meta-
3. Iadecola C, Yaffe K, Biller J, et al. Impact analysis. Neurology 2020;94(3):e267-e281.
of Hypertension on Cognitive Function: 13. American Diabetes A. 10. Cardiovascular
A Scientific Statement From the American disease and risk management: standards of
Heart Association. Hypertension 2016;68(6): medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care
e67-e94. 2021;44(Suppl 1):S125-S150.
4. Spence JD. Preventing dementia by treating 14. Ohishi M. Hypertension with diabetes mellitus:
hypertension and preventing stroke. Hypertension physiology and pathology. Hypertens Res
2004;44(1):20-21. 2018;41(6):389-393.
5. Faraco G, Iadecola C. Hypertension: a harbinger 15. Evans CE, Miners JS, Piva G, et al. ACE2
of stroke and dementia. Hypertension 2013; activation protects against cognitive decline
62(5):810-817. and reduces amyloid pathology in the Tg2576
6. Sutherland GT, Lim J, Srikanth V, Bruce DG. mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Acta
Epidemiological Approaches to Understanding Neuropathol 2020;139(3):485-502.
the Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia. 16. Towfighi A, Ovbiagele B. Partial peroxisome
J Alzheimers Dis 2017;59(2):393-403. proliferator-activated receptor agonist
7. Ferrannini E, Cushman WC. Diabetes and angiotensin receptor blockers. Potential
hypertension: the bad companions. Lancet multipronged strategy in stroke prevention.
2012;380(9841):601-610. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;26(2):106-112.
8. Biessels GJ, Despa F. Cognitive decline and 17. O’Caoimh R, Kehoe PG, Molloy DW. Renin
dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms Angiotensin aldosterone system inhibition in
and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol controlling dementia-related cognitive decline.
2018;14(10):591-604. J Alzheimers Dis 2014;42 Suppl 4:S575-586.
9. Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, 18. Kehoe PG. The Coming of Age of the
hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: Angiotensin Hypothesis in Alzheimer ’s
clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Disease: Progress Toward Disease Prevention
Can J Cardiol 2018;34(5):575-584. and Treatment? J Alzheimers Dis 2018;62(3):
10. Hachinski V, Einhaupl K, Ganten D, et al. 1443-1466.
Preventing dementia by preventing stroke: The 19. Petek B, Villa-Lopez M, Loera-Valencia R, et
Berlin Manifesto. Alzheimers Dement 2019; al. Connecting the brain cholesterol and renin-
15(7):961-984. angiotensin systems: potential role of statins
11. Ding J, Davis-Plourde KL, Sedaghat S, et al. and RAS-modifying medications in dementia.
Antihypertensive medications and risk for J Intern Med 2018;284(6):620-642.
146
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
20. Royea J, Hamel E. Brain angiotensin II preventing recurrent stroke and other vascular
and angiotensin IV receptors as potential events in people with stroke or transient
Alzheimer ’s disease therapeutic targets. ischaemic attack. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev
Geroscience 2020;42(5):1237-1256. 2017;12:CD010693.
21. Anderson C, Teo K, Gao P, et al. Renin- 29. Chou PS, Ho BL, Yang YH. Effects of
angiotensin system blockade and cognitive pioglitazone on the incidence of dementia in
function in patients at high risk of patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Complications
cardiovascular disease: analysis of data from 2017;31(6):1053-1057.
the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies. 30. Galimberti D, Scarpini E. Pioglitazone for the
Lancet Neurol 2011;10(1):43-53. treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin
22. Deng XL, Liu Z, Wang C, Li Y, Cai Z. Insulin Investigat Drugs 2017;26(1):97-101.
resistance in ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 31. Pantoni L. Potential New Horizons for the
2017;32(5):1323-1334. Prevention of Cerebrovascular Diseases and
23. Frosch OH, Yau PL, Osorio RS, Rusinek H, Dementia. JAMA Neurol 2019;76(5):521-522.
Storey P, Convit A. Insulin resistance among 32. Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI, et
obese middle-aged is associated with decreased al. Identification of telmisartan as a unique
cerebrovascular reactivity. Neurology 2017; angiotensin II receptor antagonist with
89(3):249-255. selective PPARgamma-modulating activity.
24. Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne Hypertension 2004;43(5):993-1002.
C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes 33. Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R, Unger T,
mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol Kintscher U. Angiotensin type 1 receptor
2006;5(1):64-74. blockers induce peroxisome proliferator-
25. K a u n d a l R K , S h a r m a S S . P e r o x i s o m e activated receptor-gamma activity. Circulation
proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists 2004;109(17):2054-2057.
as neuroprotective agents. Drug News Perspect 34. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL, et al.
2010;23(4):241-256. Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient
26. Han L, Shen WJ, Bittner S, Kraemer FB, ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2016;374(14):
Azhar S. PPARs: regulators of metabolism and 1321-1331.
as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. 35. L e e M , S a v e r J L , L i a o H W, L i n C H ,
Part II: PPAR-beta/delta and PPAR-gamma. Ovbiagele B. Pioglitazone for secondary stroke
Future Cardiol 2017;13(3):279-296. prevention: a systematic review and meta-
27. Khan MA, Alam Q, Haque A, et al. Current analysis. Stroke 2017;48(2):388-393.
Progress on Peroxisome Proliferator-activated 36. Heneka MT, Fink A, Doblhammer G. Effect
Receptor Gamma Agonist as an Emerging of pioglitazone medication on the incidence of
Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment dementia. Ann Neurol 2015;78(2):284-294.
of Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Curr 37. Ta k a g i H , U m e m o t o T, A l l - L i t e r a t u r e
Neuropharmacol 2019;17(3):232-246. Investigation of Cardiovascular Evidence
28. Liu J, Wang LN. Peroxisome proliferator- G. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of
activated receptor gamma agonists for telmisartan versus active controls for insulin
147
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
148
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
53. Leung LY, Bartz TM, Rice K, et al. Blood was improved by pretreatment with a low dose
Pressure and heart rate measures associated of telmisartan partly because of peroxisome
with increased risk of covert brain infarction proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
and worsening leukoaraiosis in older adults. activation. Hypertension 2009;54(4):782-787.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017;37(8): 57. Gao Y, Li W, Liu Y, et al. Effect of telmisartan
1579-1586. on preventing learning and memory deficits
54. Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, Hofman via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-
A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Silent brain gamma in vascular dementia spontaneously
infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive hypertensive rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis
decline. N Engl J Med 2003;348(13):1215- 2018;27(2):277-285.
1222. 58. Liu CH, Sung PS, Li YR, et al. Telmisartan use
55. Sprint Mind Investigators for the SPRINT and risk of dementia in type 2 diabetes patients
Research Group, Williamson JD, Pajewski with hypertension: A population-based cohort
NM, et al. Effect of intensive vs standard study. PLoS Med 2021;18(7):e1003707.
blood pressure control on probable dementia: a 59. de Menezes ST, Giatti L, Brant LCC, et
randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;321(6): al. Hypertension, prehypertension, and
553-561. hypertension control: association with decline
56. Tsukuda K, Mogi M, Iwanami J, et al. in cognitive performance in the ELSA-Brasil
Cognitive deficit in amyloid-beta-injected mice Cohort. Hypertension 2021;77(2):672-681.
149
高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性
ABSTRACT
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) mediates the maintenance of whole-body
insulin sensitivity. PPAR-γ agonists could improve insulin sensitivity and decrease insulin resistance, and
may reduce recurrent stroke and cardiovascular death. PPAR-γ has been shown to improve mitochondrial
dysfunction, affect amyloid-β toxicity, and reduce inflammation. Previous studies have also demonstrated
the protective effect of PPAR-γ agonists, such as pioglitazone, on dementia. Angiotensin receptor blockers
(ARBs) may possibly have protective effects against dementia occurrence in patients with hypertension.
However, whether ARB with PPAR-γ modulating effects, such as telmisartan, has additional benefits
compared to other ARBs remains unclear. Here we performed literature review and hoped to discuss this
issue.
Corresponding author: Dr. Yi-Chia Wei, Department of Neurology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung,
Taiwan.
E-mail: yichiawei@gmail.com
150