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綜 說

高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性

高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用
降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性

劉濟弘 1, 2、魏怡嘉 3
1
林口長庚醫院神經內科部暨腦中風中心
2
長庚大學醫學系
3
基隆長庚醫院神經內科

高血壓是引起腦中風和失智的主要危險因 生的風險也是一個重要的問題 11, 12 。在過去的


子之一1, 2。長期的高血壓本身即是阿茲海默症 臨床指引中,優先建議使用angiotensin receptor
3
和血管性失智症已確立的危險因子 。此外,腦 blockers (ARBs)或angiotensin converting enzyme
4
中風可能導致腦損傷並進一步引起認知障礙 。 inhibitors (ACEIs)降血壓藥於合併糖尿病與高
除了腦中風之外,長期高血壓也可能引起血腦 血壓的患者,這主要是著眼於這些藥物的腎臟
3
屏障改變、血管重塑或是局部腦血流下降 ,慢 保護效果 13。迄今為止,關於不同類別的降血
性高血壓也可以導致粥狀動脈硬化或是小血管 壓藥物對認知功能的保護作用,以及降血壓
疾病(包含大腦微出血、白質病變或是腔隙型中 治療的首選藥物及其與失智症發生的關係仍存
5
風等) ,而這些機轉都能進一步造成認知功能 在爭議。最近的統合分析也尚未確定特定類
下降。除了高血壓之外,罹患糖尿病患者也使 別的降血壓藥物在降低失智風險方面的效果 11,
12
失智風險隨之上升,這可能是來自於糖尿病引 。然而值得一提的是ARB類的藥物因為renin-
起的血管變化、葡萄糖代謝改變,或是胰島素 angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS)、胰島素阻
傳導途徑改變可能導致的神經退化6。相較於單 抗性和抗發炎的調控作用,可能在降血壓以外
一高血壓或是糖尿病患者,同時合併糖尿病和 還能帶來額外的好處 9, 14, 15。舉例來說,ARBs
高血壓的患者更容易罹患腦中風和失智症 7, 8, 藉由RAS的調控作用可能具有某些認知功能保
這可能與合併兩種共病造成更嚴重的動脈粥樣 護的效果 16。RAS的抑制作用可能在失智症相
硬化、動脈重塑、血管發炎或內皮功能障礙有 關的認知能力下降中扮演某些角色17, 18。RAS抑
關9。是故,積極的血壓控制對於糖尿病合併高 制劑可能影響類澱粉蛋白的連鎖反應,中樞神
血壓的病患將尤其重要。 經系統RAS的調節也可能對認知產生影響 19。
適當的血壓控制是否能夠降低失智症的風 在動物模型中,ACEI和ARB作用於中樞神經系
險呢?這是很重要的臨床議題,而過往的研究 統,也可能因此得以潛在的預防認知衰退 17。
也傾向了這樣的趨勢4, 10。除了血壓控制的目標 進一步與ACEI相比,ARB對angiotensin type I受
之外,不同類別的降血壓藥物是否影響失智發 體和angiotensin IV受體的訊號傳導有獨特的作

通訊作者:魏怡嘉醫師,林口長庚醫院神經內科部暨腦中風中心
E-mail: yichiawei@gmail.com
DOI: 10.6318/FJS.202209_4(3).0002

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高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性

用。RAS中的angiotensinⅡ會作用在angiotensin 島素敏感性的重要介質之一 25 。PPAR-γ能調


type I及type Ⅱ受體,而angiotensin Ⅳ會作用在 節代謝作用,改善胰島素阻抗性,也因此可
angiotensin type Ⅳ受體。當angiotensin type I受 能具有神經的保護效果 25, 26 。同時,PPAR-γ
體作用時,會降低細胞增生、降低腦血流、增 也被證明可以影響類澱粉蛋白-β的毒性、改
加發炎且擾亂腦血屏障;反之,當angiotensin 善粒腺體功能障礙並減少發炎現象 27。在臨床
typeⅡ受體作用時,則會增加腦血流、降低發 應用的方面,調節PPAR-γ的生化和代謝作
炎反應進而會增進學習和記憶;而angiotensin 用已被使用在心血管疾病的治療上 26。過往的
type Ⅳ受體作用時,同樣有增加腦血流、降低 Cochrane review認為PPAR-γ促進劑可以提高
發炎反應進而會增進學習和記憶的效果 20 (如 胰島素敏感性,並可能減少了復發性中風的發
圖1)。一般來說,ARB具有抑制angiotensin 生28。特別的是,過去的研究也發現了PPAR-γ
type I受體和增進angiotensin type Ⅳ受體作用 促進劑可能對於失智症發生具有的保護效果
29−31
的效果,也可能因此進一步降低了失智症的風 。在現有的臨床使用藥物上,有兩種藥物
險19。此外,Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in 具備較高的PPAR-γ調控作用,其一是口服降
Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial 血糖藥物pioglitazone,另一則為ARB降血壓藥
(ONTARGET)的研究結果顯示,與ramipril使 物中的telmisartan。而兩者之中,pioglitazone
用者相比,telmisartan使用者的中風或認知障 調 控 P PA R - γ 的 能 力 強 於 t e l m i s a r t a n 3 2 , 33

礙的風險可能略低 21。另一方面,降血壓藥物 Pioglitazone也許因為具備這些特性而被發現與
也可以藉由調控胰島素阻抗性,能進一步減少 較低的腦中風或是失智發生風險相關29, 34−36。
血管粥狀動脈硬化,降低內皮細胞功能喪失, 另一方面,telmisartan綜合上述ARB與
或是保存腦血流的存留能力(cerebrovascular PPAR-γ調控劑兩者的特性,既具有ARB的血
reserves),而這些都有助於降低認知功能的退 管與認知保護特性,也是唯一在臨床使用劑量
22, 23
化 。 下仍然擁有PPAR-γ調控作用的ARB類藥物32。
高胰島素血症是失智症和加速認知衰退的 雖然telmisartan相較於pioglitazone的 PPAR-γ調
24
一個已知的風險因子 。Peroxisome proliferator- 控作用較低32, 33,但仍足以改善胰島素阻抗性37,
38
activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ)是維持全身胰 。當然,telmisartan除了在PPAR-γ調控作用

圖1 Angiotensinogen、angiotensin I、angiotensin II與angiotensin typeⅡ受體作用機轉

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高血壓合併糖尿病患者使用Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ調控作用降血壓藥物與失智風險的相關性

外也具有其他的特性。例如,telmisartan可能 的病人族群,後續出現新的失智症診斷的風險
39
提高了adiponectin的分泌 。儘管adiponectin的 較低(telmisartan比non-telmisartan ARBs:2.19%
濃度與臨床結果之間的相關性仍存在爭議 40, 比3.20%; hazard ratio:0.72,95% confidence
但是較高的adiponectin濃度可能與增高的胰島 interval:0.53−0.97)。此外,telmisartan組也呈
素敏感性、抗發炎、抗粥狀動脈硬化,抑或是 現較低的缺血性中風發生風險(6.84%比8.57%;
41, 42
抗血栓作用相關 。雖然過往在telmisartan的 HR:0.79;95% CI:0.67−0.94) 58。相較於過
臨床研究上並沒有能夠顯現出腦中風的保護效 往研究,這項研究挑選了糖尿病的病人,這樣
43, 44
果 ,但一項健保資料庫研究呈現出合併多 的族群可能對於胰島素的阻抗性更加顯著。另
項 PPAR-γ調控作用藥物(例如:pioglitazone 外,此研究也針對了50歲以上的病人族群,
及telmisartan),可能在糖尿病及高血壓共病的 而過去的研究也顯示中老年族群的血壓控制
中風患者具有保護效果,而與較低的再中風發 與認知能力下降較相關 59。以上的研究顯示了
生率相關45。過去也有研究指出,telmisartan也 telmisartan在糖尿病與高血壓共病的中老年人
可能透過海馬迴(hippocampus)中tropomyosin- 的認知保護潛力。然而,在次級資料庫的研究
related kinase B和brain-derived neurotrophic 中,並無法去明確區辨失智症的類型,未來仍
factor的提升來防止認知能力下降 46 。此外, 需要更多的研究與臨床試驗來驗證這項結果的
47
telmisartan已被證明具有良好的降血壓效果 、 正確性與外推性。
足夠的腦血屏障穿透效果、和優異的血壓變異
度調控能力19, 48, 49,而這些都可能促成了它的認
結  論
知保護效果 50, 51。至今為止,我們對於如何控
制血壓,才有助於降低失智症發生風險,尚沒 在高齡化來臨的社會中,具有額外認知保
有明確的答案 52。儘管我們已知道血壓變異性 護效果的高血壓治療是臨床關注的重點,雖然
是腦白質病變和無症狀腔隙型中風惡化的危險 ARB在部分研究上有其潛在助益,但目前仍
因子之一 50, 53,而這些可能都是失智症發生的 沒有足夠證據支持特定的藥物用在這類病人的
54
重要因素 ,Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention 治療上。對於糖尿病或胰島素阻抗性的患者,
Trial-MIND (SPRINT-MIND)研究也無法在嚴格 pioglitazone已經顯示出其潛在的附加認知保護
血壓控制對失智症發生的影響上給出明確的結 效果,而這項效果有可能是來自於PPAR-γ的
55
論 。在某些小鼠研究模型中,telmisartan對於 調節作用。具有PPAR-γ的調節作用的降血壓
認知障礙發生或是血管性失智症具有保護作用 藥物,在機轉上也許可以做為高血壓患者在此
56, 57
。雖然這些研究都暗示著telmisartan在失智 項考量上的選擇之一。未來,我們期待有更多
症預防上的潛在可能性,但可惜的是,過去並 的臨床試驗能提供我們更多的證據來挑選在認
沒有足夠的研究來探討這個議題。 知保護上較為適當的降血壓藥物。
一項台灣近期發表的健保資料庫研究,挑
選了合併糖尿病的高血壓病人,探討telmisartan 參考文獻
相對於其他ARB在整體失智症風險上的可能相
關性 58 。這項研究收錄了65,511病人,並將其 1. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.
區分為 (1) telmisartan及 (2) 非telmisartan ARBs 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/
兩組,經由傾向分數配對(propensity score APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline
matching)追蹤後續新發生的失智症診斷,以分 for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
析可能的相關性。此研究發現使用telmisartan and Management of High Blood Pressure in

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Association between Anti-hypertensive Drugs with PPAR-γ


Modulating Effects and Risk of Dementia in Type 2
Diabetic Patients with Hypertension
Chi-Hung Liu1, 2, Yi-Chia Wei3
1
Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
2
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
3
Department of Neurology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.

ABSTRACT
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) mediates the maintenance of whole-body
insulin sensitivity. PPAR-γ agonists could improve insulin sensitivity and decrease insulin resistance, and
may reduce recurrent stroke and cardiovascular death. PPAR-γ has been shown to improve mitochondrial
dysfunction, affect amyloid-β toxicity, and reduce inflammation. Previous studies have also demonstrated
the protective effect of PPAR-γ agonists, such as pioglitazone, on dementia. Angiotensin receptor blockers
(ARBs) may possibly have protective effects against dementia occurrence in patients with hypertension.
However, whether ARB with PPAR-γ modulating effects, such as telmisartan, has additional benefits
compared to other ARBs remains unclear. Here we performed literature review and hoped to discuss this
issue.

Keywords: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, dementia, angiotensin receptor blockers,


diabetes

Corresponding author: Dr. Yi-Chia Wei, Department of Neurology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung,
Taiwan.
E-mail: yichiawei@gmail.com

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