SKAB4113 - Topic 5 Part 1

Topic 5:
Introduction to Network Technique

Dr. Suzila Binti Mohd
Block C07, Level 3, Room 307
suzila.mohd@utm.my
ND03122022
innovative • entrepreneurial • global | www.utm.my
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QUICK CHECK
• TOPICS
Topic 1 : Overview Current Issue in The Construction Industry
Topic 2 : Project Management Project Development Process
Topic 3 : Project Manager: Roles, Ethical, Responsibilities &
Organizational Management
Topic 4 : Introduction to project planning
Topic 5 : Introduction to the networking technique
Topic 6 : Introduction to scheduling software & Demonstration
• ASSESSMENTS (30%)
Case Study : 5%
Test 1 : 10%
Project : 15%
• FINAL EXAMINATION (50%)
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TOPIC OUTLINES
1 2
Overview of
Project
Management Project Planning
6 7 3
Planning as
Planning VS Quick Recall Important
Scheduling (Summary) Function of
Management
Process
5 4
Scope of Project Time as
Time Element in
Management Project
Requirement
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The Importance Of Construction Project Scheduling
• To give confidence to the client
• To eliminate any uncertainties
• To improve the efficiency of the operation through

efficient use of resources and cost control.
• To better understand the project objectives
• To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling

the work
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Type of Network Scheduling Techniques
• The most common network techniques are:

1. Gantt or Bar Charts
2. Milestone Charts
3. Line of Balance
4. Networks
a. Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)
b. Arrow Diagram Method (ADM) [Sometimes called the Critical
Path Method (CPM)]
c. Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)
d. Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT)
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1) Gantt or Bar Charts
• A Gantt chart is a project management tool assisting in the

planning and scheduling of projects of all sizes; they are
particularly useful for visualising projects.
• A Gantt chart is defined as a graphical representation of
activity against time; it helps project professionals monitor
progress.
• As it's a bar chart format, it’s possible to check progress with a
quick glance. Project team can easily see:
a. a visual display of the whole project
b. timelines and deadlines of all tasks
c. relationships and dependencies between the various activities
d. project phases
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1) Gantt or Bar Charts - Example
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1) Gantt or Bar Charts – Pros & Cons
• Advantages of Gantt charts:

a. clear, visual representation of the plan
b. generally, well understood and relatively simple to create
c. can be used to show progress and plan resources.
• Disadvantages of Gantt charts:

a. on their own, they don’t show dependencies
b. there is a limit to the size of schedule that can reasonably be read and
understood.
c. cannot easily cope with change as a result of progress or scope change
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2) Milestone Chart
• A milestone chart is a way to visualize the most important steps

of in a project.
• Each milestone achieves by project team, it will bring them closer
to completing the project.
• Milestones provide a sense of accomplishment and show project
team how the work they’re doing contributes to the overarching
project objective.
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2) Milestone Chart - Advantages
• There are several advantages Milestone Chart as follows:
1. Controlling can be easily done and inter relationships between
other similar activities can be easily established.
2. These points are those that can be easily identified over the main
bar.
3. Milestones are key events of a main activity represented by a
bar.
4. These specific points in time that mark the completion of certain
portions of the main activity.
5. If the activity is broken or sub divided into a number of sub-
activities, each one of which can be easily recognized during the
progress of the project.
6. The beginning and end of these sub-divided activities or tasks are
termed as milestones.
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2) Milestone Chart - Example
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3) Line of Balance
• A line of balance diagram comprises a series of inclined lines

which represent the rate of working between repetitive
operations in a construction sequence.
• The Line‐of‐Balance also known as the Repetitive Scheduling
Method (RSM), Location Based Scheduling, Vertical Production
Method or Vertical Scheduling Method.
• Line of Balance (LOB) is a method of showing the repetitive work
that may exist in a project as a single line on a graph.
• It's the best planning method for a repetitive work such as Villas
or Dwelling units, High-rise building, highways, pipeline, tunnels,
railway, however it may be adapted for non-repetitive projects
as well.
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3) Line of Balance - Example
**TILOS, VICO Control are the software’s used for LOB scheduling technique
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3) Line of Balance - Advantages
• The advantages of LOB are as follows:

1. Clearly shows the amount of work taking place in a certain area at a
specific time of the project.
2. Has the ability to show and optimize the resources used for large number
of repeated activities, executed in several zones or locations.
3. Easier cost and time optimization analysis because of all the information
available for each activity in the project.
4. Ease of setup and its superior presentation and visualization.
5. Easier to modify, update and change the schedule.
6. Better managing of all the various sub-contractors in the project.
7. Allows for simpler and clearer resource management and resource
optimization functions.
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4) Network
- Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)
• The Program Evaluation Review Technique, or PERT, is a visual tool used in

project planning.
• Using the technique helps project planners identify start and end dates, as
well as interim required tasks and timelines. The information is displayed as a
network in chart form.
• PERT helps project planners identify:
a. Start and end dates
b. Anticipated total required completion time
c. All activities, referred to as events on the chart, that impact the completion time
d. The required sequence of events
e. The probability of completion by a certain date
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4) Network
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4) Network - Advantages
• A PERT chart allows a manager to evaluate the time and resources necessary
to complete a project. It also allows the manager to track required assets
during any stage of production in the course of the project.
• PERT analysis incorporates data and information supplied by a number of
departments. This combining of information encourages department
responsibility and identifies all responsible parties across the organization.
• It also improves communication during the project and it allows an
organization to commit to projects that are relevant to its strategic positioning.
• PERT charts are useful input for what-if analyses. Understanding the
possibilities concerning the flow of project resources and milestones allows
management to achieve the most efficient and useful project path.
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4) Network
- Arrow Diagram Method (ADM)
• Arrow diagramming method (ADM) is a network diagramming technique in which
activities are represented by arrows.
• ADM is also known as the activity-on-arrow (AOA) method.
• ADM is used for scheduling activities in a project plan.
• Precedence relationships between activities are represented by circles connected by
one or more arrows.
• The length of the arrow represents the duration of the relevant activity.
• ADM only shows finish-to-start relationships, meaning that each activity is completed
before the successor activity starts.
• Sometimes a "dummy task" is added, to represent a dependency between tasks,
which does not represent any actual activity. The dummy task is added to indicate
precedence that can't be expressed using only the actual activities. Such a dummy task
often has a completion time of 0.
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4) Network
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• Helps to determine the critical path and identify the main problems related to
resources and delays.
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4) Network
- Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)
• The precedence diagramming method (PDM) is a graphical tool used for scheduling
activities in a project plan.
• PDM maps out project development by creating a visual representation of critical
paths and dependencies.
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4) Network
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• Precedence diagramming method (PDM) helps project managers define a
clear and proper sequence of project tasks and activities
• PDM highlights paths, relationships, and dependencies between activities to
ensure successful delivery
• PDM helps teams know their priorities and assignments at a glance
• PDM serves as a visual communication and project update tool for project
managers, teams, and stakeholders
• PDM helps identify missing activities and develop an accurate project
schedule
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4) Network
- Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT)
• Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly known as GERT, is a
network analysis technique used in project management that allows
probabilistic treatment both network logic and estimation of activity duration.
• Compared to other techniques, GERT is only rarely used in complex systems.
• Nevertheless, the GERT approach addresses the majority of the limitations
associated with PERT/CPM technique.
• GERT allows loops between tasks. The fundamental drawback associated with
the GERT technique is the complex programme (Monte Carlo simulation)
required to model the GERT system.
• Development in GERT includes Q-GERTS - allowing the user to consider
queuing within the system.
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4) Network
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• Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) is a powerful network
charting method that provides a visual overview of complex projects with
multiple paths and dependencies. It has several advantages, including:
1. Efficiency: GERT makes it easy to identify project tasks, dependencies,

and alternative paths. This can help streamline project planning and
ensure that all tasks are completed in the most efficient manner.
2. Visibility: GERT charts provide a visual representation of the project,
allowing team members to quickly identify potential issues and make
critical decisions.
3. Flexibility: GERT allows project managers to easily adjust project plans
as needed, allowing projects to adapt to changing circumstances.
4. Scalability: GERT is scalable, meaning it can be used to plan projects of
any size or complexity.
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Thank You!
ND03122022

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Topic 5:

Introduction to Network Technique

• To eliminate any uncertainties

• To improve the efficiency of the operation through

• To better understand the project objectives

• To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling

• The most common network techniques are:

• A Gantt chart is a project management tool assisting in the

• Advantages of Gantt charts:

• Disadvantages of Gantt charts:

• A milestone chart is a way to visualize the most important steps

• A line of balance diagram comprises a series of inclined lines

• The advantages of LOB are as follows:

• The Program Evaluation Review Technique, or PERT, is a visual tool used in

1. Efficiency: GERT makes it easy to identify project tasks, dependencies,

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