SEAA 4943

MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
TOPIC 3
On-Site Handling
SCOPE
• Municipal solid waste sources
and generation

• Factors that effects solid waste

characteristic

• Storage and site handling

 SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
What Do You Need To Know?

Influence policy and

measures for waste Identify recycling
Determine capacity and opportunities
prevention and reduction
number of collection
vehicle and transfer station

Assess feasibility
Estimate trends to
and scale of
Estimate lifespan of plan future
treatment options
landfill
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Solid Waste Generation
• Types of wastes:
• Municipal wastes: food
wastes, rubbish, ashes
and residues, bulky
waste
• Demolition and
construction wastes
• Hazardous waste
• Electrical and electronic
waste (e-waste)
Solid Waste Category (Control) under Act 672

Construction Municipal
Household & demolition Services

Commercial

Industry

Institutional

Import
Solid Waste Generation Factors

1. Location
2. Season
3. Lifestyle
4. Income
5. Collection frequency
6. Extent of 3R

Factors Affecting
7. Public attitudes Generation
8. Legislation
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Location
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Location
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Location
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Season
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Lifestyle
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Lifestyle
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Income
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Collection Frequency
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Extend of 3R
Source Reduction may occur
through:
• Design to use less materials
• Manufacture that have
minimum toxic content
• Packaging of products with
minimum material volume and
packaging return program
• Longer useful life
 WEIGHT (TONNE)
JOHOR 486.63

MELAKA 284.95

NEGERI SEMBILAN 276.94

KEDAH 228.66

PERLIS 10.54

PAHANG 520.22

PUTRAJAYA 106.05

KUALA LUMPUR 569.38

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

PERCENTAGE
Plastic Paper Steel Aluminium Glass E-waste Others
7.09%
Total Recycled Solid Waste and 0.54%

Composition under Separation 9.96%

0.40% 32.35%
At Source (SAS) Program from
10.69%
1 September 2015 until 31
December 2016)
38.97%
 Solid Waste Generation Factors: Public Attitude

Significant reduction in
quantities of solid waste
generated occur when and if
people are willing to change
their own habits and lifestyle to
conserve natural resources and
to reduce the economic
burdens associated with
management of solid waste
Solid Waste Generation Factors: Legislation

• Legislation most important factor affecting generation of

certain type of waste is the existence of local, state and
federal regulations concerning the use of specific materials
• Example: Encouraging the usage of recycled materials by
allowing price differential for recycled materials
On-Site Handling
Solid Waste Separation

• In Malaysia, the handling and

separation of waste at the sources
is critical step in waste
management

• Various type of bins used for

storage the waste:
• Small bin: household
• Medium bin: communal bin
• Large bin: hauled communal
Solid Waste Separation
§The Government has made it mandatory to separate
solid waste at source beginning 1 SEPTEMBER 2015.
This ruling will be implemented in stages.
§This implementation is pursuant to regulations under
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007
(Act 672)
§Enforced in the following states and Federal Territories:
Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Johor, Melaka, Negeri
Sembilan, Pahang, Kedah and Perlis
Solid Waste Separation
 Storage
• Domestic
àWaste accumulated at several locations around
residential placed in larger containers to be
removal by waste collector

• In high rise apartment

àWaste being picked up by building maintenance
from each floor and taken to basement area
àWaste being taken to basements by tenants
àWaste being bagged and placed by tenants in
specially designed chutes with openings located
at each floor

• Commercial and industrial

àWaste accumulate in the offices or work
locations collected in relatively large containers
with rollers
àOnce full, containers removed by service
contractors
Storage
Factors need to be considered:
1. Containers type
àCharacteristic of waste, collection frequency, space available

2. Container storage location

• Residential
à sides/rear of house, alleys, designated purpose location
• Commercial and industrial
àavailable space and service access locations

3. Public health and aesthetics

àLimited storage space, control measures, collection frequency

4. Collection method
àManual, automation, smart monitoring
Storage
On site process is used to:
• Reduce the volume
• Recover usable materials
• Alter the physical form of the solid wastes
• To control spill and contamination of hazardous materials

à The most common on-site processing operations include manual

sorting, compaction and incineration/landfill disposal.
General Issues Affecting Recycling

Contamination

Collection

Standard
1. CONTAMINATION

Household wastes are mixtures of potentially reclaimable

materials and contaminated materials.
•TWO (2) main categories of contamination:
•Residual contamination: Those which cannot be removed
during pre-treatment and processing operations and which
impair the recycled material or product
•Non-residual contamination: Those which can be removed
by processing but where removal :
• reduces the quality of the reclaimed product,
•extends processing times
•or leads to discharge of toxic fumes, effluents / solid waste
 2. COLLECTION

Major options for recovering

recyclable materials are:

1. Bring systems eg. bottle

banks, paper skips
2. Collect systems eg. door-
to-door, kerb side systems
3. Centralized system
3. STANDARDS

•Raw materials must conform to specifications

•Recycler certification schemes are regionally in place but

yet no formal international standards for certification
TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
Glass
• Amount of waste glass manufacturers can use depends on
desired colour of their products and colour of the waste glass
available
• Removal of contaminants (iron; chromium colorants)

Paper
• Few technical barriers if paper well separated into grades
specified by paper and board industry.
• Shrinkage (Recycling of paper essentially means a recycling of
the fibres. There is a reduction in the length of the fibres as a
result of the processing.)
• Heavy metals (from printing inks)
 TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
Metals
• Ferrous scrap is relatively cheap source of
iron for the iron and steel producing
industry
• But always other elements present which
are contaminants (metallic and non-
metallic)
• Cost of dealing with emissions eg. zinc
oxide from galvanised steel.

Plastics
• Low packing density
• Plastic needs to be sorted by polymer type
TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
• Bioplastics
Bioplastics are sometimes indistinguishable from ordinary
plastics. Bioplastics will damage the recycling activities.
 TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING

Compostable

• Composting, often described as

nature’s way of recycling
• All process of breaking up organic
waste such as food waste, manure,
leaves, grass trimmings, paper,
worms and coffee grounds, into an
extremely useful humus-like
substance by various micro-
organisms including bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence
of oxygen.
 TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
— Composting is the process of purposely turning organic waste
into humus and soil, for the purpose of enriching existing soil.

— Compostable materials consist of biodegradable materials, which

are broken down into CO2, water, and biomass by the action of
micro-organisms, and compostable materials, which are
consumed by micro-organisms, worms, and other living things,
and turned into humus.

— The end product of composting is a rich organic material that

can be added to condition and fertilize the soil.
TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
• Compostable - Limited use related to:
a) Lack of technical information regarding composting
process
b) Poor perception of composting as a modern treatment
option
c) Presence of contaminants (i.e. heavy metals)
• While decomposing, your compost might disperse a bad odor
while it has not yet matured. Larger piles are not advisable
because it is harder to manipulate, it needs bigger area, and it
is visible to the people passing your house.

It also requires high temperature while decomposing. The

bacteria that break down organic garbage into compost does
not execute well in freezing temperature.
TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING

Benefits of Composting:

• Composting keeps waste out of landfills. Kitchen waste, in

particular, in landfills, emits more greenhouse gases,
particularly methane. Home composting does not emit
methane and produces far less greenhouse gas.

• Composting provides rich matter to fertilize and condition the

soil, reducing the need for added fertilizers, especially those
made by the industries

• Composting can also soften plant material, making the

nutrients in the plant more accessible, and can convert the
ammonia in the plant into proteins.
 TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
Benefits of Composting:

• Composting reduces an individual's carbon footprint, because no

energy is required to transport matter to another area.

• Rich soil leads to healthy plants, healthy plants deter pests, and so the
need for pesticide use is reduced.
 TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING
Textiles
• Very labour intensive • High processing costs • Contamination
TECHNICAL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING

Waste oils , recycled as:

• For use as fuel after removal of water, sludge and emulsions
• Oil laundering and refining (oil recovered form industrial
lubricants category is blended with virgin oils after
treatment to meet the standards for its original use or
downgraded use)
Waste Prevention
Waste prevention is the most desirable option in the waste
management hierarchy and, as such, an important goal and
guiding principle of future waste strategies.
Waste Prevention
 Waste Prevention
• Two aspects of prevention can be distinguished:
1. Quantitative: Strict avoidance
oNo unnecessary consumption
oAcceptance of fruit and vegetables with less-than-perfect
shape
oChoose product design and production processes that use
lesser amounts of materials
oPreference of design for durability and disassembly.
Waste Prevention

• Two aspects of prevention can be

distinguished:
2. Qualitative: Prevention
oTo reduce or eliminate use of
specific hazardous substances in
materials and products that become
waste
oDirectly improving environmental
performance of the products or
production processes concerned.
QUESTION????