Individuals 3 and 4 with disease A must have at least one allele for disease A.

Individual 8 without disease A must have at least one allele for the normal

character.

Individual 8 must have inherited at least one allele for normal character from at

least one of her parents.

Therefore, at least one of individual 3 and 4 must be heterozygous.

In heterozyhous condition, the dominant allele is always expressed.

Therefore, allele for disease A is dominant

50%
Individual 2 with disease A must have at least one allele for disease A, which is

the dominant allele.

If the allele for disease A is on the X chromosome, individual 5 must inherit the

allele for disease A and will be expressed.

If the allele for disease A is on the Y chromosome, individual 6 must inherit the

allele for disease A and show the disease.

However, since both individuals 5 and 6 do not show disease A, it is not possible

for the allele of disease A to be on the X and Y chromosomes.

During meiosis, the 21st pair of chromosomes did not separate

successfully and end up with one extra chromosome in a cell after

meiosis. This causes the child born to have down syndrome.

The allele for colour blindness is on the X chromosome. As the X

chromosome of individual E must come from the mother B, this

means the mother has an X chromosome that carries allele with

colour blindness.

As the mother has normal colour vision, she must have at least

one allele for normal colour vision.

Therefore, her genotype is heterozygous.