MAJOR TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS:

● Mainframe - The cabinet containing the CPU. Mainframes are very large capacities of
computers with several CPUs, capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously(At the same time).

● Desktop systems - Also referred to as a computer, a personal computer or a desktop

system fits on a desk. Main uses include: office, school work, games and
entertainment.

● Embedded Systems - An embedded system refers to a computer system that is

designed to perform specific tasks or functions. Embedded systems are often
found in everyday devices and appliances, such as digital cameras, home
appliances, traffic lights, ATMs and printers.
● Mobile devices - Also called Handheld devices includes: laptops, notebooks,
netbooks, tablets, and smartphones, are electronic devices that offer similar
functionality to personal computers. The distinguishing features of these devices
are their smaller size, lighter weight, and the inclusion of batteries, which enable
them to operate without being connected to a power outlet.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:

Mainframe: Advantages

1. Processing Power: Mainframes have powerful processors that can handle large
amounts of data and complex tasks.

2. Reliability: Mainframes are known for their high reliability and availability,
ensuring minimal downtime and uninterrupted operation.

3. Security: Mainframes offer robust security features to protect sensitive data from
unauthorized access.

4. Scalability: Mainframes offer effortless scalability, allowing seamless expansion

to accommodate increasing workloads and user demands.

5. Cost Savings: By moving workloads onto a mainframe, organizations can

achieve cost reductions in terms of both hardware and operational expenses.

6. Virtualization: Mainframes excel in virtualization, allowing efficient use of

computing resources by running multiple virtual machines.

Mainframe: Disadvantages
1. Complexity: Mainframes are complex systems that need specialized knowledge and
expertise to operate and manage effectively. Operating a mainframe may require specific
training, adding to the overall complexity.

2. Limited Flexibility: Mainframes are designed for specific purposes and may not offer the
same flexibility as other computer platforms. Adjusting or modifying mainframe systems
to accommodate changes or new technologies can be difficult and time-consuming.

3. Size and Space Requirements: Mainframes are typically large and need dedicated
space in a controlled environment. Setting up and maintaining the physical infrastructure
for mainframe systems can be demanding in terms of space and cooling.

4. Limited Compatibility: Mainframe systems may have limited compatibility with newer
technologies and platforms. Integrating mainframes with modern applications or systems
may require additional effort and resources.
 5. Perception: Mainframes are sometimes seen as outdated technology, which can affect
their adoption and support. This perception may make it challenging to find skilled
professionals and long-term support for mainframe.

Desktop Systems: Advantages

1. Affordability: Desktop systems are often more affordable compared to laptops or other
portable devices.

2. Performance: Desktops typically offer higher performance and processing power than
portable devices.

3. Upgradeability: Desktop computers can be easily upgraded with new components to improve
performance or add features.

4. Larger Displays: Desktop systems support larger and multiple displays, providing a more
immersive visual experience.

5. Connectivity: Desktops offer a wide range of connectivity options for peripherals and devices.

6. Durability: Desktop systems are generally built with sturdy components, making them more
durable over time.

7. Specialized Tasks: Desktops are well-suited for resource-intensive tasks like gaming or video
editing.

Desktop systems: Disadvantages

1. Limited Portability: Desktop systems are not designed for easy mobility and are typically
limited to a single location.

2. Space Requirement: Desktops typically require dedicated desk space and may not be
suitable for small or cramped environments.

3. Power Consumption: Desktop computers tend to consume more power compared to laptops
or mobile devices, resulting in higher electricity bills.

4. Lack of Mobility: Desktops are stationary devices and do not offer the flexibility of working
from different locations.

5. Additional Peripherals: Desktop systems may require additional peripherals such as

keyboards, and mouse, which can increase the overall cost and clutter the workspace.
6. Initial Setup and Assembly: Setting up a desktop system may require some technical
knowledge and time to assemble the components correctly.

7. Battery Backup: Desktop systems rely on a continuous power source and do not have a
built-in battery backup, making them easy targets for power outages or interruptions.

Embedded systems: Advantages

1. Real-Time Performance: Embedded systems can perform tasks quickly and respond in
real-time.

2. Efficiency: Embedded systems are designed to use minimal power and resources efficiently.

3. Compactness: Embedded systems are small and can be integrated into small devices or
equipment.

4. Customization: Embedded systems can be customized to meet specific requirements and

perform tailored functions.

5. Reliability: Embedded systems are built to be reliable and resistant to failures.

6. Cost-Effectiveness: Embedded systems offer cost-effective solutions for specific applications.

7. Security: Embedded systems can provide enhanced security measures to protect sensitive
data.

Embedded Systems: Disadvantages

1. Limited Flexibility: Embedded systems are typically designed for specific tasks and may lack
the flexibility to adapt to changing requirements or accommodate new functionalities.

2. Development Complexity: Designing and developing embedded systems can be complex and
require specialized knowledge and expertise.

3. Cost of Customization: Customizing embedded systems to meet specific requirements can be

costly, especially when it involves hardware modifications or specialized software development.

4. Hardware Limitations: Embedded systems are constrained by the hardware components they
are built with, which may limit their scalability or ability to support future technological
advancements.
5. Maintenance and Support: Embedded systems may require specialized maintenance and
support, which can be challenging to obtain.

6. Security Vulnerabilities: Embedded systems can be vulnerable to security breaches if proper

security measures are not implemented, potentially exposing sensitive data or enabling
unauthorized access.

Mobile devices: Advantages

1. Portability: Mobile devices are lightweight and compact, allowing users to carry them easily
wherever they go.

2. Connectivity: Mobile devices offer various connectivity options such as Wi-Fi, cellular data,
and Bluetooth, enabling users to stay connected to the internet and other devices on the go.

3. Communication: Mobile devices allow users to make phone calls, send text messages, and
access messaging apps, facilitating easy and instant communication with others.

4. Multifunctionality: Mobile devices serve multiple purposes, such as making phone calls,
browsing the internet, taking photos and videos, playing games, accessing social media, and
running various applications.

5. Convenience: Mobile devices provide instant access to information, entertainment, and

utilities, eliminating the need for separate devices for different tasks.

6. Enhanced Productivity: Mobile devices come with a wide range of productivity apps such as
email clients, document editors, calendars, and task managers, allowing users to stay organized
and productive on the go.

7. Mobile Apps: Mobile devices offer access to a vast ecosystem of mobile apps that provide
additional functionality, entertainment, and utility. These apps cater to various interests and
needs, enhancing the overall user experience.

8. Accessibility: Mobile devices provide accessibility features that cater to individuals with
disabilities, enabling them to access and use the device effectively.

Mobile devices: Disadvantages

Here are some simple disadvantages of mobile devices:

1. Limited Screen Size: Mobile devices typically have smaller screens compared to desktop
computers or laptops, which can make it challenging to perform certain tasks that require more
screen real estate, such as editing documents or working with complex applications.

2. Reduced Processing Power: Mobile devices typically have lower processing power compared
to desktop computers or laptops, which can restrict their ability to efficiently run
resource-intensive applications or handle demanding tasks.

3. Limited Storage Capacity: Mobile devices often have limited built-in storage capacity, which
can restrict the amount of data, apps, and media that can be stored locally on the device.

4. Battery Life: Mobile devices rely on battery power, which can have limited capacity and
require frequent charging. Intensive usage or running power-hungry apps can drain the battery
quickly.

5. Dependency on Wireless Networks: Mobile devices heavily rely on wireless networks, such
as Wi-Fi or cellular data, for internet connectivity. In areas with poor network coverage or during
network outages, the device's functionality may be limited.

6. Security Risks: Mobile devices are susceptible to security risks, including malware, phishing
attacks, and unauthorized access. Users need to take precautions such as using strong
passwords and keeping their devices and apps updated to mitigate these risks.

7. Distractions: Mobile devices can be a source of distractions, especially with the constant
notifications from apps, social media, and messaging platforms. This can impact productivity
and focus, particularly in work or study environments.

8. Cost and Ownership: Mobile devices, especially high-end smartphones and tablets, can be
costly to purchase and maintain. Additionally, mobile devices often require data plans or
subscriptions, adding to the ongoing expenses.

× THELAST COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM IS HUMAN

BEING.

DEFINITIONS:

SOFTWARE:
This is the name given to computer programs that tell the hardware how to work.
Without software the computer hardware would do absolutely nothing as there would be
no instructions. It includes the operating system, applications, and user data. Software
interacts with the hardware to perform tasks. When you use software, the CPU
executes the instructions stored in the software, and the data is processed and
manipulated by the CPU and other hardware components. The results are then
displayed or stored using the appropriate output and storage devices.

HARDWARE:

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. It encompasses all

the tangible parts that you can see and touch. These components work together to
enable the functioning of a computer and its software. Here are some key hardware
components and their roles:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the computer. It carries out
instructions and performs calculations required by software programs.

2. Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) stores data that the CPU needs for
immediate processing. It provides temporary storage for programs and data while the
computer is running. RAM is volatile, meaning its content is erased when the computer
is turned off.

3. Storage Devices: Computers use various storage devices to save and retrieve data.
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs) are common examples. They
provide long-term storage for operating systems, applications, and user files.

4. Input Devices: These devices allow users to input data into the computer. Examples
include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones. They transmit user commands or
data to the computer system.

5. Output Devices: Output devices display or present information from the computer.
Common examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones. They
provide visual, auditory, or printed output to the user.

6. Motherboard: The motherboard is a circuit board that connects and allows

communication between various hardware components. It houses the CPU, memory
slots, expansion slots, and connectors for other peripherals.
7. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for rendering images,
videos, and animations. It assists the CPU in handling graphics-intensive tasks, such as
gaming and video editing.

In summary, hardware provides the physical infrastructure for a computer

system, while software utilizes the hardware's resources to perform specific
tasks and enable user interactions. Both hardware and software are essential for
a computer to function effectively.