CAED Solutions 230825 205009

1. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient distance between each projectors.
Name the quadrants in which they lie.

A - 30 mm above HP and 35 mm infront of VP. B - 35 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
C - 40 mm above HP and on VP. D - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
SOLUTION: b c'
a' b'
40
40
35
30
c
X Y
30
35
35
d
d'
a
Point A is in 1st Quadrant

ANSWERS: Point B is in 2nd Quadrant
Point C is in 1st as well as 2nd Quadrant
Point D is in 4th Quadrant
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 01- Projection Of Points

2. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient distance between each
projectors. Name the quadrants in which they lie.
E - 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP. F - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
G - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP. H - on HP and 35 mm behind VP.
SOLUTION:
h
e
35
25
g'
X Y
h'
30
30
30
35
f g
e' f'
Point E is in 3rd Quadrant

Point F is in 4th Quadrant
ANSWERS: Point G is in 1st as well as 4th Quadrant
Point H is in 2nd as well as 3rd Quadrant

3. Draw and state the quadrants in which
which the followin
owing poin
oints are loca
ocated. Assume any distances
A - Front vie
view below XY line and Top vie
view above
ove XY line. B - Front and Top vie
views below XY line.
C - Front and Top vie
views are above
ove XY line D - Front vie
view above
ove XY line and Top vie
view below XY line.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
c'
a d'
c
X Y
a' b d
b'
A - 3rd Quadrant
an t
B - 4th Quadrant
an t
C - 2nd Quadrant
an t
D - 1st Quadrant
an t

4. A poin
oint 30 mm above
ove XY line is the front vie
view of two poin
oints A and B. The top vie
view of A is 40 mm behin
hind VP and
the top vie
view of B is 45 mm infront of VP.
VP . Draw the projection
ions of the poin
oints and state the quadrants in which
whic h the
poin
oints are situated.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a
a ', b '
40
30
X Y
45
A - 2nd Quadrant
an t
B - 1st Quadrant
an t

5. A poin
oint A is 30 mm infront of VP and 40 mm above
ove HP. Another poin
oi nt B is 20 mm behin
hind VP and 35 mm below HP.
The horizo
izontal distance between the poin
oints measured parallel to XY line is 60 mm.
mm. Draw the three projection
io ns of the
poin
oi nts. Join
oin their front and top vie
views.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' X1 a"
b
40
20
45°
X Y
45°
30
35
a
60 b' b"
Y1

6. Draw all the three vie
views of a poin
oint P lyin
ying 60 mm below HP, 70 mm Infront of VP and 40 mm from RPP
RPP. Also
state the quadrant in which
whic h it lies.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
40
X Y
VP RPP
RPP
45°
(H P )
60
70
p' p"
p
Y1
Poin
oi nt P lies in 4th Qua
Qu adrant

7. A poin
oi nt P is on HP and 35 mm infront of VP.
VP . Another Poin
oint Q is on VP and below HP. The line join
oining their front
vie
views makes an angle of 30 deg. to XY line, whil
whi le the line join
oining their top vie
views makes an angle of 45 deg. wit
with
XY line. Find the distance of the poin
oint Q from HP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
p' q
X Y
30°
45°
L=?
35
q'
L = 20.21 mm
ANS
ANSWER
Q is 20.21 mm below HP

8. Two poin
oints R and S are on HP. The poin
oi nt R is 35 mm infront of VP,
VP, whil
whi le S is 50 mm behin
hind VP.
VP . The line join
oining
their top vie
with XY.
XY. Find the horizo
izontal distance between the two projectors.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
LOCUS
LOCU S OF S s
50
40°
r'
X Y
D=? s'
35
LOCUS
LOCU S OF R
r
ANSWER D = 101.30 mm
ANS

9. A poin
oint G is 25 mm below HP and is situated in the thir
hird quadrant. Its shortest distance from the intersection
ion of XY
and X1Y1 is 45 mm.
mm. Draw its projection
io n and find its distance from VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
g
L=?
45°
HP
X Y
VP R45
RPP
25
g"
g'
Y1
L = 37.42 mm
ANSWERS
Point G is 37.42 mm behind VP
Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 09- Projection Of Points

10. A poin
oint S is in the first quadrant and equid
ui distant of 50 mm from all the three princip
cipal planes. Draw the
projection
ions of the poin
oint. Draw all the three vie
views of the poin
oint.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
50
s' s"
50
VP RPP
RPP
X Y
HP
45°
50
s Y1

11. Draw the projection
io ns of poin
oint G which
whic h is in first quadrant such that it is equid
ui distant from HP and VP.
VP. The poin
oint is
25 mm from RPP
RPP. Determin
mine its distance from HP and VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
5
R2
g'
g"
45°
VP RPP
X Y
HP
45°
g
25
Y1
Poin
oi nt G is 17.68 mm above
ove HP and 17.68 mm infront of VP.
VP.

12. A poin
oint R is 25 mm above
ove HP and 20 mm infront of VP.
VP. Another poin
oint S is on HP and 30 mm behin
hind VP.
VP. The
distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection
ion VP and HP is 50 mm.
mm. Find the
distance between top vie
views of poin
oints R and S.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
s
r'
30
25
X Y
s'
50
20

13. A poin
oint M is on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP . Another poin
oi nt N is 20 mm below HP and 20 mm infront of VP.
VP.
The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50 mm.
mm. Find the distance between front
vie
views of the poin
oint M and N.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
50
m'
X Y
20
30
n'(n)
m
The distance between front vie

views of M and N are 53.85 mm

14. A poin
oint P is on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP. Another poin
oint Q is on VP and 40 mm above
ove HP. The distance
between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50 mm.
mm. Find the distance between their front and top vie
views of
the poin
oints P and Q.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: q
'
40
p
X ' Y
q
30
p 50
Dis
Di stance between their front vie
views of P and Q is 64.03 mm
Disstance between their top vie
Di views of P and Q is 58.31 mm

15. A poin
oint P is 30 mm infront of VP,
VP, 40 mm above
ove HP and 50 mm from RPP
RPP. Draw its projection
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
50
p' p"
40
VP RPP
X Y
HP
45°
30
p
Y

16. A poin
oint P is 45 mm above
ov e HP, 60 mm behin
hind VP and 30 mm from RPP
RPP. Draw the three princip
ciples vie
view of the
poin
oint. Also state the quadrant in which
whic h it lies.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30
p
p' p"
60
45
VP
45°
(HP) RPP
X Y
Y1
Poin
oint P lies in 2nd Qua
Quadrant.

17. Draw all the three vie
views of a poin
oi nt P lyin
ying 60 mm below HP, 70 mm infront of VP and 40 mm from the RPP
RPP.
Also state the quadrant in which
whic h it lies.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
40
X Y
VP
45°
RPP
(HP)
60
70
p' p"
p
Y1
Poin
oi nt P lies in 4th Qua
Qu adrant

18. A poin
oint is 30 mm infront of VP,
VP, 20 mm above
ove HP and 25 mm infront / behin
hind from LPP. Draw its projection
ion
and name the side vie
view
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
25
p" p'
20
LPP VP
X Y
HP
45°
30
p
Y1

19. A poin
oi nt is 40 mm behin
hind VP,
VP , 15 mm above
hind /from LPP. Draw its projection
io ns and
name the side vie
view
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
25
p
X1
40
p'
p"
VP
45°
15
LPP (HP)
X Y
Y1

20. A poin
oint is 30 mm behin
hind VP,
VP , 30 mm above
hind /from LPP. Draw its projection
io ns
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
25
a" a' (a)
30
VP
45°
RPP (HP)
X Y
Y1

21. A poin
oi nt is lyin
ying on HP, 20 mm behin
hind VP and 25 mm behin
hind / infront / from RPP
ions and name
the side vie
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
25
a
20
45°
HP
X
a' VP RPP a" Y
Y1

22. A poin
oint is 35 mm below HP, 20 mm behin
hind / Infront / from RPP
io ns and
name the side vie
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
25
p
20
45°
HP
X Y
35 VP RPP
p' p"
Y1

23. A poin
oint is lyin
ying on VP,
VP, 20 mm below HP and 30 mm behin
hind / infront / from LPP. Draw its projection
ions and name
the side vie
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
45°
HP a
X Y
LPP VP
20
a"
30 a'
Y1

24. A poin
oi nt A is 20 mm above
VP. Another poin
oint B is 25 mm behin
hind VP and 40 mm below
HP. Draw their projection
ions whe
when the distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is zero mm.
mm. Add the
righ
ig ht side vie
view only to poin
oint B.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
b
a'
25
20
45°
X Y
25
40
b' b"
Y1

io ns of the followin
owi ng poin
oi nts on the same XY line, keepingcon
gco nvenient distance between each
projectors. Name the quadrants in which
whic h they lie.
P - 20 mm above
VP . Q - 30 mm above
ove HP and 40 mm behin
hind VP.
VP .
R - 40 mm above
ove HP and on VP.
VP . S - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q r'
q'
p'
40
40
30
20
X Y
r
30
35
35
s
p s'
P - 1st Qua
Quadrant
Q - 2nd Qua
Qu adrant
R - 1st as well as 2nd Qua
Quadrant
S - 4th Qua
Qu adrant

owi ng poin
oi nts on the same XY line, keeping con
convenient distance between each
projectors. Name the quadrant in which
whic h they lie.
M - 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behin
hind VP.
VP . N - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP.
P - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP . Q - on HP and 35 mm behin
hind VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q
35
25
X Y
p' q'
30
30
30
35
n p
m' n'
M - 3rd Qua
Quadrant
N - 4th Qua
Quadrant
P - 1st as well as 4th Qua
Quadrant
Q - 2nd as well as 3rd Qua
Quadrant

27. State the quadrants in which
whic h the followin
owi ng poin
oints are loca
ocated. Assume any distances
A - front vie
view below XY and top vie
view above
ove XY line. B - Front and top vie
views are below XY line.
C - Front and top vie
views are above
ove XY line. D - Front vie
view above
ov e XY and top vie
view below XY line.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a c' d'
X Y
b
a' '
d
b
A - 3rd Qua
Qu adrant
B - 4th Qua
Quadrant
C - 2nd Qua
Qu adrant
D - 1st Qua
Qu adrant

28. A poin
oint 30 mm above
ove XY line is the front vie
view of 3 poin
oints P,Q and R. The top vie
view of R is 40 mm behin
hind VP,
VP, the
top vie
view Q is on XY line and top vie
view of poin
oi nt P is 45 mm infront of VP.
VP. Draw the projection
ions of the poin
oi nts and
state the quadrants in which
whic h the poin
oi nts are situated.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
p',q',r'
40
X 30
45 q Y
P - 1st Qua
Quadrant
Q - 1st as well as 2nd Qua
Quadrant
R - 2nd Qua
Quadrant

29. A poin
oint M is 30 mm infront of VP and 20 mm above
ove HP, another poin
oint N is 15 mm behin
HP. The horizo
izontal distance between the poin
oints parallel to XY line is 50 mm.
mm. Draw the projection
ions of the poin
oints
M and N and join
oin their front and top vie
views. Draw the righ
ight side vie
view for the poin
oint N only.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
m'
n
20
15
45°
X Y
25
30
n' n"
m 50 Y1

30. The commo
com mon
mon poin
oint 40 mm below XY line represents not only the front vie
views of three poin
oints A, B and C but also
the top vie
view of poin
oi nt C. The top vie
view of poin
oi nt B is lies on XY line and top vie
view of poin
oint A lies 50 mm above
ove it.
Draw the projection
ions of the poin
oi nts and add the righ
ight side vie
view to the poin
oint A only. Also state in which
whic h the
quadrants the poin
oints lie.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: X1
a
50
45°
b Y
X
40
a',b',c',(c)
Y1 a"
A - 3rd Qua
Quadrant
B - 3rd as well as 4th Qua
Quadrant
C - 4th Qua
Quadrant

31. A poin
oint A is on HP and 35 mm infront of VP.
VP. Another poin
oint B is on VP and below HP. The line join
oining their front
vie
views makes an angle of 30 deg. to XY line whil
whi le the line join
oining their top vie
views makes an angle 45 deg. wit
with
XY line. Find the distance of the poin
oint B from HP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' b
X Y
30°
L=?
35
b'
45°
L = 20.21 mm
ANS
ANSWERS Poin
oint B is 20.21 mm below HP.

32. Two poin
oi nts P and Q are on HP. The poin
oint P is 30 mm behin
hind VP,
VP , whil
whi le Q is 50 mm infront of VP.
VP. The line join
oining
their top vie
with XY.
XY. Find the horizo
izontal distance between their projectors parallel
to XY line.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30
p LOCUS
LOCU S OF P
ANSWER D = 95.34 mm
ANS
q'
X Y
p'
40°
D=?
50
LOCUS
LOCUS OF Q
q

33. A poin
oint A is 40 mm infront of VP and is situated in the fourth quadrant. Its shortest distance from the intersection
ion
of XY and X1Y1, is 45 mm.
mm. Draw its projection
ions. Also find distance from VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
X Y
VP RPP
L=?
45°
(HP) R4
a' 5
a"
40
Y1
Poin
oi nt A = 20.62 mm below HP
ANS
ANSWERS
L = 20.62 mm

34. Poin
oint A is 20 mm above
ove HP and in the first quadrant. Its shortest distances from the XY line is 40 mm.
mm. Draw the
projection
io ns determin
mine its distance from VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
a' a"
0
R4
20 VP RPP
X Y
HP
45°
L=?
a
Y1
L = 34.64 mm
ANS
ANSWERS
Poin
oint A is 34.64 mm infront of VP

ions of the followin
owi ng poin
oints on the same XY line, keeping con
projectors and state the quadrants in which
whic h they lie.
P - 10 mm above
VP. Q - 15 mm above
hind VP.
VP.
R - 25 mm below HP and in VP.
VP . S - 40 mm above
ove HP and in VP
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
s'
q
Poin
oi nt P - 1st Qua
Qu adrant
40
q'
p'
25
Poin
oi nt Q - 2nd Qua
Qu adrant
15
10
r s Poin
oi nt R - 3rd as well as 4th Qua
Quadrant
X Y
Poin
oi nt S - 1st as well as 2nd Qua
Quarant.
15
25
r'

36. A poin
oi nt P is 25 mm above
VP. Another poin
oint Q is on HP and 30 mm behin
hind VP.
VP . The
distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection
ion of VP and HP is 50 mm.
mm. Find the
distance between the top vie
views of poin
oints P and Q.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q
p'
30
25
X Y
q'
20
p 50
Dis
Di stance between the top vie
view of poin
oint P and Q is 70.71 mm
Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 36 - Projection Of Points

37. A poin
oint A is on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP. Another poin
oint B is 20 mm below HP and 20 mm infront of VP.
VP.
The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50 mm.
mm. Find the distance between the
front vie
views of the poin
oints A and B.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a'
X Y
20
30
b' (b)
a 50
Dis
Di stance between front vie
views of A and B is 53.85 mm

38. A poin
oint P is on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP . Another poin
oi nt Q is on VP and 40 mm above
ove HP. The distance
between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50 mm.
mm. Find the distance between their front and top vie
views of
poin
oi nts P and Q.
q'
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
40
p'
X Y
q
30
p 50
Dis
Distane between top vie
Dis
Di stance between front vie

ions of a poin
oint A lyin
ying 30 mm above
ove HP and in first quadrant If its shortest distance from the
line of intersection
ion of HP and VP is 50 mm.
mm. Also find the distance of the poin
oi nt from VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
a' a"
0
R5
30
VP RPP
X Y
HP
45°
L=?
a
Y1
L = 40.00 mm
The Poin
oi nt A is 40.00 mm infront of VP.
VP.

owi ng poin
oints on the same reference XY line and state the quadrants in which
whic h they lie.
E - 35 mm above
ov e HP and on VP F - 30 mm below HP and on VP.
VP .
G - on HP and 25 mm behin
hind VP.
VP. H - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
e'
g
35
25
f h'
X Y
e g'
30
35
h E - 1st as well as 2nd Qua

Quadrant
f'
F - 3rd as well as 4th Qua
Quadrant
G - 2nd as well as 3rd Qua
Qu adrant
H - 1st as well as 4th Qua
Qu adrant

41. A poin
oi nt 20 mm below the reference XY line is the top vie
view of three poin
oints P,Q and R. P is 20 mm below HP,
Q is 35 mm above
ov e HP and R is on HP. Draw the projection
io ns of the three poin
oints and state their position
io ns and
Qua
Quadrants in which
whic h they are situated.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q'
X
r' 35
20 Y
p',(p),q,r
P - 20 mm below HP and 20 mm infront of VP - 4th Qua

Quadrant
Q - 35 mm above
ove HP and 20 mm infront of VP - 1st Qua
Quadrant
R - on HP and 20 mm infront of VP - 1st as well as 4th Qua
Quadrant

42. A poin
oint is 30 mm infront of VP,
VP, 20 mm above
ov e HP and 25 mm infront / behin
hind / from LPP. Draw its projection
ions
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
25
a" a'
20
LPP VP
X Y
HP
45°
30
a
Y1

43. A poin
oint is 40 mm behin
hind VP,
VP, 20 mm above
ove HP and 30 mm infront / Behin
hind / from LPP. Draw its projection
ions and
name the side vie
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30
a
a'
40
a"
20
VP
45°
LPP (HP)
X Y

44. A poin
oint is 30 mm behin
hind VP,
VP, 30 mm above
hind / from RPP
io ns
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
20
(p) p'
p"
30
VP
45°
(HP) RPP
X Y
Y1

45. A poin
oint is lyin
ying on VP,
VP , 10 mm below HP and 30 mm behin
hind / infront / fromL
omLPP. Draw its projection
io ns and name
the side vie
vi ew.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
45°
HP a
X Y
LPP VP
10
a" a'
30
Y1

46. A poin
oint is lyin
ying on HP, 20 mm behin
RPP. Draw
its projection
ion and name the side vie
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
35
a
(HP)
20
45°
VP RPP
X Y
a' a"
Y1

47. A poin
oint is 35 mm below HP, 15 mm behin
io ns and
name the side vie
view.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
25
a
45°
15 HP
X Y
VP RPP
35
a' a"
Y1

48. A poin
oint P is 15 mm above
VP . Another poin
oi nt Q is 25 mm behin
HP. Draw their projection
ions whe
when distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is zero mm.
mm. Add the righ
ig ht
side vie
view only to poin
oi nt Q.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
q
p'
25
15
45°
X Y
25
40
q' q"
Y1

owi ng poin
oints on the same XY line, keeping con
projectors. Also state the quadrant in which
whic h they lie
P - 25 mm above
VP. Q - 30 mm above
hind VP.
VP.
R - 40 mm above
ove HP and on VP.
VP . S - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
r'
q
q'
p'
40
40
30
25
X Y
r
30
35
35
s
p s'
P - 1st Qua
Quadrant
Q - 2nd Qua
Quadrant
R - 1st as well as 2nd Qua
Quadrant
S - 4th Qua
Quadrant

owi ng poin
oi nts on the same XY line, keeping con
convenient distance between the projectors.
Also state the quadrant in which
whic h they lie.
A - 30 mm below HP and 25 mm behin
hind VP.
VP. B - 35 mm below HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP.
C - on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
VP. D - on HP and 35 mm behin
hind VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
d
35
25
c'
X Y
d'
30
30
30
35
b
a' c
b'
A - 3rd Qua
Qu adrant
B - 4th Qua
Quadrant
C - 1st as well as 4th Qua
Qu adrant
D - 2nd as well as 3rd Qua
Qu adrant

1. A line
ine AB 80 mm long has its
it s end A 20 mm above HP and
an d 30 mm inf
in front of VP It is incl
inc line
ined at 30 deg. to HP and
an d 45 deg. to VP. Draw the
projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
in e and
an d find
in d apparent le ngt
ngths and
an d apparent incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
80 b' (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b2'
a' (A) 30° b1' ANS

ANSWERS
α = 45.00 deg.
20
VP β = 5 4 .7 4 d e g .
X Y a'b' = 56.57 mm
HP
ab = 69.28 mm
30
(A)
b2
a
45°
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 51 - Pojection Of Straight Lines
2. A line
ine AB 80 mm long is incl
inc line
in ed to HP at 30 de g. and
and incl
inc line
in ed to VP at 45 deg. Draw front and
an d top vie
views of line
ine and
an d determin
rmi ne their
lengt
ng ths. Also measure the pe rpe ndicu
dic ular dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce of e nd B from both HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
80 b' (B)
LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b2'
ANS
ANSWERS
α = 45.00 deg.
α β = 54 .7 4 d e g .
VP (A) a' 30° b1 ' a'b' = 56.57 mm

X Y ab = 69.28 mm
HP (A) a b2
b1 ' b1 = 56.57 mm
45°
β b2 ' b2 = 40.00 mm
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

3. A line
ine AB has its
its end A 20 mm above HP and
an d 30 mm inf
infront of VP. The other e nd B is 60 mm above HP and
and 45 mm inf
in front of VP. The
dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce betwe
tw een end project
ec tors is 70 mm. Draw its
it s projecti
ectio
ti ons . De te rmin
rmi ne the true lengt
ng th and
an d appare nt incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (B) LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
b1 '
?
=
TL
60
(A)
a' b2'
70
20
ANS
ANSWERS
VP
X Y TL = 82.01 mm
HP
α = 29 .7 4 d e g .
30
β = 1 2 .0 9 d e g .
45
(A)
b1
a
β
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

4. A line
ine AB has its
it s e nd A 20 mm above HP and
and 15 mm inf
infront of VP. The other e nd B is 60 mm above HP and
an d 45 mm inf
in front of VP. The
dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce be twe
twee n end project
ec tors is 70 mm. Draw its
it s projecti
ec tio
tions. De te rmin
rmi ne the apparent lengt
ng ths and
an d true incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b2' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
(B)
60
θ
(A)
ANS
ANSWERS
a' b1 '
θ = 27 . 71 d e g .
20
70
VP φ = 20 .4 1 d e g .
X Y
HP a'b' = 80.62 mm
15
(A) ab = 76.16 mm
a b2
φ
45
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

5. The top vie
view PQ of a straigh
aig ht line
in e is 70 mm and
an d make
mak es an ang
angle of 60 deg. with
wit h XY line
ine . The end Q is 10 mm inf
in front of VP and
an d 30 mm
above HP. The dif
diffe rence
nce be twe
twee n the dis
dis tanc
tance
nces of P and
and Q above the HP is 45 mm. Draw the projecti
ectio
tions . Determin
rmi ne its
its true lengt
ngth
and
an d true incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: ? p 2'
= p' LOCUS
LOCU S OF P
TL
(P)
45
θ
q' (Q) p1'

ANS
ANSWERS
30
TL = 83.22 mm
VP θ = 32 . 74 d e g .
X Y
HP φ = 46 . 76 d e g .
10
(Q)
p2
q
60°
φ
70
(P) LOCUS
LOCU S OF P
p p
1
6. A line
in e PQ 85 mm long has its
its end P 10 mm above HP and
an d 15 mm inf
inf ront of VP. The top vie
view and
an d front vie
view of line
ine PQ are 75 mm and
an d
80 mm respecti
ec tiv
ti vely. Draw its
it s projecti
ectio
ti ons. Als o determin
rmi ne the true and
an d appare nt incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions of the line
ine.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q' q2' LOCUS

LOCU S OF Q
85
(Q)
ANS
ANSWERS
α
θ θ= 28.07 deg.
q 1' α= 30.00 deg.
p' (P) 80
10
VP
X Y φ= 19.75 deg.
HP
75 β= 22.52 deg.
15
p
q2
(P) φ
β
LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q1 (Q)

7. A line
in e has its
its e nd A 10 mm above HP and
an d 15 mm inf
in front of VP. The end B is 55 mm above HP and
and line
in e is incl
inc line
ine d at 30 de g. to HP. The
dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce be twe
twe en the e nd project
ec tors is 50 mm. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the line
in e. Determin
ng th of the line
in e and
an d its
it s incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti on
with
wit h VP.
b' b2' LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(B)
55
a' 30° ANS
ANSWERS
b1'
(A) 50 TL = 90 mm
10
VP
X Y
HP φ = 41 .6 3 d e g .
15
a (A)
b2
φ
TL
=
?
(B) LOCUS
LOCUS OF B
b b1

8. The top vie
vi ew of a line
in e 75 mm long me asures 50 mm. The e nd P is 30 mm inf
inf ront of VP and
an d 15 mm above HP. The e nd Q is 15 mm inf
in front
of VP and
an d above HP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
in e and
and find
in d its
it s true incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q' q1' (Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
ANS
ANSWERS
θ = 48.19 deg.
α α = 49.53 deg.
θ
(P) φ = 11.54 deg.
q 2' β = 17.46 deg.
p'
15
VP
X Y
HP
15
50 q (Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
30
q2
β
φ
(P) p q
1
75

9. A line
ine AB 60 mm long has one of its
its extr
xtremitie
miti es 20 mm inf
inf ront of VP and
an d 15 mm above HP. The line
ine is incl
inc line
in ed at 25 deg. to HP and
an d
40 deg. to VP. Draw its
its top and
an d front vie
vie ws.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (B) LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
b2'
25 °
a'
b1 '
(A)
ANS
ANSWERS
15
VP
X Y α = 3 3. 4 8 d e g .
H
20
P β = 4 5. 1 7 d e g .
(A)
b2
a
40°
60
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

10. A line
ine AB meas uring
ri ng 70 mm has its
its end A 15 mm inf
infront of VP and
and 20 mm above HP and
and the other end B 60 mm inf
in front of VP and
and
50 mm above HP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
in e and
and find
in d the incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons of the line
in e with
wit h the both the refe re nce
nce plane
an es of projecti
ec tio
ti on.
SOLUTION:
b' b2 ' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
(B)
α
θ
50
a'
(A) b1' ANS
ANSWERS
θ = 2 5. 38 d e g .
20
VP α = 3 4 .0 2 d e g .
X Y
HP φ = 40 .0 1 d e g .
15
(A) β = 4 5. 36 d e g
a b2
φ
β
60
70
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT -60 - Pojection Of Straight Lines

11. The front vie
vie w of a 90 mm long line
in e which
whic h is incl
inc line
ined at 45 de g. to the XY line
ine , me asures 65 mm. End A is 15 mm above the XY line
ine and
an d
is in VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
ine and
an d find
ind its
it s incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
b' b2 ' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(B)
65
α
ANS
ANSWERS
45°
a' α = 78 . 26 d e g .
b1 '
(A) φ = 43 . 76 d e g .
15
VP β = 78.00 deg.
X Y
HP a b2
(A) φ
90 (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 61- Pojection Of Straight Lines

12. The dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce betwe
tw een the end project
ectors through the end poin
oi nts of a line
ine AB is 60 mm. The end A 10 mm above HP and
an d 15 mm inf
infront
of VP. The end B is 35 mm inf
in front of VP. The line
in e AB appe ars 70 mm long in the front vie
vie w. Comp
Com plete the projecti
ec tio
tions. Find
ind the true
le ngt
ngth of the line
ine and
an d its
its incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti on with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (B) LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
70 b 2'
θ ANS
ANSWERS
a'
b 1' θ = 2 9. 69 d e g .
(A) 60
10
VP φ = 1 5 .9 5 d e g .
X Y
HP TL = 72.80 mm
15
(A)
a b2
35
φ
TL = (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
?
b b1

13. The dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce betwe
ec tors through the end poin
oi nts of a line
ine AB is 40 mm. The e nd A is 20 mm above HP and
and 15 mm inf
infront
of VP. The end B is 45 mm inf
infront of VP. The line
in e AB appears 50 mm long in the f ront vie
view. Comp
Com ple te the projecti
ectio
ti ons. Find
in d the true
lengt
ng th of the line
in e and
and its
it s incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
= b' b1' LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
TL
? (B)
θ
b 2' ANS
ANSWERS
a' (A)
40 TL = 58.31 mm
20
VP 50 θ = 3 0. 9 6 d e g .
X Y φ = 30 .9 6 d e g .
HP
15
(A)
b1
a
φ
45
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

14. The poin
oi nt B of a line
ine AB is on the horiz
ri zontal
ta l plane
ane , the top vie
view of the line
in e make
mak es an ang
an gle of 30 deg. with
wit h XY line
in e, being 80 mm. The poin
oi nt
A is on the vertical
tica l plane
an e and
an d 50 mm above the horiz
ri zontal
ta l plane
an e. Draw the top and
an d f ront vie
vie ws of the line
ine and
an d obtain
tai n the true lengt
ng th of the
line
ine . Also find
in d the incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons of the line
in e with
wit h the two
tw o plane
an e s.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' (A)
b1'
θ
50
ANS
ANSWERS
b2' (B) TL = 94.34 mm
VP LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
X Y φ = 25 . 09 d e g .
HP a b' b2
30°
(A) φ θ = 32 . 01 d e g .
80
TL
=? (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

15 Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of a s traigh
aig ht line
in e AB, 100 mm long, incl
inc line
ined at 45 de g. to HP and
an d 30 deg. to VP. The end A is in HP and
an d the end B
is in VP. F ind
ind the shortest dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce betwe
tw ee n the straigh
aig ht line
in e AB and
an d the line
ine of int
in te rsecti
ec tio
tion of plane
an es of projecti
ec tio
ti on.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: X1
LOCU S OF B b'
LOCUS b1'
b"
(B)
SD ANS
ANSWER
SD = 40.82 mm
45°
VP (A) a' (B) b 2' RPP

RPP LOCUS
LOCU S OF B a"
X Y
HP b b
30°
45°
2
100
(A) a
b1
Y1

16. A line
ine AB 100 mm long is incl
inc line
ine d to HP at 45 de g. and
and incl
inc line
ined to VP at 30 deg. Draw f ront and
an d top vie
vi ews of line
ine and
an d de te rmin
rmi ne their
lengt
ngths. Als o determin
rmi ne the perpe ndicu
dicular dis
distanc
tance
nce of e nd B f rom both HP and
and VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: b' b 2' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
(B)
ANS
ANSWERS
a'b' = 86.60 mm
α
ab = 70.71 mm
45°
(A)
VP b 1' α = 5 4. 7 4 d e g .
a'
X Y
HP (A) a b2 β = 45.00 deg.
30°
β b1 b1 ' = 50.00 mm
b2 b2 ' = 70.71 mm
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
100
b b1

17. The top vie
vie w of a 75 mm long line
ine AB me asures 65 mm, whil
whi le the front vie
view is 50 mm. Its one e nd A is in the HP and
and 12 mm inf
infront
of VP. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of AB and
an d de te rmin
rmi ne its
its incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b1' LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
(B)
50 ANS
ANSWERS
α
(A)
a' θ b2' θ = 2 9. 9 3 d e g .
VP
X Y α = 4 8. 4 5 d e g .
H 65
12
P φ = 4 8 .1 9 d e g .
a b β = 5 9 .3 2 d e g .
(A) φ 1
β
75
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

18. A line AB, 65 mm long, has its end A 20 mm above
ove HP and 25 mm infront of VP. The end B is 40 mm above
ove HP and
65 mm infront of VP. Draw the proje ction
io ns of AB and show
ho w its inclination
io n with the HP and VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
65 b' b 2' LOCUS

LOCUS OF B
(B)
α
θ
40
b1' ANS
ANSWERS
a' (A)
θ = 1 7 .9 2 d e g .
20
VP α = 22 .9 8 d e g .
X Y
HP φ = 3 7 .9 8 d e g .
β = 4 0. 30 d e g .
25
(A)
a b2'
φ
65
β
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

19. A straigh
aig ht line
ine PQ, 65 mm long, is incl
inc line
an d 30 deg. to VP. The poin
oint P is 70 mm from both the re ference
nce
plane
an es and
an d the poin
oint Q is towar
owa rds the reference
nce plane
an es. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: p' (P) q 1'
45°
α
70 65
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q' q2'
ANS
ANSWERS
α = 54 .7 4 d e g .
VP
X Y β = 45.00 deg.
HP
q (Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
70
q1
β
30°
p (P) q
2

20. A poin
oi nt P is 40 mm above HP and
an d 20 mm inf
in front of VP ano
another poin
oi nt Q is 20 mm above HP and
an d 50 mm inf
in front of VP. The top vie
vie w
of line
in e PQ is incl
inc line
ined at 30 deg. to XY. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(P) q2'
p'
θ
q1 ' LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
40
q' (Q) ANS

ANSWERS
20
TL = 63.25 mm
VP φ = 2 8. 3 2 d e g .
X Y
H
θ = 1 8. 43 d e g .
20
P
(P) q1
p
50
30°
φ
TL
=?
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q2

21. The top vie
vie w of a line
ine PQ is 70 mm and
an d front vie
view is 60 mm long. The e nd Q is ne arer to both HP and
and VP than the end P and
and is 15 mm
above HP and
an d 20 mm inf
in front of VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the line
ine if the dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce betwe
tw een project
ec tors is 50 mm.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
= p' p2' LOCUS

LOCU S OF P
TL
? (P)
α
θ
p1' ANS
ANSWERS
(Q) q' 60
15
VP TL = 77.46 mm
X Y θ = 25 . 35 d e g .
HP 50
α = 3 3. 56 d e g .
20
q 70 φ = 39 . 23 d e g .
p2
(Q) β = 4 4. 4 2 d e g .
φ
β
(P) LOCUS
LOCU S OF P
p p1

22. A line
ine AB 100 mm long measures 80 mm in front vie
vie w and
an d 70 mm in top vie
view the mid poin
oint M of the line
ine is 40 mm f rom both HP and
an d
VP. Draw its
it s projecti
ec tio
tions. F ind
ind its
it s incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions .
b' b1' LOCUS
LOCUS OF B
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: (B)
α
θ
a ' m'
2
b2'
80
40
ANS
ANSWERS
LOCU S OF A a1 '
LOCUS θ = 4 5. 5 7 d e g .
VP a'
X (A) Y α = 6 3 .2 1 d e g .
HP a2 a φ = 36 . 87 d e g .
LOCUS
LOCU S OF A (A)
β = 59.00 deg.
40
70
m
a1 b1
φ
β
100
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

23. A line
ine has its
it s end A 15 mm above HP and
an d 10 mm inf
infront of VP. The e nd B is 55 mm above HP and
an d the line
in e is incl
inc line
ine d at 30 de g. to HP.
The dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce betwe
tw een the e nd project
ec tors is 50 mm. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the line
ine and
an d determin
ng th of the line
in e and
and its
it s
incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti on with
wit h VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (B) LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
=? b2'
TL
55
α
ANS
ANSWERS
30°
a'
(A) b1 ' TL = 80.00 mm
50 α = 3 8 .6 6 d e g .
15
VP
X Y φ = 3 6. 8 3 d e g .
HP
10
(A) β = 4 3. 8 1 d e g .
a b2
φ
β
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

24. A line
in e MN 90 mm long has a poin
oi nt P on it which
whic h divi
di vid
vide s the line
in e in the ratio
ati o 2:1 i.e
i.e., MP:PN = 2: 1 this
hi s poin
oint P is 50 mm above HP and
and
60 mm inf
inf ront of VP. The line
in e is incl
inc line
in ed at 30 de g. to HP and
an d 40 deg. to VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti on of the line
ine . F ind
ind the dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce
betwe
tw ee n the e nd project
ec tor and
an d the positio
iti on of the ends of the line
ine with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: 30 n' n2' LOCUS
LOCU S OF N
(N)
30°
m 1' 60 n 1'
p'
50
LOCUS
LOCU S OF M
m 2' (M) m'
D
VP
X Y
HP
ANSWERS
ERS
LOCUS
LOCU S OF M (M) m
D = 52.2
2.23 mm
m
1 60 Poin
oi nt M is 20 mm above HP and
an d 21.4
1. 43 mm inf
in front of VP.
Poin
oint N is 65 mm above HP and
and 79.2
9.28 mm inf
in front of VP.
40°
m p n2
2
(N) LOCUS
LOCU S OF N
n n1
25. A straigh
aig ht line
in e PQ incl
inc line
ine d at 40 de g. to VP has pq = 60 mm and
an d p'q' = 50 mm The end P is in both HP and
an d VP, and
an d 40 mm to the rig
ri ght
of left profile plane
ane.
a) Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the straigh
aig ht line
ine PQ. b) F ind
ind the true le ngt
ngth and
and true incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion with
wit h HP.
c) Draw the profile vie
vi ew of the s traigh
aig ht line
in e. d) Find
in d the pos itio
iti on of the end Q with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
=
TL
? q' q 2' LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q"
50 (Q)
40
LPP θ q1'
p" VP (P) p'
X q2 Y
HP (P) p
40°
45°
60
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q1
Y1 ANS
ANSWERS
TL = 65.27 mm
θ = 2 3. 1 8 d e g .
Q - 25.69 mm above
ov e HP
41.95 mm infront of VP

26. A line
in e has one end 30 mm inf
infront of VP and
an d 15 mm above HP and
and the other end is 15 mm inf
infront of VP and
and is above HP. Lengt
ng th of
the line
in e is 60 mm. Top vie
vi ew of the line
ine is 40 mm long. Draw the two
tw o vie
vi ews of the line
in e and
an d obtain
tai n the incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion of the line
ine with
wit h HP
and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: b' b1' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
(B)
θ
a'
(A) b2' ANS
ANSWERS
15
VP θ = 48 . 1 9 d e g .
X Y
H φ = 1 4 . 48 d e g .
15
P b (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
40
30
b2
φ
(A) a b1
60

27. The top vie
vi ew of the line
ine PQ 75 mm long meas ure s 50mm. The e nd P is 30 mm inf
infront of VP and
an d 15 mm above HP. The end Q is 15 mm
inf
in front of VP and
an d above HP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
ine and
an d find
ind its
it s incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h HP and
an d VP. Find
in d the lengt
ng th of front vie
vi ew and
an d
dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce betwe
ec tors .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q' q 1' (Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
75
ANS
ANSWERS
θ = 48 . 1 9 d e g .
θ
φ = 1 1 . 54 d e g .
q2' D = 47.70 mm
p' (P)
D
15
VP p'q' = 73.48 mm
X Y
HP
15
50 q (Q) LOCUS
LOCUS OF Q
30
q2
p φ
(P) q
1

28. A s traigh
aig ht line
in e AB measuring
ri ng 80 mm long has the end A in the HP and
and 25 mm inf
in front of VP. Its mid poin
an d
40 mm inf
inf ront of VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
in e and
and determin
rmi ne the incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti on of the line
ine with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b1' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
(B)
θ
m'
a 2'
b2'
25
ANS
ANSWERS
VP LOCUS
LOCU S OF A
X Y θ = 38 .6 8 d e g .
H (A) a1' a'
φ = 22 . 02 d e g .
P
25
40
LOCUS
LOCU S OF A a
(A) a 2
a1 m φ b1
80 LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2 (B)

29. The front vie
view of the line
in e PQ 80 mm long meas ure s 50 mm and
an d it is incl
inc line
in ed to XY at 50 deg. One
On e end of the line
ine P is 20 mm above HP
and
an d 25 mm inf
in front of VP. Draw the front vie
vi ew and
an d top vie
view of the line
in e and
and find
in d the incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions of the line
ine with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL q' q 1' LOCUS

LOCU S OF Q
SOLUTION:
ON:
(Q)
50
θ
50°
q 2'
p' (P)
ANS
ANSWERS
20
VP θ = 2 8. 6 1 d e g .
X Y
HP φ = 5 1 . 32 d e g .
β = 62 . 77 d e g .
25
p (P)
q
1
φ
β
80
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q
2

30. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of a line
ine AB 100 mm long incl
inc line
ined at 45 de g. to VP and
an d 30 deg. to HP. One
On e end of the line
ine is 20 mm above HP and
an d
in VP. Determin
rmi ne apparent lengt
ng ths and
an d incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b1' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
100 (B)
30°
b 2' ANS
ANSWERS
a' (A)
a'b' = 70.71 mm
20
VP ab = 86.60 mm
X Y
HP (A) a b1 α = 45.00 deg.
β β = 5 4. 7 4 d e g .
45°
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

q' LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q (Q)
ectio
ti ons of a line
ine PQ and
an d f ind
ind its
its true lengt
ng th and
an d incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons
q 1'
whe
when the line
in e is incl
inc line
ine d at 30 deg. to the HP and
an d 45 deg. to the VP.
The line
in e is having
avi ng one of its
its ends 15 mm above HP and
an d 20 mm
H
inf
infront of VP. The dis
distanc
tance
nce be twe
twe en the end project
ectors on the XY line
ine
N GT
is 60 mm. LE
D
U ME
S
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: AS
30°
α
p'
(P)
60
15
ANS
ANSWERS VP
X Y
H
TL = 120 mm
20
α= 45.00 deg. P
(P)
β = 5 4 .7 4 d e g . p
45°
β
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q
32. The top vie
view ab of a straigh
aig ht line
ine AB is 60 mm long and
and make
mak es an ang
an gle of 30 de g. with
wit h the XY line
in e. The end A is in VP and
and 30 mm
above HP. The end B is 65 mm above HP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the line
in e AB and
an d determin
rmi ne i) le ngt
ng th of the front vie
view.
ii) its
its true lengt
ng th and
an d true incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h the refe re nce
nce plane
an es .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b 2' LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
T L= (B)
?
65
a' (A) b1' ANS
ANSWERS
a'b' = 62.65 mm
30
TL = 69.46 mm
VP θ = 3 0. 2 6 d e g .
X Y
HP (A) a b2 φ = 2 5. 5 9 d e g .
φ
30°
60 (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

33. A line
ine AB 65 mm long, has its
its end A 25 mm above HP and
an d 30 mm inf
in front of VP. The other end B is 45 mm above HP and
and 50 mm inf
infront
of VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons and
an d de te rmin
rmi ne its
its incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(B)
65 b' b ' LOCUS
LOCUS OF B
1
α
θ
45
a' (A) b 2'
25
ANS
ANSWERS
VP
X Y θ = φ = 1 7 . 92 d e g .
HP
α = β = 1 8. 87 d e g .
30
50
(A)
a b1
φ β
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

34. One
On e end of a line
in e is 30 mm inf
in front of VP and
in e is incl
inc line
ined at 40 deg. to HP and
an d its
it s top vie
vie w measuring
ri ng 60 mm,
is incl
inc line
in ed at 50 deg. to XY. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the line
in e and
an d de te rmin
rmi ne true lengt
ng th and
an d incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion with
wit h VP.
b' b1'
LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: (B)
40°
a'
b2 '
(A)
30
ANS
ANSWERS
VP T L = 78 . 32 d e g .
X Y φ = 3 5. 9 3 d e g .
HP
α = 5 2. 5 5 d e g .
30
a
(A) b1
50°
φ
60
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

35. The top vie
vi ew of the line
ine AB 80 mm long measures 65 mm. The mid poin
oi nt of the line
in e is 40 mm above HP and
and 30 mm inf
infront of VP.
The poin
oint A is in VP. Draw its
it s projecti
ectio
ti ons and
an d find
ind its
its incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons.
SOL b' (B) LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
SOLUTION:
ON:
b 2'
α θ
a1'
m' b1 '
LOCUS
LOCU S OF A (A)
40
a2' a' ANS
ANSWERS
VP (A) θ = 35 . 66 d e g .
X LOCUS
LOCUS OF A
Y α = 6 1 . 81 d e g .
HP a1 a
φ = 4 8 .5 9 d e g .
30
β = 6 7. 38 d e g .
m
a2
b2
φ
65 β
80
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

36. A s traigh
aig ht line
in e PQ is incl
inc line
ine d at 45 deg. to HP and
and 30 de g. to VP. The poin
oint P is in HP and
an d the poin
oint Q is in VP. The lengt
ng th of the
straigh
aig ht line
in e is 65 mm. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the straigh
aig ht line
in e PQ.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q' q 2' (Q) LOCUS

LOCU S OF Q
α
ANS
ANSWERS
45°
VP (P) p' q 1' (Q) LOCUS

LOCU S OF Q α = 54 .7 4 d e g .
X Y
H q q1
β β = 45.00 deg.
30°
(P) p q2
65

ectio
ti ons of a line
ine AB 90 mm long and
an d f ind
ind its
its true and
an d apparent incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h HP and
an d VP, whe
when its
it s e nd A is on HP and
an d
20 mm inf
in front of VP. Its mid poin
an d 40 mm inf
in front of VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (B) LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
b2'
α
θ
a1 '
m' b1'
20
VP LOCUS
LOCU S OF A
X Y ANS
ANSWERS
HP (A) a2' a'
θ = φ = 2 6 .3 9 d e g .
20
LOCUS
LOCU S OF A a1 a α = β = 29 . 74 d e g .
40
(A)
m
a2 b2
φ β
LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
90
b b1 (B)

38. A line
in e PQ is incl
inc line
ine d to both HP and
and VP by 30 deg. and
an d 45 deg. respecti
ec tiv
ti vely. one of its
its end P is at a dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce of 10 mm from HP and
an d 15 mm
from VP. The dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce betwe
ectors is 45 mm. Draw the top, front and
an d rig
right side
id e vie
vi ews of the line
ine . De te rmin
rmi ne the true le ngt
ngth
of the line
in e and
and the dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce of end Q from VP and
an d HP.
X1
q' q '
SOL ON: q"
SOLUTION: 1
(Q)
G TH
L EN
M ED
S U
AS
30°
p" p'
(P)
10
L PP VP
X Y
45 HP
15
(P)
45°
45°
ANS
ANSWERS
TL = 90.00 mm
Q is 55 mm above
ove HP
7 8 . 6 4 m m in f r o nt of V P .
TL
=
?
(Q)
q q
2
Y1

c 3'
39. Two
Two line
ine s AB and
an d AC make
mak e an ang
an gle of 120 de g. betwe
tw een them in their
front vie
view and
an d top vie
vi ew. AB is parallel to both the HP and
and the VP.
De te rmin
c' c 1' c2'
rmi ne the real ang
an gle betwe
tw een AB and
an d AC.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
ANS
ANSWERS
θ = 1 1 2. 2 1 d e g .
°
12 0
θ
b' a'
VP
X Y
HP
b a
c1 c2
12 0
°
c
40. The elevati
va tio
ti on of a line
ine AB 90 mm long, is incl
inc line
and meas ure s 70 mm. The end A is 20 mm above HP and
an d is in
VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
ine and
an d find
ind its
it s incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion with
wit h VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
70
b1'
30°
a'
b2'
(A)
20
ANS
ANSWER
VP φ = 3 8 .9 4 d e g .
X Y
HP a b1
(A) φ
90
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

41. A line
in e PQ measure s 80 mm in lengt
ng th. The poin
oint P is above HP and
an d inf
in front of VP by 20 mm and
an d 30 mm re specti
ec tiv
tively. The dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce
betwe
ec tors is 50 mm. The line
in e is incl
inc line
in ed to VP by 30 deg. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the line
ine and
an d specify
eci fy its
it s true
incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion with
wit h HP.
q' q1'
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
(Q)
θ
(P)
q 2'
p'
20
50
VP
X Y
HP
ANS
ANSWER
30
θ = 36 . 83 d e g .
(P)
q1
p
30°
80
LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q (Q) q2

42. The top vie
view of a line
ine PQ 75 mm long meas ure s 50 mm and
an d the front vie
vi ew me asures 60 mm. The e nd P is 30 mm above HP and
and 15 mm
inf
in front of VP. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the line
in e and
an d find
in d its
its true incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h HP and
an d VP. Find
in d the le ngt
ng th of front vie
view and
an d dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce
betwe
ec tors .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: q' (Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q '
1
75 θ
q 2' ANS
ANSWERS
p' (P) 60 D = 21.79 mm
30
θ = 4 8. 1 9 d e g .
D
VP φ = 36 . 87 d e g .
X Y
HP
50
15
q1
(P) p φ
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q2
43. A straigh
aig ht line
ine AB meas uring
ring 80 mm long has the end A in the HP and
an d 25 mm inf
infront of VP. Its mid poin
oint M is 25 mm above HP and
and
40 mm inf
in front of VP. Draw the vie
vie ws of the line
ine and
an d de te rmin
rmi ne the incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion of the line
in e with
wit h HP and
an d VP. Also f ind
ind the dis
di s tanc
tance
nc e
betwe
tw ee n end project
ec tors.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
80 b' b1' LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
(B)
θ
m' b2'
a2'
ANS
ANSWERS
25
θ = 3 8 .6 8 d e g .
VP (A) LOCUS
LOCU S OF A
X Y φ = 22 . 02 d e g .
H a 1' a'
P D = 54.77 mm
25
D=?
40
LOCU S OF A (A)
LOCUS a
a
2
m
a1 φ b1
LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2 (B)

44. The e nd A of a line
ine AB is on HP and
an d 25 mm inf
infront of VP. The end B is on VP and
and 50 mm above HP. The dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce be twe
twee n the
end project
ectors whe
whe n meas ure d parallel to the line
ine of int
intersecti
ec tio
ti on of HP and
and VPis
Pi s 65 mm. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the line
ine AB and
an d
determin
rmi ne its
its true lengt
ng th and
an d true incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b 2' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
(B)
50
θ
VP (A) a' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B b1 '
X Y
HP φ b b1 (B)
65
25
a ANS
ANSWERS
b2
(A) TL = 85.73 mm
?
TL = θ = 35 . 68 d e g .
φ = 1 6 . 95 d e g .

45. A line
in e has its
its end A, 15 mm from HP and
an d 10 mm f rom VP. The end B is 55 mm from HP and
an d the line
ine is incl
inc line
in ed at 30 deg. to HP.
The dis
distanc
tance
nce betwe
tween the end project
ectors is 50 mm. Draw the projecti
ectio
tions of the line
ine . De te rmin
rmine the true lengt
ngth of the line
ine and
and its
its
incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
?
= b' b1' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
TL
(B)
55
30°
b2'
a' (A)
50
15
VP
X Y
HP
10
a
b1
(A)
φ ANS
ANSWERS
TL = 80.00 mm
φ = 3 6. 8 3 d e g .
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b2

46. The e nd A of a line
ine AB is in HP and
and 25 mm inf
in front of VP. The end B is 10 mm inf
infront of VP and
and 50 mm above HP. The dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce
be twe
twee n the end project
ec tors whe
when measured parallel to the line
ine of int
intersecti
ec tio
ti on of HP and
and VP is 80 mm. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of
the line
ine AB and
and determin
rmi ne its
its true lengt
ng th and
an d true incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP and
an d VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b'b 2' LOCUS

LOCU S OF B
(B)
ANS
ANSWERS
50
TL = 95.52 mm
θ θ = 31 . 56 d e g .
VP (A) a' b1' φ = 9 . 03 d e g .
X Y
HP 80
10
b LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
25
b1 (B)
φ
(A) a b2
TL = ?

47. A straigh
aig ht line
ine PQ 80 mm long appears to a le ngt
ngth of 50 mm and
an d incl
inc line
ine d at 30 deg. to XY line
in e in its
its profile vie
vie w. Draw its
its projecti
ec tio
ti ons
whe
whe n its
its e nd poin
oint P is 15 mm above HP and
an d 60 mm inf
in front of VP. Poin
oi nt Q is neare r to VP than P.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
80 X1
LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q q' q1' q"
50
(Q)
α
θ
30°
q 2' p"
(P) p'
15
VP RPP
RPP
X Y
HP
45°
LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q q q
2
(Q) ANS
ANSWERS
60
θ = 1 8 .2 1 d e g .
β α = 21 . 82 d e g .
φ φ = 3 2. 7 7 d e g .
β = 3 4. 7 4 d e g .
p(P) q1
Y1

48. The top vie
vi ew of a line
ine AB, 80 mm long measures 65 mm and
an d the lengt
ng th of the front vie
vie w is 50 mm. The end A is in HP and
an d 15 mm
inf
infront of VP. Draw its
it s projecti
ectio
ti ons.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
80
b' (B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b 2'
α θ
VP (A) a'
X Y
HP 50 b1'
15
(A) ANS
ANSWERS
a b2
θ = 3 5. 6 6 d e g .
φ 65 α = 6 8. 8 7 d e g .
β φ = 5 1 . 3 2 d e g.
β = 7 3. 9 0 d e g .
(B) LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b b1

ec tio
ti ons of a line
ine PQ and
an d find
in d its
its apparent le ngt
ngths, true lengt
ng th and
and true incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
wit h HP. When the line
in e PQ has its
its
end P 25 mm above HP and
an d 20 mm inf
in front of VP. The dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce be twe
twe en the end project
ectors of the line
ine whe
when me asured paralle l to
the line
ine of int
intersecti
ec tio
ti on of the HP and
an d VP is 60 mm. The e nd Q is 50 mm above the HP and
an d the line
ine is incl
inc line
ined at 30 deg. to the VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
q' q ' (Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
2
α
θ
p'
50
q1'
(P) ANS
ANSWERS
60
p'q' = 65.00 mm
25
pq = 70.77 mm
VP
X Y TL = 75.06 mm
HP θ = 1 9. 4 6 d e g .
20
α = 22 . 62 d e g .
(P)
q2 β = 3 2. 02 d e g .
p
30°
(Q) LOCUS
LOCU S OF Q
q q1

50. Find
ind the true le ngt
ng th and
an d true incl
inc linati
ina tio
tion of a line
ine AB with
wit h HP having
avi ng one of its
it s ends 20 mm inf
in front of VP and
in e
is incl
inc line
in ed at 40 deg. to VP and
an d the rig
ri ght s ide
id e vie
vi ew of the line
ine is 60 mm long and
an d incl
inc line
in ed at 60 de g. to the X1Y1 line
ine . Draw all the three
vie
vie ws of the line
ine.
X1
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
b" b' LOCUS
LOCU S OF B
b2' (B)
60°
60 θ
a'
a" b1'
(A)
30
LPP VP
X Y
HP
20
45°
(A)
b2
a
40°
TL ANS
ANSWERS
= TL = 80.84 mm
?
θ = 21 .7 8 d e g .
(B)
LOCUS
LOCU S OF B b b1
Y1

1. An equil
ui lateral triangular lamin
mina of 25 mm sides lies wit
with one of its edges on HP such that the surface of the lamin
mina
is inclined to HP at 60 deg. The edge on which
whic h it rests is inclined to VP at 60 deg. Draw its projection
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' a'
6 0°
VP a' b' (c') b'(c') b' c'
X Y
HP
c c
6 0°
c
a
a a
25 b
b b
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 101- Pojection Of Plane Surfaces

2. An equil
ui lateral trianglular lamin
mina of 25 mm sides lies on one of its sides on HP, The lamin
mina makes 45 deg. wit
with HP
and one of its medians is inclined at 40 deg. to VP.
VP. Draw its projection
io ns.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' a'
45°
VP a' b' (c') b' (c') b' c'
X Y
HP
40°
c c β
a
a c
a
25 b
b b

3. A Triangular lamin
mina of 25 mm sides rests on one of its cor
corners on VP such that the median passing through the
cor
corner on which
whic h it rests is inclined at 30 deg. to HP and 45 deg. to VP.
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b'
a' b'
a'
25
c' c' a' c'
45°
30°
VP
X a Y
HP a b (c) a 45°
(c) b b c

4. A Triangular plane figu
ig ure of sides 25 mm is resting on HP wit
with one of its cor
corners, such that the surface of the
lamin
mina makes an angle of 60 deg. wit
with HP. If the side opposite to the cor
corner on which
whic h the lamin
mina rests makes
an angle of 30 deg. wit
with VP.
VP . Draw the top and front vie
views in this
his position
io n.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(c') b' c' b'
60°
VP a' b' (c') a'
X Y
HP a'
30°
c
c c
b
a a
a
25
b b

5. A Triangular plane lamin
mina of sides 25 mm is resting on HP wit
with one of its cor
corners touchin
hing it, such that the side
opposite to the cor
corner on which
whic h it rests is 15 mm above
ov e HP and makes an angle of 30 deg. wit
with VP.
VP. Draw the top
and front vie
views in this
his position
ion. Also determin
mine the inclination
ion of the lamin
mina to the reference plane.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b'(c') c' b'

(c')
15
VP a' b'
X θ Y
a' a'
30°
HP
c
c c
b
a a
a
25
b b
θ = 43 .8 6 d e g .

6. A 30 - 60 deg. set square of 60 mm longest side is so kept such that the longest side is in HP makin
king an angle of
30 deg. wit
with VP.
VP. The set square itself is inclined at 45 deg. to HP. Draw the projection
ions of the set square.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b'
(c')
45°
VP a' b' (c') a' c' a'
X Y
HP
30°
c
c
c
b
30°
60
a
60° b b
a a

7. An isosceles triangular plate of negligib
igi ble thick
hickn
ckness has base 25 mm long and altitude 35 mm it is placed on HP such
that in the front vie
view is seen as an equil
ui lateral triangle of 25 mm sides wit
with the side that is parallel to VP in inclined
at 45 deg. to HP. Draw its top and front vie
views. Also determin
io n of the plate wit
with the reference plane.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
35
a' a' 25 b'
a'
b'
25
b'
45°
VP c' c'
X Y
HP c'
a c
a (c) b (c) a
φ
b b
φ = 5 1 . 7 9 d e g.

8. A square lamin
mina of 40 mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamin
mina makes 30 deg. to HP and the side on
which
whic h it rests makes 45 deg. to VP.
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' (c') c' b'
(d') (c')
30°
VP a' b' (d') a' d'
X Y
HP a'
c
45°
d c d c
q 40
d b
a b a b
a

9. A square plate of 30 mm sides rests on HP such that one of the diagon
go nals is inclined at 30 deg. to HP and 45 deg.
to VP.
VP . Draw its projection
io ns.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
c' c'
(d') b' b'

(d') d'
30°
VP a' b' c' a'
X a' Y
HP
45°
d β
d
a d
a c
c a
b
c
q
30
b b

10. A square lamin
mina ABCD
ABC D of 40 mm side rests on cor
corner 'C'
'C ' such that diagon
go nal AC appears to be at 45 deg. to VP.
VP .
The two side BC and CD con
containing the cor
corner C make equal inclination
ion wit
with HP. The surface of the lamin
mina
makes 30 deg. wit
with HP. Draw its top and front vie
views.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
c' c'
(d') b' d'

b'
(d')
30°
VP a' b' c' a'
X a' Y
HP
d d
45°
d c
a c
c a
q
a b
40
b b

11. The top vie
view of a square lamin
mina of side 30 mm is a rectangle of sides 30 mm X 20 mm wit
with a longer side of the
rectangle being parallel to both HP and VP.
VP. Draw the top and front vie
views of the square lamin
mina. What is the
inclination
io n of the lamin
mina wit
with HP and VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
(c') b' c' b' c" (b")
RPP
RPP
4 2°
(d') (c')
4 8°
VP a' b' (d') a' d' a' d" (a")
X Y
HP c b
45°
d c d c
q 30
d a
30
Y1
a b a b
20

12. A rectangular lamin
mina of sides 20 mm X 30 mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges. The lamin
mina is tilted about
the edge on which
whic h it rests till its plane surface is inclined to HP at 45 deg. The edge on which
whic h it rests is inclined
at 30 deg. to VP.
ions of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(c') b' c' b'

(d') (c')
45°
VP a' b' (d') a' d' a'
X Y
HP c
30°
d c d c
d b
30
a
a b a b
20

mina of 35 mm X 20 mm rests on HP on one of its shorter edges. The lamin
mina is rotated about the
edge on which
whic h it rests till it appears as a square in the top vie
view. The edge on which
whic h the lamin
mina rests being parallel
to both HP and VP.
ions and find its inclination
ions to HP and VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
(c') b' c' b' c" (b")
35°
(a")
55°
VP a' (d') (c') b' (d') a' d' a' RPP d"
X Y
HP
45°
d c d c c b
20
a b a b d a
35 q 20
Y1

mina of 35 mm X 20 mm rests on HP on one of its shorter edges.The lamin
mina is rotated about the
edge on which
whic h it rests till it appears as a square in the top vie
view. The edge on which
whic h the lamin
mina rests is inclined at
30 deg. to VP.
ions and find its inclination
ion to HP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(c') b' b' c'
(c') b' θ
55 °
VP a' (d') (d') a' a' d'
X Y
HP
d
30°
d c d c
a
20
a b a b
35 q 20 b
θ = 5 5. 1 5 d e g .

mina of sides 20 mm X 25 mm has an edge in HP and adjoin
oi ning edge in VP,
VP , is tilted such that the front
vie
view appears as a rectangle of 20 mm X 15 mm.
mm. The edge which
whic h is in VP is 30 mm from the righ
ight profile plane.
a) Draw the top vie
view, front vie
view and the left profile vie
view in this
his position
ion.
b) Find its inclination
io ns wit
with the cor
corresponding princip
cipal planes.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30 X1
25 15
a' b' a' b' a" b"
20
VP d' c' d' c' d" RPP

RPP
X
H (d) a c" Y
53°
45°
φ
P
(d) a b (c)
(c) b
Y1
φ = 5 3 .1 3 d e g .

16. The front vie
view of a rectangular lamin
mina of sides 30 mm X 20 mm is square of 20 mm sides. Draw the
projection
ions and determin
ion of the surface of the lamin
mina wit
with HP and VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
20
a' b' (b") a"
a' b' a"(b")

4 8°
30
q 20
(c")
4 2°
VP d' c' d' c' d" RPP
RPP
X Y
HP a b d c
45°
(d) (c)
a b
Y1

17. A mir
mirror 30 mm X 40 mm is inclined to the wall such that its front vie
view is a
square of 30 mm side. The longer side of the mir
mirror appear perpendicu
icular
to both HP and VP.
VP . Find the inclination
io n of the mir
mirror wit
with the wall.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
40 q 30
a' b' a' b' b' c'
30
c' d'
d' c' d' a'
VP
X Y
HP (d) a b (c) (d) a a d
41°
φ
b (c) b c
φ = 41 . 41 d e g .

18. A rectangular plate of negligib
igi ble thick
hickn
ckness of size
ize 35 X 20 mm has one of its shorter edges in VP wit
with that
edge inclined at 40 deg. to HP. Draw the top vie
view if its front vie
view is a square of side 20 mm.
mm.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
35 q 20 b'
a' b' a' b'
c'
20
a'
c'
d' c' d'
40°
d'
VP
X Y
HP a b a a d
(d) (c) (d)
c
b (c) b

19. A pentagon
go nal lamin
mina of edges 25 mm is resting on HP wit
with one of its sides such that the surface makes an angle
of 60 deg. wit
with HP. The edge on which
whic h it rests is inclined at 45 deg. to VP.
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' a'
b'(e') e' b'
(e') (d')
6 0°
VP a' b' c' c'(d')
X Y
HP d' c'
e
45°
e
d
d e
d
a
a c
c a
c
25
b
b b

20. Pentagon
gonal lamin
with one of its cor
corners such that the plane surface makes an
angle of 60 deg. wit
with HP. The two of the edges con
containing the cor
corner on which
which the lamin
mina rests make equal
inclination
io ns wit
with HP. When the edge opposite to the cor
corner makes angle of 45 deg. wit
with VP and nearer to the
observer, Draw the top and front vie
views of the plane lamin
mina in this
his position
io n.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' c' d'
(e') b' b'

e'
(e') (d')
60°
VP a' b' c' a'
X Y
HP a'
45°
e e e
d a
d
a d
a
c b
c c
25
b b

21. A pentagon
go nal lamin
with one of its cor
corner such that the edge opposite to this
his
cor
corner is 20 mm above
ove HP and makes an angle of 45 deg. wit
with VP.
views of the plane
lamin
mina in this
his position
io n. Determin
ion of the lamin
mina wit
with HP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' d' c'
e'
20
(e') (d') (e') b'
VP θ b'
a' b' c' a'
X Y
HP a'
45°
d
e e
e
d
d c
a
a
c a
c b
25
b b
θ = 3 1 . 32 d e g .

22. A pentagon
gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm is resting on one of its edges on HP wit
with the cor
corner opposite to that edge
touchin
hing VP.
VP. This
his edge is parallel to VP and the cor
corner, which
whic h touches VP is at a heigh
ight of 15 mm above
ove HP.
Draw the projection
ions of the lamin
mina and determin
io n of the lamin
mina wit
with HP and VP and the
distance at which
whic h the parallel edge lies from VP.
VP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
a' a' a"

b' (e') b' e' b" (e")
(e') (d') 67° (d")
15
23°
VP a' b' c' c"
X c' d' Y
HP (d') c' a
45°
e e b
e
L=?
d
d
a
a c d
c
c
25
b b Y1
L = 35.37 mm

23. A pentagon
gonal lamin
mina havin
ving edges 25 mm is placed on one of its cor
corners on HP such that the perpendicu
icular
bisector of the edge passing through the cor
corners on which
whic h the lamin
mina rests is inclined at 30 deg. to HP and
45 deg. to VP.
VP. Draw the top and front vie
views of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' c' d'
(e') (d') (e') b' b'
30°
e'
VP a' b' c'
X Y
HP a' a'
45°
β
e e e
a
d
d
a d
a b
c c
25
c
b b

24. A pentagon
gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm is havin
ving a side both on HP and VP The cor
corner opposite to the side on which
which
it rests is 15 mm above
ove HP. Draw the top and front vie
views of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' a'
b' (e') e' b'
(e') (d')
15
VP a' b' c' d' c'
X Y
HP c' (d') d c
e e
d e b
d
a
a a
c c
25
b b

25. A pentagon
gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm is havin
ving a side on both HP and VP.
VP. The surface of the lamin
mina is inclined at
an angle of 60 deg. wit
with HP. Draw the top and front vie
views of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
a' a'
b' (e') e' b'
(e')
6 0°
(d')
VP a' b' c' c'(d') d' c'
X Y
d c
HP
e b
e e
a
d d
a
a
c
c
25
b b

26. A regular pentagon
go nal lamin
mina of 25 mm side is resting on one of its cor
corner on HP whil
whi le the side opposite to this
his
cor
corner touches VP.
VP . If the lamin
with HP and 30 deg. wit
with VP.
ions
of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
(d') c' d' c' d"(c")
e' b' 30°

(e') b' e" (b")
(e') (d')
60°
6 0°
VP a' b' c' a' a' RPP
a" RP P
X Y
HP d c
45°
e b
e e a
d Y1
d
a
a
c
c
25
b b

27. A pentagon
go nal lamin
mina havin
corners on HP such that the surface makes an
angle 30 deg. wit
with HP and perpendicu
icular bisector of the edge passing through the cor
corner on which
whic h the lamin
mina
rests appears to be inclined at 30 deg. to VP.
views of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' c' d'
(e') (d') (e') b' b'
30°
VP a' e'
b' c' a'
X Y
HP a'
30°
e e
e
d a
d
d
a
a
c
c b
25
c
b b

28. A regular pentagon
gonal lamin
mina of 25 mm side is resting on one of its sides on HP whil
whi le the cor
corner opposite to this
his
side touches VP.
VP. If the lamin
with HP and 30 deg. wit
with VP.
ions of
the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
X1
a' a' a"
b' (e') e' b' e"(b")

30°
(e') (d') (d') RPP
RPP
6 0°
6 0°
VP a' b' c' c' d' c' d" (c")
X a Y
HP e
b
e e
d c
d
d
a Y1
a
c
c
25
b b

29. A pentagon
go nal lamin
mina of edges 25 mm resting on VP wit
with one of its sides such that the surface makes an angle
of 60 deg. wit
with VP.
VP. The edge on which
whic h it rests in inclined at 45 deg. to HP. Draw its projection
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b'
a' a' a'
b'
c'
c'
25
e'
e' c'
e'
d' d'
d'
45°
VP
X Y
HP a b c (e) a e a
(e) (d)
6 0°
d
(d) b b
c c

30. A pentagon
gonal lamin
mina havin
corners on VP such that the surface makes an angle
of 30 deg. wit
with VP and perpendicu
corner on which
which the lamin
mina rests
appears to be inclined at 30 deg. to HP. Draw the top and front vie
views of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b'
c'
c' c'
25
b'
a'
a'
d'
d' a'
d'
e' e'
e'
30°
VP
X a c a a Y
HP b e
30°
(e) (d)
(e) b b
(d) c c d

31. A pentagon
gonal lamin
mina havin
corners on VP suc h that the surface makes an
angle 30 deg. wit
with VP and perpendicu
corner on which
whic h the lamin
mina
rests is inclined at 45 deg. to HP. Draw the top and front vie
views of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b' c'

c' c'
25
b'
a' d'
a'
d'
d' a' e'
e' e'
α
45°
VP
X c a Y
HP a b a b
(e) (d) 30° e
(e) b
c d
(d) c

32. A hexagon
go nal lamin
mina of 30 mm sides rests on HP wit
with one of its cor
corners touchin
hing VP and the surface inclined at
45 deg. to it. One of its edges inclined to HP at 30 deg. Draw the top and front vie
views of the lamin
mina in its final
position
ion.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30
c'
b' c' b' c'
b'
d'
d' a'
a' d'
a'
e'
30°
α
VP f' e'
X Y
HP f' e' a a f'
b f
45°
(f) b
a b c d (e) c c e
(f) (e)
d d

33. Draw the top and front vie
views of a hexagon
gonal lamin
mina of 30 mm sides havin
ving two of its edges parallel to both HP and VP
and one of its edges 10 mm from each of the planes of projection
ion. The surrface of the lamin
mina is inclined at an angle of
6 0 d e g . t o t h e H P.
(d') c' c' d'
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b'
(e') b' e'
(e')
60°
(f') (d') (f')
a' b' c' a'
a' f'
10
VP
X Y
10
HP a
e e f
b
f d f e
d
c d
30
a c
a c
b b

34. A regular hexagon
go nal lamin
mina of 30 mm sides lyin
ying in such a way that one of its sides touches both the reference
planes. If the lamin
mina makes 60 deg. wit
with HP. Draw the projection
ions of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' c' d'
b'
(e') b' e'
(f') (e') (d') (f')
60°
VP a' b' c' a' a' f'
X Y
HP a f
b e
e e
f c d
f d d
a c
c a
b b

gonal lamin
mina of side 30 mm is lyin
ying in such a way that one of its sides touches both the reference planes.
If the side opposite to the side on which
whic h it rests is 45 mm above
ove HP. Draw the projection
ions of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: (d')
c' c' d'
b'
(e') b' e'
45
(f') (e') (d')
VP a' b' c' (f') a' a' f'
X Y
H a f
P b e
e e
c d
f d
d f
c a
a c
30
b b

gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm is lyin
ying in such a way that one of its sides on HP whil
while the side opposite
to the side on which
whic h it rests on VP.
VP. If the lamin
mina makes 60 deg. to HP. Draw the projection
ions of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' d' c'
(e') b' e'

b'
(f') (e') (d')
60°
VP a' b' c' (f') a' f' a'
X Y
HP d c
e b
e e
f f f a
d
d
25
c
c
a a
b b

go nal lamin
mina of side 25 mm is lyin
ying in such a way that one of its cor
corners on HP whil
whi le the cor
corner
opposite to the cor
corner on which
whic h it rests on VP.
VP. If the lamin
mina makes 60 deg. to HP. Draw the projection
io ns of
the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
d' d'
(e') c' e'

c'
(f') b' f'

(f') (e') b'
60°
VP a' b' c' d' a' a'
X Y
HP d
e c
f e f e
f b
a
a d
d a
b c b c
25

38. A hexagon
gonal lamin
with one of its cor
corners in VP and its surface inclined at an angle
of 30 deg. wit
with VP.
VP. The diagon
go nal passing through that cor
corner which
whic h is in VP is inclined at an angle of 45 deg. to HP.
Draw the projection
io ns.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30 c'
d'
b' c' b' c'
b'
a' e'
a' d' d'
a'
α
45°
f'
VP f' e'
X f' e' Y
HP a a
30°
(f) b b f
a b c d e
(f) (e) (e) c c
d d

39. A hexagon
go nal lamin
with one of its cor
corners in VP and its surface inclined at an
angle of 30 deg. wit
with VP.
VP . The diagon
go nal passing through that cor
corner which
whic h is in VP appears to be inclined at
40 deg. to HP. Draw the projection
ions of the lamin
mina.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
30
c' b' c'
b' d'
b'
c'
a' d'
a' d'
e'
a'
40°
VP f' e' f' e' f'
X Y
HP a a
30°
(f) b b f
a b c d e
(f) (e) (e) c c
d d

40. A hexagon
gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamin
mina makes 45 deg. to HP and the
side on which
which it rests makes 30 deg. to VP.
ions
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
(d') c' d' c'
(e') b' e' b'

(f') (e') (d')
45°
VP a' b' c' (f') a'
X f' a' Y
HP e e
d
30°
f d f e
d c
25
f b
a c
a c
a
b b

41. A hexagon
go nal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its cor
corners on HP. The lamin
diagon
gonal passing through the cor
corner on which
whic h it rests is inclined at 30 deg. to VP.
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
d' d'
(e') c' c'

e'
(f') (f') b' b'

(e')
45°
f'
VP a' b' c' d' a'
X a' Y
HP
30°
β f
f e f e a
e
d b
a d d
a
c
b c b c
25

42. A hexagon
gonal lamin
corners on HP. The lamin
diagon
corner on which
whic h it rests appears to be inclined at 30 deg. to VP.
ions.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
d' d'
(e') c' c'
e'
(f') b' b'

(f') (e')
45°
f'
VP a' b' c' d' a'
X Y
a'
f
30°
HP
f e f e e
a
a d d
d a
b
c
b c b c
25

43. A hexagon
gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on VP.
VP. The lamin
mina makes 45 deg. to VP and the side on
which
whic h it rests 45 deg. to HP. Draw its projection
ions
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b'
c'
a' c' a' b'
c'
25
d'
a'
d'
f' d' f'
f' e'
e'
45°
e'
VP
X Y
HP a b c (f) a a f
(f) (e) (d)
45°
e
(e) b b
(d) c c d

44. A hexagon
gonal lamin
mina of sides 25 mm rests on one of its sides on VP.
VP. The side opposite to the side on which
whic h it
rests is 30 mm infront of VP and the side on which
whic h it rests makes 45 deg. to HP. Draw its projection
ions. Also
determin
ion of the lamin
mina wit
with the reference plane.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
b' b'
c'
b'
a' c' a' c'
d'
25
a'
d'
d'
f' f'
f' e'
e' e'
45°
VP a f
X c (f) a Y
HP a b
φ
(f) (e) (d)
e
30
(e) b b
(d) c c d
φ = 43.86 deg.

45. A hexagon
go nal lamin
corners on HP. The cor
corner opposite to the cor
corner on which
whic h it
rests is 35 mm above
ov e HP and the diagon
corner on which
whic h it rests is inclined at 30 deg.to VP.
VP.
Draw its projection
ions. Find the inclination
ion of the surface wit
with HP.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
d' d'
(e') c' e'

c'
35
(f') (f') b' f'
(e') θ
VP a' b' c' d' b'
a'
X Y
HP a'
30°
f e f β f
e
a e
a d
a d
b
d
b c b c c
25
θ = 44.43 deg.

io ns of a cir
circular plate of negligib
igi ble thick
hickn
ckness of 50 mm diameter resting on HP on a poin
oint A on the
cir
circumference, wit
with its plane inclined at 45 deg. to HP and the top vie
view of the diamter passing through the resting
poin
oi nt makes 60 deg. wit
with VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON: g'
(h') f'
g'
h' f'
(j') e'
j' e'
(k') d' d'
k'
(l') c' c'
(k') l'
45°
(m') (l') (j') (h')
e' f' g' (m') b' m' b'
VP a' b' c' d' a'
X Y
HP a'
j h
60°
g
k k k
l j l j f
h l
m m h
e
m
g a d
a g
a
b c
b f
b f
c e c e
d d
O 50

47. A cir
circular lamin
mina of 50 mm diameter is standing wit
with one of its poin
oints on the rim on HP and the lamin
mina inclined
at 45 deg. to HP. The diamter at righ
ight angle to the diamter which
whic h is passing through the poin
oint on which
whic h the lamin
mina
rests is parallel to VP.
io n.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
g' g'
(h') f' h' f'
(j') e' j' e'
(k') d' k'

d'
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h') (l') c'
45°
l' c'
VP a' b' c' d' e' f' g' (m') b'
X m' b' Y
H a' a'
g
P h f
k k
l j l j j e
m h m d
h k
l c
a g
g a m b
a
b f
f b
c e c e
d d
O 50

48. A cir
circular lamin
mina of 50 mm diameter rests on HP such that one of its diameter is inclined at 30 deg. to VP
and 45 deg. to HP. Draw its top and front vie
views in this
his position
ion.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
g' g'
(h') f' f' h'
(j') e' e'
j'
(k') d' d'
k'
(l') c'
45°
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h') c'
l'
VP a' b' c' d' e' f' g' (m') b'
X b' m' Y
HP a' a'
β
30°
l
45°
k k m k
l j l j
a
m h j
m h
b
g h
a g
a c
g
b f d
f b e f
c e c e
d d
O 50

49. A cir
circular lamin
mina inclined to the VP appears in the front vie
view as an ellipse of major axis
xis 30 mm and min
minor axis
xis
15 mm.
mm. The major axis
xis is parallel to both HP and VP.
VP . One end of the min
minor axis
xis is i n both the HP and VP.
VP.
Draw the projection
ions of the lamin
mina and determin
io n of the lamin
mina wit
with the VP.
VP .
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
O 30 15
d' d'
c' e' c' e'
b' f' b' f'
g' a'
30
a' g' φ = 60 deg.
m' h' m' h' g'

f' h'
l' j' e' j'
l' j' k'
k' d' k'
c' b'
VP a a' m' l' Y
X ab c d e fg a
HP (m) b c b m l
(m) (l) (k) (j) (h) (l) c φ
d k
(k) d
(j) e e j
(h) f f h
g g

50. A cir
circular lamin
mina of 30 mm diamter rests on VP such that one of its diameter is inclined at 30 deg. to VP and
45 deg. to HP. Draw its top and front vie
view in this
his position
ion.
SOL
SOLUTION:
ON:
O 30
d' d'
c' e' c' e'
b' f' b'
f' e' f'
g'
g' a' d'
a' g'
h'
h' c'
m' h' m' j'
l' j' l' j' b'
k' k' k'
a'
m' l'
45°
VP
α
X a Y
HP ab c d e fg (m) b ba m l
(l) c c
30°
(m) (l) (k) (j) (h) k
(k) d d j
(j) e e
(h) f g f g h

1. A square pris
ri sm 35 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 65 mm axis
axi s le ngt
ng th rests on HP on one of its
its edges of the base which
whic h is incl
inc line
ine d to VP at 30 deg.
Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the pris
ris m whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
ined to HP at 45 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' (d') d' a'
(d') a' (o') b' (c')
(o') (o')
b' (c') (c')

b'
65
s'
(s') p' p'
45°
(o ') o1'
1
VP
X Y
HP p' (s') (o ') q' (r') q' (r') r' c q'
1
30°
(s) d c (r) s (r) d c b
d o
q 35
o (o1 ) o
(o1 ) (r) a
a b p (q) a b
(p) (q) (q)
s (o1 )
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 151- Pojection Of Solids

2. A square pris
ri s m 35 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
ng th re sts on HP on one of its
it s corn
cor ners of the base such
uc h that the two
tw o base edges
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
whic h it res ts make
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
wit h HP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the pris
ri sm whe
when the axis
axi s of the pris
ri sm is
incl
inc line
ine d to HP at 40 deg. and
an d appears to be incl
inc line
in ed to VP at 45 deg.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(o') a' a'
a' b' (d') c'
b' (d') (o') (d') (o')
b'
c'
p' c'
p'
60
q' s'
(s') q' (o1 ')
o '
1
40°
VP
X Y
HP p' q' (s') (o1 ') r' r' r'
45°
d
d (s) s d
c
p o
(p) a c
(o1) o c (r) (o1 ) (r) a a
s
b
(r)
q
35
(o1 )
b (q) q b
p
q

3. A square pris
ri sm 35 mm side
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s le ngt
its corn
cor ners of the base s uch
uch that the two
tw o base e dges
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
whic h it rests make
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti on with
ec tio
tions of the pris
ri sm whe
when the axis
axi s of the pris
ri sm is incl
inc line
ine d
to HP at 40 de g. and
and to VP at 30 deg.
a' a'
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
a' (o') b' (d') c'

b' (d') (o') (d') (o') b'
c' p'
p' c'
60
(o1')
s' q'
q' (s')
o 1'
X
VP 40° Y
p' q' (s') (o ') r' r' r'
HP 1 d
30°
β
(s) d s d
c
(p) a o s
c a
(o1) c (r) p (o1) (r) a o
(r) b
q (o1 )
35
b (q) q b
p

4. A square ps im 35 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s le ngt
ngth re sts on one of its
its e dges of the base. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the pris
ris m whe
when
the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
ined to HP at 45 deg. and
an d VP at 30 de g.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' (d') a' d'
(d') a' (o') (c') b'
(o') o'
b' (c')
c'
b'
60
p' (s')
(s') p'
(o1')
45°
(o ')
1
VP
X Y
HP p' (s') (o1') q' (r') q' (r') q' s r'
(s) d c (r) s (r) d c
30°
(r)
45°
(o1 )
β
q 35
p
(o1 ) o d
o (o1 )
(q) c
(p) a b (q) p (q) a b
o
a

5. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pris
ris m 25 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s le ngt
ngth re sts on HP on one of its
it s edge s of the bas e which
whic h is incl
inc line
ined to VP at
30 de g. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
a' a'
(e') (d')
a' b' (o') c'
b' (e') e'
b'
(o') (o')
c'(d')
c'
(d')
p'
60
p'
q'
t'
(t') q'
(o 1') o1 '
VP (t') q' 40°

X (o 1') r' Y
HP p' r' (s') r' (s') s'
t e
(t) d
e
(s)
d
30°
d (s) e
c
p o
(p) a
o (o1 ) a o
(o1 )
c (r) (r) a b
c
25
(s)
b (q) q b
(r)
(o1 )
p
q

6. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
ng th res ts on HP on one of its
it s edges of the base . Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the
pris
ri sm whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
and VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' a'
a' (e') b' (o') c' (d')
b' (e') e'
b'
(o') o'
c' (d')
d'
c'
p'
60
p'
q' (t')
(t') q'
(o ') (o 1')
1 40°
VP
X Y
p' (t') q' (o ') (s') r' (s') r' r' s'
HP 1
30°
t
t e β
(t) e
p
d (s) (s)
d
(s)
p (o1)
(p) a
o (o1) a o
(o1) e
q
c (r) (r)
c (r)
25
a
d
b (q) q b
o
b
c

7. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ris m 25 mm side
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
ngth rests on HP on one of its
it s corn
cor ne rs of the base s uch
uch that the two
tw o base edges
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
whic h it re stsmake
mak e e qual incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
ectio
ti ons of the pris
ri sm whe
whe n the axis
axi s of the pris
ri sm is
incl
inc line
in ed to HP at 40 deg. and
an d appe ars to be incl
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(e') a' e' a'
(e') (d')
a' (o') b' c' (o') (o')
b' (d')
b'
(d')
c'
(t') p' t' p' c'
50
(o 1') q'
o '
q' (s') s' 1
40°
VP
X Y
HP p' (t') (o 1') q' (s') r' r' r'
d
45°
d (s) s d
c
(t) e
t e
e o
25
c s
o (o1) c (r) (o1) (r) o b
p a (r) a
(p) a
t (o1)
b (q) q b
q
p

8. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
tw o base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
whic h it res ts make
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
ec tio
tions of the pris
ri sm whe
when the axis
axi s of the pris
ri sm is
incl
inc line
an d to VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(e') a' e' a'

(d')
(e') a' (o') b' c'
(o')
(o')
b' (d') (d') b'
c'
c'
t' p'
60
(t') p'
40°
(o1') o1' q'
(s') q' s'
VP
X Y
HP p' (t') (o1') q' (s') r' r' r'
d
30°
β
d (s) s d c
(t) e
t e e o
o
25
c s
(o ) c (r) (o1) (r) o b
1
p a a
(r)
(p) a t
b (q) q b (o1)
q
p
9. A hexago
xagonal
nal pris
ris m 25 mm s ide
ides of base and
and 50 mm axis
axis le ngt
its edges. Draw the projecti
ectio
tions of the pris
rism whe
when
the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
and appe ars to be incl
inc line
ined to VP at 40 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' (f') f' a'
(f') (e') (d')

a' (o') b' c' b' (e') (o') (e') (o') b'
c' (d')
c'
(d')
(u') p' p'
u'
50
(o 1') (t') q' q'

t' o 1'
45°
VP
X Y
HP p' (u') q' (t') (o ') (s') r' (s') r' s' r'
1
(t) e t e
40°
e d
(u) f u (s)
d
d (s) f
f o c
25
o t
(o1 ) o (o ) (s)
1
a
c
(p) a c (r) p (r)
a b
u (o ) (r)
1
(q) b q b
p q
10. A hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm 25 mm side
id es of bas e and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
its edges of the base. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the
pris
ris m whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
an d VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON: f'
a' (f') a'
(f') (e') (d')

a' (o') b' b' (e') (o') (e') (o')
c' b'
c' (d') (d')

c'
(u') p'
u' p'
50
(t') q' (o1')

t' o1' q'
45°
VP
X Y
HP p' (u') q' (t') r' (s') r' (s') s' r'
30°
(o1') d β
e
(t) e t e
(u) f d (s) u d c
(s) f o
t f
o (o ) (s)
1
25
(o1 ) o
b
(r) a (r) a
c
(p) a c (r) p u (o )
1
b q b
(q) q
p

11. A he xago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
two bas e edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
mak e e qual incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
ectio
ti ons of the pris
ri sm whe
whe n the axis
axi s of the pris
ri sm is
incl
inc line
inc line
ined to VP at 45 de g.
a' a'
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
b' (f') f' b'
(f') (e')
a' b' (o') c' d' (o') (o')
c' (e') (e')

c'
p' p'
d'
(d')
(u') q' u' q'
50
(o ') o1'
1
r'
40°
(t') r' t'
VP
X Y
HP p' q' (u') (o ') r' (t') s' s' s'
1
45°
e
(u) f e (t) u t f e
f d
o
t
d (s)
(p) a d c
(o1) o (s) p (o1 ) a o a
u
(s)
b
(o1 )
(q) b c (r) q r b c
25 r
p

12. A hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
tw o base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
whic h it re sts make
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
ec tio
tions of the pris
ris m whe
when the axis
axi s of the pris
ri sm is
incl
inc line
an d to VP at 30 de g.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON: a' a'
b' (f') f' b'

(f') (e')
a' b' (o') c' d' (o')
(o')
c' (e') c'
p'
p' (e')
d'
d'
q' (u') q'
u'
50
(o 1') o 1'
r' (t')
40°
t' r'
VP
X Y
HP p' q' (u') (o 1') r' (t') s' s' s'
30°
e β
(u) f e (t) u t f e
f
d
t o
(p) a a
o d a
(o1) o d p (o1 ) (s) c
(s) u
(s)
25
b
(o1 )
b (q) c (r) q r b c
p r

13. A square pris
ris m 35 mm side
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s is suspe nded free ly from a corn
cor ner. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the pris
ris m whe
when the axis
axi s
appe ars to be incl
inc line
in ed to VP at 45 de g.
c' c'
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(o') (d') b' b' (o')

(d') (d')
a' b' (o') c'
a'
a'
G
r'
r'
60
G
q'
s'
q' (s') (o ') o1'
1
30
VP p' p'
X Y
HP p' (o 1') q' (s') r' d
45°
a
(s) d d s
o
s
(p) c
a
(p) a r (p)
(o ) o c (r) o c (o1) b
1
(o1 )
q
35
r
b (q) b q
q

14. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pris
ris m 25 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
ngth is s uspended freely from a corn
ec tio
tions of the pris
ri sm
whe
when the axis
axis appe ars to be incl
incline
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
c' c'
(d') b' b' (d')

(o')
(e') (o')
(d')
a' (o') b' c'
(e') a' (e')
a'
G
r' r'
50
q' (s') q' s'

G o1'
(o ')
1
25
p' (t') p' t'

VP
X q' (s') Y
HP p' (t') (o ') r'
1
45°
d (s) d s e
(t) e d
e (t)
a o (t)
25
r
o c (r) o c (o1)
(o1 ) c
s
a (p)
(p) a b (o1)
q (p)
b (q) b
r
q

15. A hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
ng th is sus pended freely from a corn
ectio
ti ons of the pris
ri sm
whe
whe n the axis
axi s appe ars to be incl
inc line
d' d'
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(e') c' e' c'
o'
(o')
(f') (e') (f') b' f' b'
a' b' (o') c' d'
s' a' (s')
a'
G
25
(t') r'
r' (t')
(o 1')
50
(o 1')
G
q'(u') u' q'
p' p'
VP
X Y
p' q' (u') (o 1') r' (t') s'
HP t
45°
(u) f (t) e f e u t
s
u
e
(o ) (o1 )
(p) a 1 s
o a o (o1 )
d (s) d (p) (p) r
f d
q
o
(q) b 25 c (r) b c q r
c
a

16. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 65 mm axis
axi s lengt
its e dges of the base which
whic h is incl
inc line
Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
amid whe
when the axis
axis is incl
incline
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
65
d'
(d') a' a'
(o 1') o1 '
45°
VP
X Y
HP a' (d') (o 1') b' (c') b' (c') c' b'
30°
o
d c d c
(o ) o
1 o (o1 )
b
d (o1)
a b a b
q 35
a

17. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
tw o base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
mak es equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
ec tio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s of the pyr
pyramid
ami d
is incl
inc line
inc line
ine d to VP at 45 de g.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
a'
a'
60
d'
(d') b' (o ') b'
1 o1'
VP 40°
X Y
HP a' b' (d')(o ') c' c' c'
1
45°
d d
o
a (c)
a o
(o ) o c (o ) (c)
1 1
(o )
1
q
35
b b b

18. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
tw o base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
ec tio
tions of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s of the pyr
pyramid
ami d
is incl
inc line
and to VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
a'
a'
60
d' b'
(d') b' (o ')
1 o 1'
40°
VP
X
a' b' (d') (o ') c' c' c'
Y
HP
30°
1
d d β
o
a a
o (c)
(o ) o c (o ) (c)
1 1
q (o )
1
35
a
b b
b

19. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm side
id es of bas e and
and 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
its edges of the base. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
amid whe
when the axis
axis is incl
incline
and VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
60
d' a'
(d') a'
(o1') o 1'
45°
VP
X Y
HP a' (d') (o 1') (c') b' (c') b' c' b'
30°
β o
d c d c c
d
(o1) o
o (o )
1 (o1)
b
a
b a b
q 35
a

20. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s le ngt
it s edges of the base which
whic h is incl
inc line
ined to VP
at 30 deg. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
a'
60
a'
e'
(e') b' b'
(o1') o 1'
X
VP 40° Y
HP a' (e') b' (o1') c' (d') c' (d') d' c'
o
30°
e e
d
(d)
a a
o (d)
o
(o ) e
1 (c)
c (c)
25
(o1)
b b
a b

21. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s edge s of the bas e. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
whe n the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
an d VP at 30 de g.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
a'
60
a'
e'
(e') b' b'
(o1') o 1'
40°
VP
X Y
HP a' (e') b' (o1') c' (d') c' (d') d' c'
30°
β o
e e
d
e (d)
(d)
a a
o
o (o1)
(o1) (c)
(o )
1 (c)
c a
25
b b b

22. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
two base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
ec tio
tions of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s of the pyr
pyramid
ami d is
incl
inc line
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o' o' o'
e' a'
a' (e')
50
(o ') o1'
1
b'
(d') b' d'
40°
VP
X Y
HP a' (e') (o ') b' (d') c' c' c'
1
45°
o
d d
d
e e
(c)
e
25
o (o ) o
c (o1) (c) (o1)
1
a b
a
a
b b

23. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
tw o base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
mak es e qual incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
ec tio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s of the pyr
pyramid
ami d is
incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o' o'
o'
c' (d') c' d'

50
(o ') o1 '
1
40°
e'
b' (e') b'
VP
X Y
HP a' (e') b' (o ') c' (d') a' a'
30°
1
e e β
o
d e
d
a o o (a)
(o1 ) (a) (o1)
d
c (o1)
c
25
b b
b
c

24. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
it s edges of the bas e which
whic h is incl
inc line
ined to VP
at 30 de g. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
in ed to HP at 45 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o' o' o'
f' a'
(f') a'
50
e'
(o1 ') (e') b' b'
o1'
45°
VP
X Y
HP a' (f') b' (e') c' (d') c' (d') d' c'
30°
(o1 ') o
e e
(d)
f
e
d f (d)
(c)
25
(o1 ) o
o (o1 ) (o1 )
a (c) f
c
a b
a
b b

25. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
it s edge s of the bas e. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of
the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
whe n the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
and VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o' o' o'
(f') a' f' a'

50
(o1 ') (e') b' o 1' b'

e'
45°
VP
X Y
a' (f') b' (e') c' (d') c' (d') d' c'
30°
HP
(o1') β
o
e e
e
(d)
f
d f (d)
(c)
f (o1 )
25
(o1 ) o
o (o1 )
c a (c)
a b
a
b b

26. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s corn
uc h that the two
tw o base edge s
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ne r on which
mak e e qual incl
inc linati
ina tio
tions with
ectio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
whe n the axis
axi s of the pyr
pyramid
ami d is
incl
inc line
in ed to HP at 40 deg. and
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o' o' o'
a' a'
f'
(f') b' b'
50
(o ') o1'
1
c'
40°
(e')c' e'
VP
X Y
HP a' b' (f') (o ') c' (e') d' d' d'
1
45°
o
f e f e
e
(d)
f
a a
o
(o1) o d (o1) (d) (o1)
c
25
b c b c b

27. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
its corn
cor ne rs of the base s uch
uch that the two
tw o base edges
contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g the corn
cor ner on which
mak e equal incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons with
ec tio
tions of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s of the pyr
pyramid
ami d is
incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o' o' o'
a' a'
f' b'
(f') b'
50
(o ') o1'
1
c'
40°
(e')c' e'
VP
X Y
HP a' b' (f') (o ') c' (e') d' d' d'
1 β
30°
e o
f e f e
f
(d)
a a
o (o1)
(o1) o d (o1) (d)
a c
25
b
b c b c

28. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm side
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s le ngt
ngth is suspended freely f rom a corn
cor ner of its
it s bas e. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s appears to be incl
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
c' c'
o'
(d') b' (o1') (d') (o 1')

b'
G
60
a'
a'
G
o'
o'
15
VP (o1')
X Y
a' b' (d') c'
45°
HP
d
d d
a
o1
a c c
o1 a
(o ) o o c
1 b
q
35
b o
b

29. A pe ntago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of bas e and
and 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
ng th is suspe nde d free ly from a corn
cor ner of its
it s base. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' a'
o'
(e') b' e'

b'
o1'
(o ')
1
(d') G
50
d' c'
c'
G o'
o'
12,5
VP
X Y
HP a' b' (e') (o ') c' (d')
1
45°
o
e e
e
d
d
a
a
o d
(o1 ) o o1 a o1
c
25
c b
c
b b

30. A he xago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
ng th is suspende d f re ely from a corn
cor ne r of its
it s base. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
whe n the axis
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
d' d'
o' c'(e') e' c'
(o 1')
(o1')
G
b' (f')
b'
50
(f')
a'
G o'
o' a'
12,5
VP
X Y
HP a' b' (f') (o 1') c' (e') d'
f
45°
e
e e f a
f
o1
d b
o
a a
(o1 ) o d d o1 c
b c c b
25

31. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s slant
an t edge s. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d
whe
when the axis
axi s appe ars to be incl
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
60
d' b'
(o1') b' (d')
o1'
VP o' o'
X Y
HP a' b' (d') (o1') c' c' c'
d d o
45°
d
a o c c a o
(o ) o1
1 a
o1
q
35
c
b b
b

32. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s slant
an t edges . Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d
whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
60
d' o 1'
(o1') (d') b' b'
VP c' o' o'

X Y
HP a' b' (d')(o1') c' c'
45°
d o
d β
o d
a o
(o1) c c o1 a
a
q
o1
35
c
b b
b

33. A s quare pyr
pyramid
ami d 35 mm side
id es of base and
and 60 mm axis
axi s lengt
its s lant
an t trian
ri ang
angular face
aces. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons
of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
(d') a' d' a'

60
o 1'
(o ')
1
VP o' c' b' o'

X Y
HP a' (d') (o ') b' (c') (c') b'
1 o
45°
d c c d
c
(o1 ) o
o o1
o1
a b
a
b a
q 35 b

34. A square pyr
pyramid
amid 35 mm side
ides of bas e and
and 60 mm axis
axis lengt
its slant
ant trian
riang
an gular face
ectio
tions
of the pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
(d') a' d' a'

60
o1'
(o1')
VP (c') b' o' c' b' o'

X Y
HP a' (d') (o1') b' (c')
45°
d c c d o
β
q 35
(o1) o
o o1 d
c
a b b a
o1
a

35. A pe ntago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of bas e and
and 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
its s lant
an t edges. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
whe n the axis
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
(e') a' e' a'

50
(o 1') o1'
d' b'
(d') b'
VP c' o' o'

X Y
HP a' (e') (o 1') b' (d') c' c'
45°
o
d d
e
e
d e
o c c
25
(o ) o
1 o1
o1
a a a
c
b b b

36. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s slant
ant edge s. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
(e') a' e' a'

50
(o 1') o 1'
d' b'
(d') b'
VP c' o' o'

X Y
HP a' (e') (o 1') b' (d') c' c'
45°
β o
d d
e
e
e
o c c d
25
(o ) o
1 o1
a a o1
a
c
b b
b

37. A pe ntago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of bas e and
and 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
its slant
an t trian
ri ang
angular face
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
inc line
ine d to VP
VP at 45 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
50
(e') b' e' b'
(o ') o1'
1
VP d' c' o'

X Y
HP a' b' (e') (o1') c' (d') c' (d') o'
45°
o
e e
d e
d
a d a
o
(o ) o1 a
1 o o1
c c
25
c b
b b

38. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of base and
and 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
its s lant
an t trian
ri ang
angular face
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
amid whe
whe n the axis
axis is incl
incline
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
50
(e') b' e' b'

o1 '
(o ')
1
VP d' c' o'

X Y
H a' b' (e') (o1') c' (d') c' (d') o'
45°
P
β o
e e
d
d e
a o
(o ) o1 a a
1 o d
c c o1
25
c b
b b
Not
Note: Make
Mak e the slant
ant trian
riang
an gular f ace
ace incl
inc line
ined to HP and
an d pe rpendicu
dic ular to VP.

39. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm s ide
id es of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s le ngt
it s slant
ant edge s. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the pyr
pyramid
ami d
whe
whe n the axis
inc line
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
f' b'
(f') b'
50
(o1')
o 1'
e' c'
(e') c'
VP d' o' o'

X Y
HP a' b' (f') (o1') c' (e') d' d'
45°
o
f e e f
e
a
a o
(o1) o d d o1 a
o1
d
b
b c
25 c b
c

40. A he xago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id es of base and
and 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
its s lant
an t edges. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
(f') b' f' b'

50
o1'
(o ')
1
e'
(e') c' c'
VP d' o' o'

X Y
HP a' b' (f') (o1') c' (e') d' d'
45°
e e f β
f
o
f
a o
(o1) o d d o1 a
e a
o1
b c
25 c b d b
c
Not
Note : Make
Mak e the slant
ant edge parallel to VP in the top vie
vi ew.

41. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s slant
an t trian
ri ang
an gular face
aces . Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
(f') a' f' a'

50
(o ') (e') b' e' o 1'

1 b'
VP (d') c' o' o'

X Y
HP a' (f') b' (e') (o1') c' (d') d' c'
o
45°
e e
e f
f d d f
d
25
(o ) o o a
1 o 1
o 1
c c
a a c
b
b b

42. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mm side
id e s of base and
an d 50 mm axis
axi s lengt
it s slant
an t trian
ri ang
an gular face
aces . Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
(f') a' f' a'

50
e' o 1'
(o ') (e') b' b'
1
VP (d') c' o' d' c' o'

X Y
H a' (f') b' (e') (o1') c' (d')
45°
P β o
e e
f d d f f
e
25
(o ) o
1 o o d
1 o a
1
c c
a a
c b
b b

43. A cub
cu be of 40 mm s ide
id es rests on HP on an edge which
whic h is incl
inc line
in ed to VP at 30 deg. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons whe
when the late
at e ral square face
ace contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g
the e dge on which
mak e s an ang
an gle of 50 deg. to HP.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
a' (d') d' a'
(o') (o')
a' (d') (o') b' (c')
b' (c') (c')

b'
s'
(s') p'
p'
40
(o1') o 1'
50°
VP
X Y
HP p' (s') (o1') q' (r') q' (r') r' c q'
30°
(s) d c (r) s d (r) c
(r) b
o
d
q 40
(o1) o (o ) o
1
(q)
s (o ) a
1
a (p) b (q) p a (q) b

44. A tetrahedron of 55 mm s ide
id es rests on one of its
it s corn
cor ners such
uc h that an edge contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g that corn
cor ner is incl
inc line
an d VP
at 30 de g. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions .
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o' (c') a' c' a'
o' o'
o1'
55
(o1 ')
50°
VP
X Y
HP a' (c') (o1 ') b' b' b'
30°
β
o
c c
c
(b)
o b (o1 )
o
55
(o1 )
(o1 ) (b)
a a

45. A cone
con e of 50 mm base diam
di ame
am eter and
an d 60 mm axis
axi s le ngt
it s ge nerato
at ors. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions whe
when the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
ined
to VP at 30 deg.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
a' a'
60
k'
(o 1') (k') d' d'
o1'
VP o'
X Y
HP a' (k') d' (o 1') g' g' o' g'
30°
β
o
k k k
a g a o o1
(o ) o g o1
1 g
d
d d
O 50

46. A te trahe dron of side
id es 40 mm is resting
ti ng on one of its
it s side
id es on HP. This
hi s s ide
id e is parallel to VP and
an d 40 mm away from it. It is til
ti lted about re sting
ti ng
side
id e s uch
uch that the base contai
con tainin
tai ning
nin g this
hi s edge is incl
inc line
ine d at 30 deg. to HP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the solid.
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o' o' o'

40
a' a'
30°
o1'
VP (o 1')
X Y
HP a' (o 1') b' (c') b' (c') c' b'
c
c
40
o
a o
o
(o ) a (o1)
1 b
c
40
(o1)
b b

47. A Hexah
xa hedron of 30 mm side
id e s is res ting
ting on one of its
it s corn
cor ners on HP s uch
uch that one of its
it s solid diag
di ago
agonal
na ls is perpe ndicu
dic ular to VP.
Draw the projecti
ectio
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
c' c'
(o') (d') b' d' o' b'

a' (d') b' (o') c'
a' r' a'
(r')
30
s'
q'
q' (s') (o ') (o ')
1 1
VP
X Y
HP p' (o ') q' (s') r' p' p'
1
r
(s) d d s
(o1) c
s q
(p) a c (r) a o (o1)

r
(o1) o (p) c
d b
q o (p)
30
b (q) b q
a

48. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm of base side
id e 25 mm and
and heigh
ight 50 mm is res ting
ting on HP on one of its
it s base corn
cor ne rs s uch
uch that the top mos
mo st edge is at a
dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce of 60 mm above HP. Draw its
its projecti
ec tio
tions, whe
whe n its
its top vie
vi ew of the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
ine d at 45 deg. to VP. Also, determin
rmi ne the
incl
inclinati
ina tio
ti on of the longe
nge r edge of the pris
ris m to HP which
which contai
contain
tai ns the res ting
ting corn
corner.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' (e') e' a'
(e') (d')
a' (o') b' c'
(o') (o')
b' (d')
b'
(d')
t' p'
(t') p'
60
c' c'
50
(o ')
1 o1'
q'
(s') q' s'
VP θ
X Y
HP p' (t') (o ') q' (s') r' r' r' d
1
45°
d (s) s d
c
(t) e e
e o
t
25
(o ) c s
1 o c (r) (o1 ) (r) o b
a
a p a (r)
(p) t
(o1 )
b (q) q b
q
p
θ = 34.31 deg.

49. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d of bas e s ide
id es 30 mm and
and heigh
ig ht 60 mm is s uspended by a thread tie
ti ed to one of the corn
cor ne rs of its
its base . It is then til
ti lted such
uch
that the axis
axi s make
mak es an ang
angle of 45 deg. with
wit h res pect
ec t to the VP. Con
Conside
id ering
ri ng the ape x of the s olid to be ne arer to the obse rver. Draw the
projecti
ec tio
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o' a' a'
(o 1') (d') b' b' (o 1') d'
G
60
c' c'
G
o' o'
15
VP
X Y
HP a' b' (d') (o 1') c'
b c
d d β
45°
o1
d
a c a
o
(o ) o c o1 a
1
q
30
b b
o

50. A cone
con e of base diamt
di amte
amt er 40 mm and
an d axis
axi s lengt
ng th 50 mm is re sting
ting on HP on a poin
oi nt on the circum ference
nce of its
it s base such
uc h that its
it s ape x is
at 40 mm above the HP and
an d its
its top vie
vi ew of the axis
axi s is incl
inc line
ine d at 60 deg. to VP. Draw the top and
an d front vie
vi ews of the solid.
id . Also, determin
rmi ne
the incl
inc linati
ina tio
ti ons of the axis
axi s whe
whe n the base is ne arer to the obse rver.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
o' o'
a' a'
50
40
(o1') (k') d' d'
k' o 1'
θ
VP
X Y
HP a' (k') d' (o1') g' g' g' o
60°
k k
o g
a o k
(o1 ) a (o ) g g
1
(o )
1
d d a d
O 40
θ = 26.03 deg.

1. A trian
riang
an gular pris
ri sm with
wit h one of its
it s recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular face
aces paralle l to VP and
and nearer to it is cut
cut as shown
own in f ig. Draw the deve lopment of the retain
tai ned
portio
ti ons of the pris
ris m which
whic h are shown
ow n in dark line
in es.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(8') 11 11 (6')
a' 2' b' 4' c' A 2 B 4 C 6 8 A
15
1' 1
3' (7') 5' 1 3 5 7
60
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
VP
X Y
HP p' q' r' P Q R P
120
(p) a 1 8 7 6 5 c (r)
2 4
40
3
b (q)
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 201- Development of Lateral Surfaces of Solids

2. A s quare pris
ri sm of base side
id e 30 mm and
an d axis
axi s le ngt
ngth 60 mm is res ting
ting on HP on its
it s bas e with
wit h all the ve rtical
tica l face
aces being equally incl
inc line
ine d to VP.
It is cut
cut by an incl
inc line
in ed plane
an e 60 deg. to HP and
an d perpendicu
dic ular to VP and
an d is passing through a poin
oint on the axis
axi s at a dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce 50 mm from the
base. Draw the de velopment of the lowe
ow er portio
tion of the pris
ri sm.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(o')
(d')
a' b' c' A B 3 C 4 D A
3' (4')
(5') 2' 2 5
60°
60
50
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
1' 1
1
VP (o 1')
X Y
HP p' (s') q' r' P Q R S P
5 d (s)
30
120
4
o
(p) a c (r)
1 (o1 )
q
30
3
2 b (q)

3. A square pris
ri sm of base side
id e 40 mm and
an d axis
axi s lengt
ting on HP on its
it s bas e with
wit h all the vertical
tica l face
aces be ing equally incl
inc line
ine d to VP.
It is cut
cut by an incl
inc line
in ed plane
an e 60 deg. to HP and
an d perpendicu
dic ular to VP and
an d is passing through a poin
oi nt on the axis
axi s at a dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce 15 mm from the top
face
ace. Draw the development of the lowe
ower portio
ti on of the pris
ri sm.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(o') (d')
a' b' c' A B 3 C 4 D A
3' (4')
15
60°
(5') 2' 2 5
65
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
VP 1' 1
X Y 1
HP p' (o ') q' (s') Q S P
1
r' P 40 R
160
d (s)
5
4
(p) a o
c (r)
1 (o )
1
q
3
40
2 b (q)

4. A square pris
ri sm of 30 mm side
id e of the base and
and heigh
ig ht 50 mm is re sting
ting with
wit h its
it s base on HP such
uc h that one of its
it s vertical
tica l f ace
ace s is incl
inc line
ined at
40 deg. to VP. It is cut
cut as shown
own in the following
owin g front vie
view figu
igure. Draw the developme nt of the late
ateral surface
ace of the pris
rism
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' b' (d') c' A B2 C D 5 A

2' (4') 4
30°
(5') 1
1' 1
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
50
3'
p' q' (s') r' P 30 Q R3 S P
120
40°
4 d (s)
(p) a 1
3 c (r)
q
30
2
b (q)

5. A cub
cube of s ide
id e 40 mm is resting
ti ng on HP such
uc h that one of its
it s vertical
tica l f ace
ace s is incl
inc line
ined at 30 deg. to the VP. It is cut
cu t by a secti
ec tio
ti on plane
an e
perpendicu
dic ular to VP, incl
inc line
ined to HP at an ang
an gle of 45 deg. and
an d passes through the mid poin
oi nt of the axis
axi s. Draw the de velopment of the lowe
ow er
late
at e ral surface
ace of the cub
cube.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(o') (4')
a' b' (d') 3' c' A B 3 C 4 D A
(5') 5
40
2
2'
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
20
(6')
1'
r' S 6 P
p' q' (o ') (s') P 1 Q R
1 40
d (s)
30°
160
5
6
(p) a 4
1 c (r)
q
3
40
2
b (q)

6. A square pris
ri sm of bas e s ide
id e 35 mm rests with
wit h its
its base on HP and
an d two
tw o face
aces e qually incl
inc line
in ed to VP. Draw the deve lopment of the late
at e ral
s urf ace
ace s of the re tain
tai ned portio
tions of the cut
cu t pris
ri sm shown
own by dark line
ine s in the fig.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' b' (d') c' A B C D A
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
55
p' q' (s') r' P 35 Q R S P

d (s)
140
(p) a c (r)
q
35
b (q)

7. A rectangular prism of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height 65 mm rests on HP on its base with the longer base side inclined at 30 deg. to VP.
It is cut by a plane inclined at 40 deg. to HP, perpendicular to VP cuts the axis at its mid height. Draw the development of the remaining
portion of the prism.
SOLUTION:
a' b' (o') (d') c' A B C D A
3' 3
(4') 4
65
2' 2
DEVELOPMENT
32,5
1' 1
1
p' q' (o1') (s') r' P 25 Q R S P

30°
d
130
(s)
(p) a
c (r)
(o1) o
40
25
b
(q)
8. A recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular pris
ris m of base 30 mm X 20 mm and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm rests on HP on its
it s base with
wit h longe
ng er bas e side
id e incl
inc line
in ed at 40 de g. to VP.
It is cut
cut by a plane
an e incl
inc line
ine d at 45 deg. to HP, perpendicu
dic ular to VP and
an d bisect
ec ts the axis
axi s. Draw the development of the late
at eral surface
ace of the
pris
ri sm.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(o')
a' b' (d') c' A B C D A
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
3' 3
(4') 4
45°
60
2' 2
1
30
1' 1
p' q' (o 1') (s') r' P 20 Q 30 R S P

40°
4 d (s)
100
c (r)
(p) a 3
1 (o1 ) o
30
20
2
b
(q)

9. A recta
ectang
ta ngu
ng ular pris
ri sm of base s ide
id e 25 mm x 40 mm and
an d axis
axi s lengt
ng th 65 mm is resting
ti ng on HP on its
its base with
wit h longe
ng e r side
id e of bas e incl
inc line
ine d at
30 deg. to VP. It is cut
cut by a plane
an e incl
inc line
in ed at 40 de g. to HP and
an d perpendicu
dic ular to VP and
an d pas ses through the e xtr
xtreme lef t corn
cor ne r of bas e.
Draw the de velopme nt of the late
at eral s urf ace
ace of the remaini ng portio
ti on of the pris
ri sm.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' b' (o') (d') c' A B C D A
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
3' 3
65
(4') 4
2
2'
40°
1' 1
1
p' q' (o1') (s') r' P 25 Q 40 R S P
30°
d (s)
4 130
(p) a
c (r)
1 (o ) o
1 3
25
40
2
b
(q)

10. Draw the de velopme nt of the truncat
nca ted portio
ti on of the late
at eral face
aces of the pentago
ta gona
gonal
na l pris
ri sm of 25 mm side
id es of bas e and
an d 50 mm heigh
ight
stan
ta nding
di ng ve rtical
tica lly with
wit h one of its
its recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular face
aces paralle l to VP and
and nearer to it so as to produce
uce a one piec
pi ece
ec e development. The incl
inc line
in ed
face
ace of the truncat
ncated pris
rism is 30 deg. to its
its axis
axis pass es through the rig
right extr
xtreme corn
corne r of the top face
ace of the pris
rism.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' (e') b' (d') c' A B 3C D E A

3'
(4') 4
30°
50
2' 2
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
(5')
1' 1
p' (t') q' (s') r' P 25 Q R S 5 T P
125
(t) e d (s)
5 4
(p) a 3 c (r)
1
25 2
b (q)

11. A regular pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm of he igh
ight 60 mm and
an d base edge 30 mm re sts with
wit h its
its base on HP. The vertical
tica l face
ace clo
cl osest to VP is 30 deg. to
it. Draw the developme nt of the truncat
nca ted pris
ri sm with
wit h its
its truncat
nca ted surface
ace ncl
ncline
ine d at 60 deg. to its
it s axis
axi s and
an d bisecti
ec ting
ti ng it.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' b' (o') (e') c' d' A B C D E A
4' 4
60° 3' 3
(5') 5
60
2' 2
1'
1
30
1
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
(o ')
1
p' q' (t') r' s' P 30 Q R S T P
30°
e (t) 150
5
(p) a
1
4 d (s)
o (o1)
30
2b
(q) 3 c (r)

12. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm of 30 mm side
id e of bas e and
and heigh
ight 50 mm lies with
wit h its
it s bas e on HP such
uc h that one of the recta
ectang
ta ngu
ng ular face
ace s is incl
inc line
ined
at 40 deg. to VP. It is cut
cut to the shape of a truncat
nca ted pris
ri sm with
wit h the truncat
nca ted surface
ace incl
inc line
in ed at 30 de g. to the axis
axi s s o as to pas s through
a poin
oi nt on it 30 mm above the base . De velop the truncat
nca te d portio
tion of the pris
ri sm so as to produce
uce a one piec
pi ece
ec e development.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(4')
a' b' (e') (o') 3' c' d' A 3 C D
B 4 E A
30°
(5') 5
50
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
30
(6') 2' 2
1' 6
p' q' (t') (o1 ') r' s' P 1 Q R S T P
30
40°
e (t) 150
5 4
6
(p) a d (s)
(o 1) o
30
1
2 3 c (r)
b (q)

13. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm of base side
id e 30 mm and
an d axis
axi s le ngt
ngth 60 mm re sts with
wit h its
its base on HP and
and an e dge of the bas e incl
inc line
ine d at 45 deg. to VP.
It is cut
cu t by a plane
an e perpe ndicu
dic ular to VP, incl
inc line
ine d at 40 de g. to HP and
an d pass ing through a poin
oint on the axis
axi s, at a dis
di s tanc
ta nce
nce of 30 mm from the
bas e. Deve lop the remaini ng surface
ace of the truncat
nca te d pris
ri sm.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
a' b' (e') (o') c' d' A B C D E A

DEVELOP
LO PMENT
4' 4
3'
3
40°
60
(5') 5
2' 2
30
1' 1
1
p' q' (t') (o ') r' s' P Q R S T P

e (t)
1 30
45°
5 150
d (s)
(p) a 4
1
(o ) o
1
30
3
2 c (r)
b (q)

14. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm of base side
id e s 20 mm and
an d heigh
ight 40 mm is resting
ti ng with
wit h its
its base on HP and
and the bas e edge parallel to VP. The pris
ri sm
is cut
cu t as shown
ow n in the following
owin g front vie
view. Draw the develome
oment of the late
at eral surface
ace of the pris
ri sm.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
a' (e') b' (d') c' A B C D E A

3' 3
(4') 4
15
20
(6') 1 1
1'
6
40
2' (5') 2 5
DEVELOPMENT
p' (t') q' (s') r' P 20 Q R S T P
(t) e
100
d (s)
6 5 4
(p) a 1 3 c (r)
20 2
b (q)

15. A hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm of base side
id e 20 mm and
an d heigh
ig ht 50 mm is re sting
ti ng on HP on its
it s base, such
uch that one of its
its base edge is parallel to VP.
The pris
ris m is cut
cu t in this
hi s positio
iti on as shown
owin g front vie
vi ew. Draw the deve lopment of the late
at e ral surface
ace of the pris
ris m.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(f') (e')
a' b' c' d' A B C D E F A
4' 3 4 5
(5') 3'
(6')
25
2' 2 DEVELOP
LO PMENT 6
1' 10' 1 10 1
50
(11') 9' 11
9
(12')
8' 8 12
7'
7
p' q' (u') r' (t') s' 7 P 20 Q R S T U P
120
(u) f e (t)
(p) a d (s)
20
b c
(q) (r)

16. A hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ris m of bas e side
id e 25 mm and
an d he igh
ting on HP on its
it s bas e s uch
uch that one of its
it s base edge s is parallel to VP.
The pris
ris m is cut
cut in this
hi s positio
iti on as shown
owin g front vie
vie w. Draw the development of the late
at eral surface
ace of the pris
ris m.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(f') (e')
a' b' (5') c' 3' d' A B C D E F A
1 3 1
1' 5
55
2 6
2' (6')
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
27,5
4'
Q 4S T U P
p' q' (u') r' (t') s' P 25 R
150
(u) f e (t)
6 5
(p) a 1
4 d (s)
25
2 3
b (q) c (r)

17. The ins
in side
id e of a hopper of flour mil
mill is to be line
ined with
wit h thin
hi n shee t. The top and
an d bottom of the hoppe r are regular pentago
ta gon
go n with
wit h each side
id e
equal to 30 mm and
an d 22.5
2. 5 mm res pecti
ectiv
ti vely. The heigh
ig ht of the hopper is 30 mm. Draw the shape of the sheet to which
whic h it is to be cut
cut so as
to fit int
in to the hopper. (e') a' (o') b' (d') c'
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
A
30
E
p' (t') (o ') q' (s') r'
1
P D
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
T
122,68
S C
92,01
R
22,5
B
d Q
30
e
s
t
92,01 P A
22,5
30
o (o ) r c
1 122,68
p
q
a

18. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d of side
id e of base 45 mm, altit
ti tude 70 mm is resting
ti ng with
wit h its
it s base on HP with
wit h two
two s ide
id es of the base parallel to VP.
The pyr
pyramid
ami d is cut
cut by a s ecti
ectio
ti on plane
an e which
whic h is perpendicu
dic ular to the VP and
an d incl
inc line
ined at 40 deg. to the HP. The cut
cutting
ti ng plane
an e bisect
ec ts the axis
axi s
of the pyr
pyramid
ami d. Obtain
tai n the developme nt of the late
at eral s urf ace
ace s of the truncat
nca ted pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
45
D
C
(3') 2'
76,8
40°
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
9
70
A
(4') 1' 4 B
35
1
3
(d') a' (o 1') (c') b' b1 '
2
d c
4 O A
1
3 76,89
(o1 ) b1
o
2
1
a b
q 45

19. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d base 40 mm side
id e and
an d axis
axi s 65 mm long has its
it s base on HP and
an d all the edge s of the bas e are e qually incl
inc line
in ed to VP. It is
cut
cut to with
wit h an incl
inc line
ined secti
ec tio
ti on plane
an e so as the truncat
nca te d s urf ace
ace at 45 de g. to its
its axis
axi s bisecti
ec ting
ti ng it. Draw the deve lopment of the truncat
nca te d
pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
D
C
40
3'
45°
70,8
(4') 2' A D E VE L O P ME N T
65
9
1 B
32,5
4
1'
3
2
a' (o1') b' (d') c'
d
A
O 1
70,89
4
a (o1 )
1 c
o 3
q 2
40

20. A frustum of a square pyr
pyramid
ami d has its
it s bas e 40 mm side
id e s top 16 mm s ide
id es and
and heigh
ig ht 60 mm, its
its axis
axi s is vertical
tica l and
an d a side
id e of its
it s base is
parallel to VP. Draw the projecti
ectio
ti ons of the frustum and
an d show the development of the late
at e ral surface
aces of it.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON: o'
A
D
41,57
40
(s') p' (r') q'

C
103,92 D E VE L O P ME N T
60
P B
S 16
R
Q
a' (d') (o1 ') (c') b' b '
1
P
d c O A
41,57
s r 103,92
q 40
(o ) b1
1 o
p q
q 16
a b

21. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d of 25 mm base edge and
and 50 mm heigh
ight re sts with
wit h its
its base on HP with
wit h all of its
it s e dges e qually incl
inc line
in ed to VP. It is cut
cu t by
a plane
ane pe rpendicu
dic ular to VP and
an d incl
inc line
ined to HP at 60 deg., pas sing through the extr
xtreme rig
ri ght corn
cor ner. Draw the development of the late
at eral
surface
ace of the pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
B
1' A
C
2' (4') 3
53,03
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
50
D
2
6 0°
25
1 4
a' (o1') b' (d') c' 3'
O A
d 1
53,03
4
a 1 c
(o1 ) o 3
q 2
25

22. A recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular pyr
pyramid
ami d, side
id e of base 25 mm X 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm has one of the side
id e s of the bas e is incl
inc line
ined at 30 deg. to the VP.
Draw the de velopme nt of the late
at eral s urfce
fc e of the cut
cut pyr
pyramid
ami d who
whose front vie
vi ew is shown
ow n below.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
D
4' C
(5')
60°
40
55,2
1' 2' 3'
50
8
(6') A
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
25
6 B
1 5 3 2
c'
25
a' b' (o 1') (d')
30°
4
d 1
O A
6 55,28
5
a o
c
1 (o1 ) 4
2
25
3
40
b

23. A frustum of a pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d smal
malle r base side
id e s 16 mm and
an d bigge
igg er top face
ace side
id e s 32 mm and
an d he igh
ight 40 mm is re sting
ti ng on the HP on
its
it s smal
malle r base, with
wit h one of its
its base side
id e s parallel to the VP. Draw the projecti
ec tio
tions of the frustum and
and develop the late
at eral s urf ace
ace it.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
a' (e') b' (o') (d') c' c1'
E
A
40
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
C
p' (t') q' (s') r'
84,5
(o 1')
T
S
42,25
P
R B
32
16
e d
16 O P A
t s 42,25
84,5
o c1
(o1)
a p r
c
q
32
b

ta gona
go nal
nal pyr
pyramid
ami d of s ide
id e of base 35 mm and
an d altit
ti tude 65 mm has its
it s bas e on HP with
wit h a side
id e of bas e perpendicu
dic ular to VP.
The pyr
pyramid
ami d is cut
cut by a secti
ec tio
ti on plane
an e perpendicu
dic ular to the VP and
an d incl
inc line
ine d at 30 deg. to HP. The cut
cutting
ting plane
an e mee ts the axis
axi s of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d at a poin
oint 30 mm below the ve rtex. Obtain
tai n the development of the remaini ng part of the pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
D
E
30
C
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
30°
71,49
3' (4')
35
65
2' (5') A
1'
B
5
1 4
3
a' (e') b' (o ') c' (d') 2
1
e
A
d O 1
5
71,49
4
a o
1 (o1 )
3
2
c
35

25. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pyr
pyramid
ami d, 30 mm side
id es with
wit h a side
id e of base perpendicu
dic ular to VP. Draw the deve lopment of the late
at e ral surface
aces of the retain
tai ne d
portio
tion of the pyr
pyramid
ami d shown
own in dark line
in es in the following
owin g fig.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
4' E D
60°
65,2
(5') 3'
(7') 1' C
60
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
2' A
(6')
30
6
7 B
5
1
a' (e') (o1') b' (d') c'
30
3
4 2
d 1
O A
e 65,2
6
5
7
o
30
(o ) c
1 4
1
a 3
2

26. A pe ntago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d of 30 mm edge s of base and
an d 50 mm heigh
ig ht rests vertical
tica lly with
wit h one of its
its edges paralle l to VP and
an d ne arer to it. It is
cut
cut as shown
own in following
owin g fig. Draw the de velopment of the late
at eral surface
aces of the upper portio
ti on of the pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
D
C
4 3
E
56,1
50
4
1'
B
(5') 5 DEVELOP
LO PMENT
2
2' A
30°
30
(4')
1
a' (e') (o 1') b' (d') c' 3'
O 1 A
e d 56,14
(o )
1
o
a c
30
b

27. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d, base side
id e 25 mm and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm, is res ting
ting with
wit h its
its base on HP and
and an edge of bas e incl
inc line
ine d at 40 deg. to VP.
It is cut
cut to the shape of the truncat
nca ted pyr
pyramid
ami d with
wit h the truncat
nca ted surface
ace indica
indicat
dica ted in the front vie
vi ew at a poin
oi nt on the axis
axi s 20 mm from the
apex and
an d incl
inc line
ined to 40 de g. to XY. Draw the projecti
ec tio
ti ons and
and show the development of the late
at eral surface
tion of the
pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
20
40°
E
(5') F
4' D
(6') 3'
65
1' 2'
60
A C
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
B
1 6
a' b' (f')(o ') c' (e') d' 5
25
1 4 3
40°
f 2
e O A
1
6 65
a 5
1
(o ) o
1 4
2 3 d
b
25 c

28. A he xago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d of side
id e s 35 mm and
and altit
titude 65 mm is resting
ti ng on HP on its
it s base with
wit h two
tw o of the base side
id e s perpendicu
dic ular to VP.
The pyr
pyramid
amid is cut
cut by a plane
ane incl
incline
ine d at 30 deg. to HP and
and perpendicu
dicular to VP and
and is int
intersecti
ecting
ting the axis
axis at 30 mm above the base .
Draw the developme nt of the remaini ng portio
ti on of the pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON: o'
73,80°
(4') 3' D 35
65
2
(5') 2' E
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
(6') 1' C
30
F
6 5
(f') (o 1') b' (e') (d') c' c ' B
4
e
a' 3
A 2
f 5 1
d
6 A
4 O 1
73,82
35
o c1
(o 1)
3
1
2 c
a b

29. A he xago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d 25 mms
mms ide
id e of base and
an d axis
axi s 65 mm long res ting
ting on its
it s base on HP with
wit h one of the edges parallel to VP. It is cut
cut by a
vertical
tica l s ecti
ec tio
tion plane
an e at a dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce of 8 mm from the axis
axi s towar
owa rds rig
ri ght side
id e. Deve lop the late
at eral surface
ace of the le ft part of the pyr
pyramid
ami d.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
F 5 E
3' D
A
69,64
65 DEVELOPMENT C
2' (4') 4
1
2
B
(o ') 1' (5')
1
a' b' (f') 8 c' (e') d' 3
25
f 5 e
O A
4 69,64
a o d
(o ) 3
1
2
25
b 1 c

30. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d of 30 mm bas e s ide
id es with
wit h a side
id e of base parallel to VP. Draw the developme nt of the late
at eral s urf ace
ace s of the re tain
tai ned
portio
ti ons of the pyr
pyramid
ami d cut
cu t by two
tw o perpendicu
dic ular plane
an es shown
ow n by dark line
in es in the fig.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
30
E D
8
67,0
F DEVELOP
LO PMENT C
60
1'
2' 3'
(5')
(4')
30 B
4 3
A 5
2
a' b' (f') (o ') c' (e') d'
1 1
f e
A
O 67,08
5 4
a (o1 ) d
o 3
1 2
b c

31. A vertical
tica l cylin
cyli nder of base diam
di ame
ameter 45 mm and
an d axis
axi s lengt
ng th 60 mm is cut
cu t by a plane
an e perpe ndicu
dic ular to VP and
an d incl
inc line
in ed at 50 deg. to HP,
is pas sing through the cen
ce ntre poin
oint of the top face
ace. Draw the developme nt of the late
at eral s urface
ace of the cylin
cyli nde r
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
(5') 4' 4 5
50°
(6') 3' 3 6
(7') 2' 2 7
1' 1
60
DEVELOPMENT
vp (m') (l') (k') (j') (h') y

x
hp a' b' c' d' e' f' g' A B C D E F G H J K L M A
k 141,37
l j
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 45

32. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the front vie
view of a mod
mo del of a s te el chimne
chimn ey of diamt
di amte
amt er 54 mm mad
made from a flat thin
hi n she et me tal
ta l fitt
itted over an
incl
inc line
ined plane
ane roof. Develop the portio
ti on of the chimne
chimn e y.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
169,64
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h')
a' b' c' d' e' f' g' A B C D 5 E F G H J 11 K L M A
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
45
(11') 18
(12') 5' 5 11
4' 6' (10') 6 10 12
4
7 9
3' 120° 8
7' 8' 3 13
1' 2' (13') (9') 2 14
(14')
1 1
k 11
l j
m h
a g
b f
c e
d 5
O 54

33. A vertical
tica l cylin
cyli nder of base diam
di ame
ame te r 50 mm and
an d axis
axi s lengt
ng th 60 mm is cut
cut by two
two plane
an es which
whic h are perpendicu
dic ular to VP and
an d incl
inc line
in ed at
45 deg. to HP and
an d passing through e ith
ithe r side
id e the cen
centre poin
oi nt of the top face
ace. Draw the development of the late
at eral surface
ace of the cylin
cyli nde r.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(10')
4' 4 10
45°
(11')
45°
3' 5' (9') 3 5 9 11

(12') 2' 6' (8') 2 6 8 12
1' 1 1
7' 7
60
DEVELOPMENT
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h')

a' b' c' d' e' f' g' A B C D E F G H J K L M A
l
k j 157,07
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 50

34. A pip
pi pe mad
made of using a half tubular (circu lar) with
wit h a half s quare in shape is cut
cu t as shown
owin g fig. Draw the development
of the late
at e ral surface
ace of the object.
ec t.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
9'
(7') (8') 8 9
(6') 1' 1 7 1
(5') 2' 2 6
30°
3' 3 4 5
4'
60
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
30
d' c' b' a' j' A B C D E F G H J A

(e') (f') (g') (h') 78,53 20 50 20
g h
f
e
50
b
a j
20

35. De velop the late
at eral surface
ace of the cylin
cyli nder of 40 mm diamt
di amte
amt er and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm which
whic h is cut
cut in the following
owin g way.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
4 5
4' (5') 3 6
30°
3' (6') 2 7
2' (7') 1 1
1'
60
DEVELOP
LO PMENT

(m') (l') (k') (j') (h')
125,66
k
l j
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 40

36. A cone
con e of bas e diam
di ame
ameter 60 mm and
an d heigh
ight 70 mm is resting
ti ng on int
in ts base on HP. It is cut
cut as s hown
owin g f ig. Draw the deve lopment
of the late
at eral surface
tion of the cone
con e .
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
3' o'
D
C
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
76,16
1' A B
70
2' (4')
4
35
2
1
141
.80
a' b' (d') (o 1') c'
d O 3 A
1
76,16
a c θ = (r/R) * 360
o (o1 )
= (30/7
(30/ 76.1
6. 16) * 360
θ = 141.80
1. 80 de g.
b
O 60

37. Develope the late
at eral s urface
ace of the cylin
cyli nder of 40 mm diam
di ame
am eter and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm which
whic h is cut
cut in the f ollowing
owin g way
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
60°
13' 13 13
14' (20') 14
45°
(24') 19 24
15' (21') 18' 18 20
19' 15
(23') 17' 17 21 23
16'
(22') 16 22
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
60
7' 6 7
6' 8
5' (8') 5 9
(11') 4' (9') 4 10
(12') (10')
3' 3 11
2'
30°
(k') (j') (h') 1 2 12

1' 1
(m') (l') k
l j 125,66
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 40

38. A Con
Cone of base diam
di ame
ame te r 60 mm and
an d he igh
ight 70 mm is re sting
ti ng on its
its base on HP, it is cut
cut as shown
owin g fig. Draw the
development of the late
at eral surface
tion of the cone
con e.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON: o'
D
C
76,16
1' 2' (3') A B
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
70
3
35
2
1 141
.80
a' b' (d') (o1') c'
A
d O 1
76,16
o
θ = (r/R) * 360
a c
(o1 ) = (30/7
(30/ 76.1
6. 16) * 360
θ = 141.80
1. 80 de g.
b
O 60

39. Draw the de velopment of the late
at eral surface
ace of a truncat
nca ted vertical
tica l cylin
cyli nde r, 40 mm diam
di ame
ame te r of base and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm, the truncat
nca te d f lat
surface
ace of the cylin
cyli nder bis ect
ects the axis
axi s at 60 deg. to it.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
7' 7 8
60° 5' 6'
5
6
(8') 9
4' (9') 4 10
50
3' (10') 3 11
2' (11') 2 12
1' 1
25
(12') 1 DEVELOP
LOPMENT

(m') (l') (k') (j') (h') 125,66
k
l j
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 40

40. Develop the late
at eral surface
ace of the cylin
cyli nde r of 40 mm diam
di ame
ame te r and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm cut
cu t in the f ollowing
owin g way.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
(10')
4' 4 10
(11')
3' 5' (9') 3 5 9 11
30
2' 6' (8') 2 6 8 12

(12')
60
1
1' 7' 1 7
DEVELOP
LOPMENT
(k')
(m') (l') (j') (h')
l
k
j 125,66
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 40

41. A rig
ri ght cone
con e of 55 mm diam
di ame
ameter of base and
an d 75 mm heigh
ight stan
ta nds on its
it s bas e on HP. It is cut
cut to the shape of truncat
nca ted cone
con e with
wit h its
it s
truncat
nca ted surface
ace incl
inc line
in ed at 45 deg. to the axis
axi s lying at a dis
di stanc
ta nce
nce of 40 mm f rom the apex of the cone
con e . Obtain
tai n the development of the
late
at eral s urface
ace of the truncat
nca ted cone
con e .
o'
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
K J
40 L
H
1' M
G
(12') 2'
79,88
3' (11') A DEVELOP
LO PMENT
F
75
4' 8
(10') 7
5' (9') 9 E
6
45° 10
6'
(8') 7' D
11 5
12
b' c' d' e' f' C
a' (m') (l') (k') (j') g'
(h') 1 4
l j 123
k . 93 B
3
10 9 h
m 2
11 8
A
12 1
a g 79,88
1 7
2 θ = (r/R) * 360
b 3 6 f
4 5 = (27.
(27.5/7
7. 5/79.
5/7 9.8
9.88) * 360
c e θ = 123.9
3. 93 deg.
d
O 55

O 60 42. Draw the development of the following
owin g truncat
nca ted cone
con e.
a' b' c' d' e' f' g'
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h') SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
1'
2' (12') A M L K
J
3'(11')
50
1 H
4' (10') 12
G
5' (9') 11
45°
6' (8') F
DEVELOPMENT
104,4
7'
10
O 30 E
9
D
8
7
6 C
5
4
10 3
k 3. B
44
l j 2
11 10
h A
m 9 1
12 8 104,4
a 1 g
7
θ = (r/R) * 360
2 6 = (30/1
(30/ 104.4)
04. 4) * 360
b f
5 θ = 103.4
03.44 deg.
3 4
c e
d

43. A hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d of 30 mm side
id es of base with
wit h a s ide
id e of base paralle l to VP. Draw the deve lopment of the late
at e ral surface
aces of the
re tain
tai ned portio
tion of the pyr
pyramid
ami d which
whic h is shown
ow n by dark line
ines in the following
owin g fig.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
o'
E D
8
67,0
60
1' 2' 3' C
F
(5') (4') DEVELOPMENT
30
30 4 3
5 2
a' b' (f') (o1 ') c' (e') d' A B
1
f e
5 4 A
O 67,08
a d
(o1 ) o 3
1 2
30
b c

44. Develop the late
at eral surface
ace of the cylin
cyli nde r of 40 mm diam
di ame
ame te r and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm which
whic h is cut
cut in the following
owin g way.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
30 1' (9') 1 9
2' (8') DEVELOPMENT

2 8
60
3' (7') 3 7
(6') 4 6
4'
5' 5
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h') 125,66
k j
l
m h
a g
b f
c e
d
O 40

45. Draw the development of the late
at eral surface
ace of the cone
con e, who
whose front vie
view is as shown
owin g fig.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
O 15
o'
19,5
K J H
L G
F
M
DEVELOPMENT
65
E
A 11
60
(8') 12 10
(9')
6' 7' 1 9
D
(10') 5' 8
7
(11') 4' 6
5
(12') 3' 4 C
30°
2'
1' 3
f' g' 138
a' b' c' d' (k') e' .46 B
(m') (l') (o 1') (j') (h') 2
k A
l j O 19,5 1
65
m h
a g θ = (r/R) * 360
o (o )
1 = (25/65) * 360
f θ = 138.46 deg.
b
c e
d
O 50

46. A cone
con e of base diam
di ame
ameter 50 mm and
an d heigh
ting with
wit h its
its base on HP. It is cut
cu t as s hown
owin g f ront vie
view of which
whic h is as
s hown
ow n in the fig. Draw the development of the late
at eral surface
ace of it
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
6'
(7') 5'
4' (8')
K J H
G
65
3'(9') L
60
F
M 11
10 E
A
2' DEVELOPMENT
(10') D
vp (m' 1' (11')
x y 9 C
hp a' ) b' c' d' e' f' g' 2
10 (l') (k') (j') (h')
7
8
3 1
65 4 B
k 138
l j .46
11
m h A
65
o
a g
(o1 )
θ = (r/R) * 360
b f θ = (25/6
(25/65)
5/6 5) * 360
1 θ = 138.4
8.46 deg.
c e
d
O 50

47. Draw the developme nt of the late
at eral s urf ace
ace of a f unnel cons
con sisting
ti ng of a cylin
cyli nder and
an d a frustum of a cone
con e. The diam
di ame
ameter of the cylin
cyli nder is
20 mm and
and top face
ace diam
di ame
ameter of the funnel is 80 mm. The he igh
ight of f rus tum and
an d cylin
cyli nder are e qual to 60 mm and
an d
40 mm respecti
ec tiv
ti ve ly.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON: θ = (r/R) * 360
O 80 = (40/8
(40/ 89.4
9.44) * 360
θ = 161.00
1. 00 de g.
94,69
DEVELOP
LO PMENT OF PART
ART A
60
A 4
27,61
8 9, 4
161°
6
22, 3
40
62,83
O 20
DEVELOP
LOPMENT OF PART
AR T B

48. Draw the deve lopment of the late
at e ral surface
ace of the cut
cut cone
con e, who
whose front vie
vie w is shown
ow n in the f ollowing
owin g fig.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
o'
J
21,67
K H
7 G
20
L
F
4' M
(5') 3' E
65
60
6 DEVELOPMENT D
2' (6') 1
C
5
vp (7') 1' (o1 ') 2
x y 4 138.
4 B
e' f' g' 6
hp a' b' c' d'
(m') (l') (k') (j') (h') 3
A
7 k j O 21,67 4
l
65
m h
o
a g
(o1 )
b f θ = (r/R) * 360
c e θ = (25/6
(25/65)
5/6 5) * 360
1 d θ = 138.4
8.46 deg.
O 50

49. A funne l is to be mad
made of sheet metal
ta l. The funnel tap
ta pers from 40 mm to 20 mm diam
di ame
ameter to a heigh
ight of 20 mm and
an d from 20 mm to 15 mm
diam
di ame
ameter, for the next 20 mm heigh
ight. The bottom of the funnel is be veled off to a plane
an e incl
inc line
ine d at 45 deg. to the axis
axi s. Draw the development
of t h e f u n n e l
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
O 40
A
DEVELOP
LO PMENT
20
A
20 44,7 22,36 θ = (r/R) * 360
= (20/4
(20/ 44.7
4. 72) * 360
161°
2
1' (12')
2' θ = 161.00
1. 00 deg.
20
(11') 3' (10')

45°
4' (8')
5'
(9') 6'
22,36
7'
O 15 44,72
80,62
A
B M
1
12 L
K
11 J
10 B H θ = (r/R) * 360
9 G
F = (10/80.6
0/80. 62) * 360
8 7
6 E θ = 44.6
4.65 deg.
DEVELOP
LO PMENT 5 D
4
C
44.65 3 B
2
A
1
80,62

50. A funnel is mad
made of shee t metal
ta l. The funnel tap
ta pe rs from 60 mm to 30 mm diam
di ame
ameters to a heigh
ight of 25 mm and
an d the n forms
rms to a cylin
cyli nde r
with
wit h a heigh
ight of 50 mm. Bot
Bottom of funnel is be velle d off comp
com pletely at an
ang
angle of 45 de g. to axis
axi s. Draw the developme nt of funnel. A
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON: DEVELOPMENT
O 60
174.79
A 29,7
29,7
O 30 58,31
A B C D E F G H J K L M A
1
58,3
B
B
DEVELOPMENT
1' 1 1
(12') 2'
50
2 12
(11') 3' 3 11 θ = (r/R) * 360
4' (10') θ = (30/5
(30/ 58.3
8. 31) * 360
4 10
5'
45°
(9') 6' θ = 185.2

5. 21 deg.
5 9
(8') 6 8
7' 7
94,24

1. A sphere of diam
di ame
am eter 50 mm rests cen
ce ntrally on top of acub
acu be of side
id e s 50 mm. Draw the isome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti ons of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on of solids
id s.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
O 50
50
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 50
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 251- Isometric Projections

2. A he mis
misphere of 40 mm diam
di ame
ame te r is supporte d co-
co- axial
axia lly on the ve rte x of a cone
con e of bas e diam
di ame
ameter 60 mm lengt
ng th 50 mm. The f lat circul
circu lar
face
ace of the hemis
misphe re is facing ups ide
id e. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on of solids
id s.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
20
50
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 40
O 60

3. Draw the isome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of a recta
ectang
ta ngu
ng ular pris
ri sm of 60 x 80 x 20 mm thick surmo
rm ounting
ti ng a tetrahedron of s ide
id es 45 mm such
uc h that the axe
ax es
of the solids
id s are col
colline
ine ar and
an d atl
at le ast one of the e dges of both the s olids
id s are parallel to VP.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
45
20
vp
x y
hp
60
45
30°
30°
80

4. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the top vie
vie w of a cylin
cyli nder which
whic h is cen
ce ntrally mou
mounted on a frustum of a pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pyr
pyramid
ami d of 60 mm he igh
ight. Draw the
is ome
ometric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion of s olids
id s.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
100
20
50
30°
30°
O 40

5. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure s hows
ows the f ront vie
view of comb
combinati
ina tio
tion of s olids
ids cons
cons isting
ting a cut
cut s phere and
and frustum of a cone
cone and
and a square pyr
pyramid
ami d. Draw the
Is ome
ometric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on of solids
id s.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
O 56,57
10
30
O 60
40
O 70
30
q 70
30°
30°
q 90

6. The frus tum of a square pyr
pyramid
ami d of side
id es 40 mm and
an d he igh
ight 60 mm rest on the cen
ce ntre of the top of a square block of side
id e 60 mm and
an d he igh
ight
20 mm. The base e dges of the pyr
pyramid
ami d are parallel to the top edges of the square block. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion of
the solids
id s. q 20
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
60
20
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 40
q 60

7. A square pyr
pyramid
ami d of bas e side
id e 40 mm and
and heigh
ight 70 mm re sts s ymme
ymm etrical
rica lly on a cub
cu be of e dge 50 mm, which
whic h its
it se lf is place
aced on a cylin
cyli nder of
diam
di ame
ameter 80 mm and
an d thickn
hick ness 30 mm. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the solids
id s . if the axe
axes of the three solids
id s are in common
commo n line
in e.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
70
q 40
50
q 50
30
30°
30°
O 80

ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm of base edge 30 mm and
an d axis
axi s 60 mm is mou
mounted cen
centrally over a cylin
cyli ndrical
rica l block of 80 mm diam
di ame
ameter and
an d
25 mm thick. Draw isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com bine
in ed solids
id s.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
60
25
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 80
30

9. A sphere of diam
di ame
am eter 30 mm rests on the f rus tum of a hexago
xag onal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d base 30 mm, top face
ace 18 mm side
id e and
an d heigh
ig ht 50 mm, such
uch that
their axe
axe s coinci de. Draw the Is ome
ometric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com bine
ined solids
id s.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON: O 30
15
50
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
18
30
O 30

10. A pentago
ta gona
go nal
nal pyr
pyramid
ami d of bas e s ide
id e 30 mm and
an d axis
axi s lengt
ti ng on HP on its
it s base with
wit h a side
id e of base pe rpendicu
dic ular to
VP. Draw its
it s projecti
ec tio
ti ons.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
60
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
30

11. Draw isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of a hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm of side
id e of base 40 mm and
an d he igh
ight 60 mm with
wit h a rig
ri ght circul
circu lar cone
con e of base 40 mm as
diam
di ame
am eter and
an d altit
titude 50 mm, re sting
ti ng on its
its top s uch
uch that the axe
ax es of both the s olids
id s are col
colline
ine ar.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
50
60
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
40
O 40

12. A cone
con e of base diam
di ame
ameter 30 mm and
an d heigh
ight 40 mm re sts cen
ce ntrally over a cub
cube of side
id e 50 mm. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the
comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on of solids
id s .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
40
50
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 50
O 30

13. A cone
con e of bas e diam
di ame
ameter 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm res ts cen
ce ntrally over a f rus tum of a pe ntago
ta gona
go nal
na l
pyr
pyramid
ami d of base side
id e 45 mm and
an d top side
id e 35 mm and
an d he igh
ight 55 mm. Draw Isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti ons of
the s olids
id s.
50
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
55
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 40
45
35

14. A sphe re of diam
di ame
ameter 45 mm rests cen
ce ntrally ove r a frustum of cone
con e of base diam
di ame
ameter 60 mm, top diam
di ame
ameter 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm.
Draw its
its isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tions.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
O 45
22,5
60
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 40
O 60
O 45
Department of Mechanical Engineering - 264- Isometric Projections

15. A hemis
misphere of diamt
di amte
amt e r 50 mm is cen
centrally res ting
ting on top of a square pris
ri sm of bas e s ide
id e 60 mm and
an d heigh
ight 30 mm s uch
uch that the cur
cu rved
surface
ace of hemis
misphe re is touchi
uc hing
hi ng the top face
ace of the pris
ris m. Draw the is ome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti ons.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
25
30 O 50
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 60

16. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on of solids
id s f orme
rm ed by a frustum of cone
con e and
an d co-
co-axial
axia l frustum of pentago
ta gona
gonal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d.
The lowe
ower frustum of cone
con e is of 80 mm base diam
di ame
ame te r, 60 mm top diam
di ame
ameter and
an d he igh
ight 25 mm, the upper frustum of pyr
pyramid
ami d is of 30 mm
side
id e of base, 20 mm side
id e of top f ace
ace and
an d heigh
ight 40 mm.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
40
25
vp
x y
hp
O 80
O 60
20
30
30°
30°

17. A cone
con e of bas e diam
di ame
ameter 50 mm and
an d heigh
ight 40 mm is place
ace d cen
ce ntrally on the top face
ace of a s quare slab - 80 mm and
and heigh
ig ht 20 mm. Draw
the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
40
20
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
50
q 80

18. A recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular pyr
pyramid
ami d of base - 40 mm X 25 mm and
and heigh
ight 50 mm is place
aced cen
ce ntrally on a
cylin
cyli ndrical
rica l slab of diam
diame
am eter 100 mm and
and thickn
hickness - 30 mm. Draw the isome
ometric projecti
ectio
tion of
the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
50
30
vp
x y
hp
O 100
25
40
30°
30°

19. A recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular pyr
pyramid
ami d of base - 40 mm X 25 mm and
an d heigh
ig ht 50 mm is place
aced cen
ce ntrally on a recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ngular slab side
id es 100 mm X 60 mm
and
an d thickn
hick ne ss - 20 mm. Draw the isome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
50
20
vp
x y
hp
40
30°
30°
60
25
100

20. A s quare pris
ri sm base side
id e - 40 mm, heigh
ight 50 mm is place
aced cen
ce ntrally on a
cylin
cyli ndrical
rica l slab of diam
di ame
ameter 100 mm and
an d thickn
hick ne ss 30 mm. Draw the
isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
50
30
100
O
q 40
30°
30°
21. A square pris
ris m base side
id e - 40 mm, heigh
ight 50 mm is place
ace d cen
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular slab side
id e s 100 mm X 60 mm and
and thickn
hick nes s 20 mm.
Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
50
20
vp
x y
hp
q 40
60
30°
30°
100

22. A frustum of cone
con e base diamt
di amte
amt er 50 mm, top diamt
di amte
amt e r 25 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm is
O 25
place
aced cen
centrally on a cylin
cyli ndrical
rica l slab of diam
diame
am eter 100 mm and
and thickn
hicknes s 30 mm.
Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
50
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
O 50
30
vp y
x
hp
O 25
30°
30°
O 50
O 10
0

con e bas e diam
di ame
di ame
am eter 25 mm and
and heigh
ight 50 mm is place
aced cen
centrally on a square s lab side
id e 80 mm and
and
thickn
hick ness - 30 mm. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
50
30
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 80
O 25
O 50

con e base diam
di ame
am eter 50 mm, top diam
di ame
ame te r 25 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm is place
ace d cen
ace of a cylin
cyli nder
diam
di ame
am eter 60 mm and
an d heigh
ight 60 mm. Draw the is ome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
50
60
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 60
O 25
O 50

25. A he mis
mis phere diam
di ame
ameter 50 mm is res ting
ting on its
it s cur
curved surface
ace cen
ace of f rus tum of a recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular pyr
pyramid
ami d
base - 80 mm X 60 mm and
an d top - 60 mm X 40 mm, heigh
ight 55 mm. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
O 50
25
55
vp
x y
hp
60
40
30°
30°
60

26. A hemis
mis phere diam
di ame
ameter 70 mm is place
aced on the ground on its
it s cur
curved surface
ace, A cone
con e bas e diam
di ame
am eter 70 mm and
an d heigh
ight 70 mm is place
ace d
cen
ce ntrally on it. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
70
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 70

27. Following
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the front and
an d side
id e vie
vie ws of solid.
id . Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the solid.
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
60 30 30
60
30
30°
30°
28. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the front and
and side
id e vie
vi ews of solid.
id . Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the solid.
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
60 30 30
O 30
60
30°
30°

29. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the front and
and side
id e vie
vi ews of solid.
id . Draw the Isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the solid.
id .
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
35
O 35 40
70
35
30
q 70
30°
30°
30. Following
owin g f igu
igure shows
ows the front and
an d top vie
views of s olid.
id . Draw the Isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the solid.
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
30
20
15
vp
x y
hp
q 35
30°
30°
O 70
q 20

31. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the front and
an d top vie
vi ews of solid.
id . Draw the Isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the solid.
id .
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
30
20
15
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 70
O 50
q 30

32. F ollowing
owin g figu
igure shows
ow s the front and
and side
id e vie
vi ews of solid.
id . Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the solid.
id .
15
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
60
10 25
15
15
60 45
30°
30°

33. A sphere diam
di ame
ameter 60 mm is place
aced cen
centrally on the top face
ace of a square pris
ri sm side
id e - 60 mm and
an d heigh
ig ht 70 mm. Draw the Isome
ome tric
projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
O 60
70
x vp y
hp
q 60
30°
30°
34. A s phere of 60 mm is place
aced cen
ace of a hexago
xag onal
nal pris
ris m s ide
id e - 35 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm. Draw the isome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on
of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
O 60
50
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
35

35. A pe ntago
ta gona
go nal
na l pyr
pyramid
ami d bas e side
id e - 25 mm and
and heigh
ig ht 65 mm is place
aced cen
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular slab 100 mm X 60 mm and
an d 20 mm thick.
Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
65
20
vp
x y
hp
30°
60
25
30°
100

36. A cone
con e bas e diam
di ame
ameter 45 mm and
an d heigh
ig ht 65 mm and
an d heigh
ight 65 mm is place
aced cen
centrally on the top f ace
ace of a pentago
ta gona
go nal
na l pris
ri sm side
id e - 45 mm
and
an d he igh
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
65
35
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 45
45

37. A sphere diam
di ame
ame te r 40 mm is place
aced cen
ce ntrally on the flat face
ace of a hemis
mis phere diam
di ame
ameter 60 mm. Draw the is ome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the
comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
O 40
30
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 40
O 60

38. A cone
con e of base diam
di ame
di ame
ameter 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm is place
aced cen
centrally on f rus tum of a square pyr
pyramid
ami d bas e s ide
id e
100 mm top face
ace side
id e - 60 mm and
and heigh
ig ht 20 mm. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
50
20
vp
x y
hp
q 60
q 100
30°
30°
39. A frus tum of a square pyr
pyramid
amid base s ide
ide - 40 mm, top face
ace side
ide - 20 mm and
and heigh
ight 40 mm is place
aced cen
centrally on frustum of a cone
cone base
diam
di ame
di ame
ameter 60 mm and
an d heigh
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
q 20
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
40
20
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
O 80
q 40
O 60

40. A trian
ri ang
an gular pyr
pyramid
ami d base side
id e - 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm is place
aced cen
ce ntrally on a square s lab side
id e - 80 mm and
an d 20 mm thick. Draw the
is ome
ometric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
50
20
vp
x y
hp
40
30°
30°
q 80

41. A cub
cube of side
id e - 25 mm is resting
ti ng cen
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular slab 100 mm X 40 mm and
an d 30 mm thick. Draw the isome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the
comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON: q 25
25
30
vp
x y
hp
q 25
30°
30°
40

42. Two
Two recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular plate
at e s are place
aced cen
ce ntrally with
wit h dime
dim e ns ion
ions (lxbxh) 100 mm X 60 mm X 20 mm and
an d 100 mm X 40 mm X 20 mm such
uc h that
longe
nge r edges are paralle l. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
20
20
vp
x y
hp
60
40
30°
100 30°

43. A cub
cube of side
id e - 40 mm is re sting
ti ng cen
ce ntrally on a hexago
xag onal
na l pris
ri sm bas e s ide
id e - 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 50 mm, such
uc h that one of the bas e side
id es
of the cub
cube is paralle l to one of the side
ides of the top face
ace of the pris
rism. Draw the Is ome
ometric projecti
ectio
tion of the comb
combinati
inatio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
40
50
vp
x y
hp
q 40
40
30°
30°

44. A trian
ri ang
an gular pris
ri sm base side
id e - 30 mm and
and lengt
ng th - 70 mm is res ting
ting on its
it s recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ngular f ace
ace on top of a s quare slab side
id e - 70 mm and
an d 25 mm
thick. Draw the is ome
ometric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
30
25
25
70 70
30°
30°

45. A square pris
ri sm of base side
id e - 30 mm and
and le ngt
ng th - 70 mm, is res ting
ting on its
it s recta
ectang
ta ngu
ng ular f ace
ace on top of a square slab side
id e - 70 mm and
an d
25 mm - thick. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
30 X1
30
25
70 Y1 70
30°
30°
46. Thre e recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular slabs (lxbxh) 100 mm X 60 mm X 20 mm, 100 mm X 40 mm X 20 mm and
an d 100 mm X 20 mm X 20 mm are
place
aced one above the other in the asce
sc ending
di ng order of the ir widt
wid th - b, such
uc h that the ir longe
ng er axe
axes are co-
co- plana
an ar. Draw the
isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
20
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
20
10
20
20
60
30°
30°
47. Three cub
cu bes of side
id es 60 mm, 40 mm and
and 20 mm are place
ace d cen
ce ntrally one above the othe r in the asce
sc ending
di ng orde r of their
side
id e . Draw the is ome
ome tric projecti
ec tio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
tion.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
20
40
60
vp
x y
hp
q 60
q 40
q 20
30°
30°

48. A cone
con e of base diam
di ame
ame te r 50 mm and
an d he igh
ight 60 mm is place
aced cen
ce ntrally on an equil
ui late
at eral trian
ri ang
an gular pris
ris m of side
id e - 100 mm and
and 20
mm thick. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OL UTION:
ON:
50
O 50
20
vp
x y
hp
50
O
30°
30°
100

49. A s quare pris
ri sm side
id e - 40 mm and
an d heigh
ight 70 mm has a f ull depth co-
co-axial
axia l square hole side
id e - 20 mms
mmsuch
uch that the edge s of both the s quare s
are parallel. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ec tio
tion of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLU
OLUTION:
ON:
70
vp
x y
hp
30°
30°
q 20
q 40

50. A recta
ec tang
ta ngu
ng ular slab base - 100 mm X 80 mm and
an d he igh
ight 30 mm has a full depth co-
co-axial
axia l s quare hole side
id e 40 mm, such
uc h that one of the s ide
id es
of the s quare is paralle l to one of the side
id es of the recta
ectang
ta ngl
ng le. Draw the isome
om etric projecti
ectio
ti on of the comb
com binati
ina tio
ti on.
SOLUTION:
30
vp
x y
hp
q 40
80
30°
30°
100

CAED Solutions 230825 205009

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CAED Solutions 230825 205009

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1. Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line, keeping convenient distance between each projectors.

Name the quadrants in which they lie.

Point A is in 1st Quadrant

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 01- Projection Of Points

Point E is in 3rd Quadrant

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 02- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 03- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 04- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 05- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 06- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 07- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 08- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 09- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 10- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 11- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 12- Projection Of Points

The distance between front vie

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 13- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 14- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 15- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 16- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 17- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 18- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 19- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 20- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 21- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 22- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 23- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 24- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 25- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 26- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 27- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 28- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 29- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 30- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 31- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 32- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 33- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 34- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 35- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 36 - Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 37- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 38- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 39- Projection Of Points

h E - 1st as well as 2nd Qua

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 40- Projection Of Points

P - 20 mm below HP and 20 mm infront of VP - 4th Qua

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 41- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 42- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 43- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 44- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 45- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 46- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 47- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 48- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 49- Projection Of Points

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSJBIT - 50- Projection Of Points

a' (A) 30° b1' ANS

VP (A) a' 30° b1 ' a'b' = 56.57 mm

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 52 - Pojection Of Straight Lines

b' (B) LOCUS

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 53 - Pojection Of Straight Lines

Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT - 54 - Pojection Of Straight Lines