University of wolaita

Department of civil
Engineering

Course title: - research methodology

Individual Project
Name:- fekadu geta mandado
Id: WSU/CIVL WE/049/09

RESEARCH Submission DAY 30/10/2021

METHODOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………..1

1.2Scope and objective of soil investigation…………………………………….………………..1

1.3 Project location and Topography………………………………………………………………….1

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Bearing capacity and settlement calculation…………………………………………………1

2.1.1 Bearing capacity……………………………………………………………………………..1

2.1.1.1Bearing capacity at 1 m…………………………………………………………………2

2.1.1.2 Bearing capacity at 1.5m…………………………………………….………………..3

2.1.1.3 Bearing capacity at 2 m……………………………………………….……………….3

2.1.1.4Bearing capacity at 2.5 m…………………………………………………………….4

2.1.2 Check stability of settlement……………………………………………………………………..4

2.2 Foundation selection and Recommendation………………………………………………..5

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Depth determination…………………………………………………………………………………….9

3.1.1 Punching shear…………………………………………………………………………………….9

3.1.2 Bending moment……………………………………………………………………………….10

3.1.3 Reinforcement detail…………………………………………………………………………11

Chapter Four

4.1 Bill of quantity……………………………………………………………………………………14

Acknowledgement
First I would like thank the supreme power to help as to complete this project.

Wolaita Sodo University Civil Engineering

Next I would like to thanks MY Instructor ESHETU M

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INTRODUCTION
Soil exploration is necessary to get detail information about the order of occurrence , extent of soil, rock

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strata, location of ground water and its variation, nature and engineering properties of soil and rock
formation.

The exploration can be performed by in-situ test and laboratory test .The data given here report for
calculation bearing capacity of soil as well as settlement of foundation are obtained from previously
worked data given by our instructor last year.

Geotechnical investigation report of simple structure building .The purpose of exploratory investigation
is to obtain reliable information about the characteristics of the sub surface nature and ground water
level over which the structure has to be built.

1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF SITE INVESTIGATION4

The scope of geotechnical investigations include test petting in situ test, collecting of representative
samples and subsequent laboratory tests to determine the engineering properties, ground water
measurements and acquiring coordinates and elevations with total station .

The purpose of the investigation are:-

 To investigate the sub surface geology of the proposed construction site and identify the
various soil horizons
 To carry out in situ tests to determine the strength of the various soil horizons within the
influence zone of foundation
 To collect representative samples (disturbed or undisturbed)
 To provide safe and economic foundation including the bearing layer, allowable bearing
capacity, depth and width of foundation and type of foundation.

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

The project site is found in “BODDIT CHERAKE RIVER “at elevation of 2750 m above sea level. The project
site is generally characterized by flat topographic feature.

2.1 BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT CALCULATION

A) Bearing capacity
Given data
C=0 KN/m2
Ø=32
r=16.4 KN/m3
E=50 Mpa
U=0.4
Required Bearing capacity
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SOLUTION

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 A) Using Meyerhof’s equation (method)
q=C Ncic dc sc + rDqNqiqdqsq + 0.5 rBNrirsrdr

Let as check one by one

Step 1:-determining bearing capacity factor

NC=35.49 Nq=23.18 Nr=22.02

Step 2:-calculate depth factor

By assuming Length of the footing=2m

Width of footing= 2m

Cross section area=2mx2m

Load transferring to footing=2287.5 KN

Depth of the footing will be

Dq=q/r(1-sinO/1+sinO)

q=Q/A=2287.5/(2mx2m)

=571.88KN/m2

Therefore Dq=2.9987=3m

Then the footing can be safe on sand reaches to 3 m So let’s check the bearing capacity of the soil at
1m, 1.5m, 2m, 2.5m, and 3m

a) Bearing capacity at 1m
i) depth factor

Dc=1+0.2D/b tan (45+Ø/2))

=1+0.2x1m/2tan 61

=1.055

Dq=dr=1+0.1xd/b tan 61

=1+0.1x1/2tan61

=1.028

ii) Shape factor

Sc=1+ 0.2KpB/L for any Ø such that (Kp=tan2(45+Ø/2)=1.65 2|Page

Sq=Sr=1+0.1KpB/L

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 =1+0.1x3.25x2/2

=1.325

iii) Calculate the inclination factor

IC=iq=ir=1 for vertical load

By substituting the values calculated before and gets

q=910.11KN/m2

Q=AXq

=2mx2mx910.11

=3640KN> 2287.5 KN

FS=(3640/2287.5)

=1.59Not safe because FS must be b/n 3 and 4

b) Bearing capacity at 1.5 m

Have the same procedure and gets

q=1234.63KN/m2

Q=Axq

=2x2x1234.63

=4938.52KN >2287.5 KN

FS=4938.52/2287.5

=2.16……………………………………… Not safe

c) Bearing capacity at 2m
q=1591.89 KN/m2

Q=Axq

=2mx2mx1591.89

=6367.56 KN >2287.5 KN
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FS=6367.56/2287.5

=2.78……………………………………………Not safe

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 d) Bearing capacity at 2.5 m
q=1858.59KN/m2

Q=AXq

=1858.59x2x2

=7434.36KN

FS=7434.36/2287.5

=3.25……………………………………….Safe

So we can excavate up to 2.5m and our structure becomes safe

Therefore we can decide our footing becomes “SHALLOW FOUNDATION”

B) Check stability of Settlement

Are two types:-

I) immediate settlement (Si)

ii) Consolidation settlement (Sc)

i) Immediate settlement:- caused by the elastic deformation of soil mass on application of a load.

ii) Consolidated settlement:-is long term settlement taking place over period of time due to the gradual
expulsions of water from the soil pore. In pure sand consolidation settlement is zero.

Then using the table given below we can get poison’s ratio (µs) for E=50 Mpa so for our value the
suitable value of E Poisson ratio is 0.38…………(0.3-0.45)

The sand is pure, the consolidation settlement is zero

Se=Sc+Si……………………………Se=0

Se=Si

Se=qxB/E

The values of

E=50 Mpa

q=1858.59

Type of soil E(Mpa) µs

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Loose sand 10.5-24 0.2-0.4
Medium dense sand 17.25-27.6 0.25-0.4
Dense sand 34.5-55.7 0.3-0.45
Silty sand 10.35-17.75 0.2-0.4

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Sand and gravel 69-172.5 0.15-0.35
Soft clay 4.1-20.7
Medium clay 20.7-41.4 0.2-0.5

Find influence factor (If) for rectangular (L/B)=2/2=1

Shape factor for Flexible Rigid=0.8xcenter

rectangular area
Center corner Average
1.0 1.12 0.56 0.95 0.90
1.5 1.36 0.68 1.20 1.09
2.0 1.53 0.77 1.31 1.22
5.0 2.10 0.05 1.83 1.68
10.0 2.52 1.26 2.25 2.02
100.0 3.38 1.69 2.96 2.70

Therefore If =0.9

Si=qxb/E (1-µs2) If=1858.59*2/50x106(1-0.382)x0.9

= 42mm

1.4 Foundation selection and Recommendation

We have seen before our foundation type is shallow foundation. Types of shallow foundation are as
follows:-

 Spread Isolated footing

 Combined footing
 Cantilever footing
 Continuous footing

Out of the available type of footing we select spread footing due to the following reason:-

Used to support individual column

Are the most common types of foundation, primerly because of their cost and ease of
construction?
They are most often used:-
 In small to medium structure
 On sites with moderate to good soil conditions

On some large structures when they are located at sites underlain by exceptionally good soil or shallow
bedrock 5|Page

Now let’s proceed to designing of isolated/spread footing

. Foundation design

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 1.5 Data taken

Soil type: class A, soft rock allowable pressure

Presumed design bearing resistant=7434.36 KN

Giving allowance for earthquake

δall=7434.36(1+0.25)=9292.95KPa

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Material data:

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 Concrete grade c-30

Steel grade s-400

Design constants B

C-30 fck=30*0.8=24MPa

Fctk=1.75MPa

Fctd=1.19MPa

S-400 fyk=400MPa

Fyd=347.83MPa

1.6 Geometry
Column size: 40*30cm

Load from superior structure considering for critical case of all the combination and considering the
stress developed

P=2287.5KN

Mx=18.495KN.m

My=11.819KN.m

Assuming a square footing of size 2mx2m&depth of 1m

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1.7 Design load:

Self weight= L*w*h*, =25KN/m3

=2*2*1*25*1.3=130KN

Soil weight= (22-0.42)*1*19*1.3=94.85K N

Design load Pd = 2287.5+130+94.85=2512.35KN

1.8 Footing size proportioning

From bearing capacity of the soil using the theoretical method

δmax/min=P/A (1±6ex/a±6ey/b)…………*
For square footing a=b

Ex & ey are eccentricity in the x & y direction respectively

ex=My/P=11.819/2512.35=0.0047m

ey=Mx/P=18.495/2512.35=0.0074m

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Substituting these values in equation *, the dimensions of the footing is calculated as fallows

1062.5=2512.35/a2(1±6*0.0047/a±6*0.0074/a)

0.43a3= (a±0.0282±0.0444)

0.43a3-a=0.0726so by trial and error the value of a will be

a=1.56m<2m…….ok!

9.5 Stress distribution

δmax/min=P/A (1±6ex/a±6ey/b)

δ1 (++) =462.33kpa

δ2 (+-) =183.46kpa

δ3 (-+) =633.17kpa

4 (--) =605.29kpa

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 1.9 Depth determination
1.10 Punching shear
Punching shear resistance VRD is given by

VRD=0.25fctd*k1*K2*U*d…..EBCS-2, 1995 Art (4.7.6)

Where k1= (1+50p) 2

K2=1.6d1.0

d= (dx+dy)/2= (0.94+0.92)/2=0.93m

U perimeter of the critical section

K1=1+50*0.002=1.1<2

K2=1.6d=1.6*d

U=4(0.4+d)*d U is perimeter of the footing

VRD=0.25*1.19*1.1*1.6*d*4(0.4d+d2)

VRD=2.09d(0.4d+d2)=836d2+2090d3

Actual punching shear

V acting=2512.35-(0.4+d)2*408.31 δavg=(633.17+183.46)/2=408.31KPA
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=2104.04-326.65d-408.31d2

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VRDVACT

836d2+2090d32104.04-326.65d-408.31d2

2090d3+1244.31d2+326.65d2104.04

Solving the equation above d=0.7962<0.93……ok!

1.11Check for wide beam shear

Vcw=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d EBcS2 1995 art4.5.3.1

Vcw=0.25*1.19*1.1*1.28*2*0.93*103=389.56KN

The critical section for wide beam shear is at a distance d from the column face

X=2/2-0.4/2-0.93=-0.13m

Therefore the critical section for wide beam shear is outside the section of the footing, so wide beam
shear have no effect.

1.12 Bending moment

The critical section for the bending moment is at the face of the support (column)

In the x-direction

Mxx=1/2*w*l2=1/2*(533.81)*0.82=170.82KN.m

In the y direction

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Myy=1/2*322.89*0.82=103.33KNm

1.13Reinforcement calculation
In the x-direction

Mx=18.495KN m

d=0.94

b=1m

Using the general design table1a

Km=MX/ (bd2) =4.57

The value of km is below the range of design table so, minimum reinforcements are provided

Asmin=pmin*b*d ,Pmin=0.6/400=0.0015

=0.0015*1000*940=1410mm2

Spacing= b*as/AS=1000*314/1410=225.69mm, as=*202/4=314mm2

Use ø20 c/c=225mm

In the Y direction

My=11.819KN m 11 | P a g e

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dy=0.92

b=1m

Km= (11.819/1*0.922)=3.74

Asmin=0.0015*1000*920=1380mm2

Spacing=1000*314/1380=227.54mm

Use ø20 c/c =225mm

1.14Embedment length for column reinforcement

Ld= ø*fyd/4fbd

fyd=347.83MPA

Fbd=2fctd=2*1.19=2.38MPA

Ld=20*347.83/4*2.38=730.73mm

Lavailable= (2000-400-50)/2=750mm

Ld<Lavailable….ok!

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REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

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 1.16BILL OF QUANTITY
13 ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT D/B Total
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PRICE
SUBSTRUCTURE
1. EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORK
1.1 Site clearing and removing of top soil(20 cm thick soil) m2 22.68 12321.44
1.2 Bulk excavation in ordinary soil to an average depth of m3 189
1500mm from reduced level
1.3 Pit excavation in ordinary soil to depth of 1500 mm from m3 133.41 1324.55
reduced level
1.4 Fill around foundation from granular material imported
from outside(from quarry) and
1.5 compact in layer not exceed 20 cm thick m3 1209.6 4352.66
7
1.6 load and cart away excavated material as per engineers m3 218.7 2356.55
direction
2. CONCRETE WORK
2.1 5 cm lean concrete quality C-5 150 kg/m3 "type of cement m2 69.35 654.43
to be PCC" under footing
2.2 Reinforced concrete quality C-25 filled in to formwork and
vibrated around rod reinforcement
/formwork and reinforcement measured separately/"type m3 2356.1 7869.44
of cement to be PCC" in footings 6
3.Reinforcement
3.1 Dia 6 mm plain bar kg 80.62 342.54
3.2 Dia 16 mm deformed bar kg 47.05 452.56
3.3 Dia 20 mm deformed bar kg 53.93 355.43

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