1. Define p-n junction.

The point at which p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined is called
p-n junction.
2. Define p-n junction diode.
P-n junction diode is the two terminal device, which allows the electric
current in one direction and blocks in another direction.
3. List various applications of diodes.
The various applications of diodes include computers, mobile phones,
radios, television, and so on.

4. Define zero bias p-n junction diode.

The p-n junction diode in which no voltage is applied is called zero bias
p-n junction diode.
5. Define barrier voltage.
Barrier voltage is the voltage or electric field build near the p-n junction,
which prevents the electric current through the semiconductor.
6. Define depletion region.
Depletion region is the region present near the p-n junction where no
mobile charge carriers are present.
7. Define biasing of diode.
The process of applying voltage across the p-n junction diode is called
biasing of diode.
8. Define forward voltage.
If the voltage is applied across the diode in such a way that, the positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type semiconductor and the
negative terminal of the battery is connected to the n-type semiconductor,
the diode is said to be forward biased.

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9. Define reverse voltage.
If the voltage is applied across the diode in such a way that, the positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the n-type semiconductor and the
negative terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type semiconductor,
the diode is said to be reverse biased.
A p-n junction diode allows electric current only in Forward bias
10. What is the forward biased voltage for silicon?
0.7 volts
11. What is the forward biased voltage for germanium?
0.3 volts
12. Define electron emission.
The process by which free electrons are emitted from the metal surface is
called electron emission.
13. Define work function.
The amount of external energy required to remove an electron from the
metal is called work function.
Work function is measured in Joules
14. List different types of electron emission.
The different methods to emit free electrons from the metal surface
include:
Electric field electron emission
Thermionic emission
Photoelectric emission
Secondary emission
15. Define thermionic emission.
The process by which free electrons are emitted from the metal surface
when external heat energy is supplied is called thermionic emission.

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16. Define thermions.
The free electrons which are escaped from the metal surface under the
application of heat energy are called thermions.
17. Define threshold temperature.
The minimum temperature at which the metal starts emitting the free
electrons is called threshold temperature.
18. Define electric field electron emission.
The process by which free electrons are emitted from the metal surface
when strong electric field is applied is called electric field electron
emission.
19. Define photoelectric emission.
The process by which free electrons are emitted from the metal surface
when light energy is supplied is called photoelectric emission.
20. Define secondary electron emission.
The secondary electron emission is the electron emission which occurs
when high speed primary electrons hits the free electrons in the metal.
21. Define vacuum.
The space where charged particles and all other matter are absent is called
vacuum.
22. Define vacuum tube.
An electronic device which controls the flow of electrons in vacuum is
called vacuum tube.
23. Who developed the first vacuum tube?
The first vacuum tube was developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904.
24. Who invented Audion vacuum tube?
Audion vacuum tube was invented by American electrical engineer Lee
De Forest in 1906.

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25. Which branch of engineering is formed after the invention of vacuum
tubes?
Electronics engineering.
26. Which materials are used to construct vacuum tubes?
Glass and ceramic materials are used to construct vacuum tubes.
27. List different types of vacuum tubes
Vacuum tubes are mainly classified into four types:
Vacuum diode
Vacuum triode
Vacuum tetrode
Vacuum pentode
28. List various advantages of vacuum tubes.
Vacuum tubes are able to work at high temperature
It is easy to replace vacuum tubes
Vacuum tubes produce superior sound quality
29. List various disadvantages of vacuum tubes
High cost
Generate large amount of heat
High failure rate
High voltage is required to operate vacuum tubes
Consumes large power
Huge in size
30. Define vacuum diode.
An electronic device which allows electric current in one direction and
blocks electric current in another direction is called vacuum diode.

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31. What are the other names for vacuum diode
Vacuum diode is also called as Fleming value or thermionic tube.
32. Define electrode.
Electrode is a conductive material through which the free electrons enters
or leaves.
33. Vacuum diode consists of how many electrodes?
Vacuum diode consists of two electrodes.
34. What are the two electrodes of vacuum diode?
The two electrodes of vacuum diode are cathode and anode or plate.
35. Define cathode.
Cathode is a negatively charged electrode that emits free electrons.
36. Define anode.
Anode is a positively charged electrode that collects free electrons.
37. What is the another name for cathode?
Cathode is also referred as emitter.
38. What is the another name for anode?
Anode is also referred as collector.
39. What is directly and indirectly heated cathode?
Directly heated cathode:
In directly heated cathode, heat is applied directly to the cathode. Hence,
a small amount of heat energy is enough to emit free electrons from
cathode surface.
Indirectly heated cathode:
In indirectly heated cathode, heat is not applied directly to the cathode
because no electrical connection is present between cathode and heater.
The heat energy is supplied to the heater and the heater will transfer its
heat energy to cathode. As a result, more amount of heat energy is
required to emit free electrons from cathode surface.

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40. Define vacuum triode.
Vacuum triode is an electronic device that amplifies the electrical signal.
41. Who invented vacuum triode?
Vacuum triode was invented by the American electrical engineer Lee Dee
Forest in 1906.
42. Vacuum triode consists of how many electrodes?
Vacuum triode consists of 3 electrodes.
43. What are the 3 electrodes of vacuum triode?
The 3 electrodes of vacuum triode are cathode, anode and control grid.
44. What is control grid?
Control grid is an electrode that controls the electrons flow between
cathode and anode. Control grid is made of network of wires. It is placed
between cathode and anode. The space between network of wires is very
large. Therefore, the free electrons moves freely through the wires.
45. Define vacuum tetrode.
Vacuum tetrode is an electronic device which reduces the unwanted
capacitance between anode and control grid.
46. Who invented vacuum tetrode?
Vacuum tetrode was invented by the American physicist Albert Wallace
Hull in 1926.
47. Vacuum tetrode consists of how many electrodes?
Vacuum tetrode consists of 4 electrodes.

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48. What are the 4 electrodes of vacuum tetrode?
The four electrodes of vacuum tetrode are:
Cathode
Anode
Control grid
Screen grid
49. Define screen grid
Screen grid is an electrode which is mainly used to reduce capacitance
between control grid and anode. Screen grid is placed in between control
grid and anode.
50. What are the main functions of screen grid?
The main functions of screen grid are as follows:
To reduce distortion
To increase gain
To increase control over electrons flow
To reduce capacitance between anode or plate and control grid
To accelerate and attract free electrons to the anode
51. Define vacuum pentode.
Vacuum pentode is an electrode used to repel secondary electrons back to
anode.
52. Who invented vacuum pentode?
Vacuum pentode was invented by D.H. Tellegen in 1926.
53. Vacuum pentode consists of how many electrodes?
Vacuum pentode consists of 5 electrodes

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54. What are the 5 electrodes of vacuum pentode?
The 5 electrodes of vacuum pentode are:
Cathode
Anode
Control grid
Screen grid
Suppressor grid
55. Define suppressor grid.
Suppressor grid is an electrode used to repel secondary electrons back to
anode. Suppressor grid is placed in between screen grid and anode or
plate.
56. List various advantages of vacuum pentode.
Vacuum pentodes have high amplification factor than tetrodes.
Vacuum pentodes are able to operate at high frequencies.
57. List various applications of vacuum pentodes?
The various applications of vacuum pentodes are as follows:
Microphone preamplifier
Professional audio
Electric guitar amplifiers
High power radio transmitter
58. Define electronic component.
Electronic components are the basic building blocks of electronic system
or electronic circuit.
59. List different types of electronic components
Electronic components are mainly classified into two types:
Passive components
Active components

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60. Define passive component.
A passive component is an electronic component that consumes energy in
the form of voltage but does not supply energy.
61. What are the characteristics of passive components?
Passive components cannot increase the power of an electrical signal.
Passive components temporarily store the electrical energy in the form of
electric field or magnetic field.
Passive components do not depend on the external source of voltage to
perform a specific task.
62. What are the characteristics of active components?
Active components control the electric current flowing through them.
Active components depend on the external voltage or current to work.
Active components amplify the power of an electrical signal.
63. Define active component.
Active component is an electronic component that consumes energy in
the form of voltage or current and supplies energy in the form of voltage
or current.
64. List different types of passive components
The different types of passive components include:
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
65. List different types of active components
The different types of active components include:
Diode
Transistor
Integrated circuit

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66. Define resistor.
Resistor is a passive component that restricts the flow of electric current.
67. Define capacitor.
Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in the
form of static electric field.
68. Define inductor.
Inductor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in the
form of magnetic field.
69. Define diode.
A diode is a two terminal device that allows electric current in one
direction and blocks electric current in another direction.
70. Diode allows electric current when it is
Forward biased
71. Diode blocks electric current when it is
Reverse biased
72. Define transistor.
Transistor is an electronic component that amplifies electrical signals.
73. Who invented transistor.
Transistor was invented by three scientists named Walter Brattain, J.
Bardeen and William Shockley.
74. Which types of materials are used to construct transistors?
Silicon and germanium materials are most commonly used to construct
transistors.
75. Define integrated circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit (IC) is a small semiconductor chip on which
millions of electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and
transistors are fabricated.

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76. Who invented integrated circuit?
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented integrated circuit.
77. Define resistance.
Restricting or reducing the flow of electric current to certain level is
called resistance.
78. Define resistor.
Resistor is an electronic component that restricts or reduces the flow of
electric current to certain level.
79. What is the ohm's law equation for resistance?
The amount of electric current reduced by the resistor is determined by
using the ohm's law equation.
The amount of electric current reduced by the resistor is determined by
using the ohm's law equation.
Where R = Resistance
V = Voltage
I = Electric current
The electric current flowing through the resistor increases with increasing
the voltage (if resistance is held constant) and decreases with increasing
the resistance of a resistor (if applied voltage is held constant).
80. What is the basic unit used to measure the resistance of a resistor?
Ohm is the basic unit used to measure the resistance of a resistor.
81. What are the advantages of resistors?
Resistors are very small in size.
It is very easy to carry resistors from one place to another place.
Resistors are very cheap.

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82. List different types of resistors
Resistors are mainly classified into two types:
Fixed resistors
Variable resistors
Define fixed resistor.
Fixed resistor is a type of resistor which provides fixed resistance to the
electric current.
83. Define variable resistor.
Variable resistor is a type of resistor which controls (increases or
decreases) the flow of electric current by changing its resistance.
84. List different types of fixed resistors
The different types of fixed resistors include:
Carbon film resistor
Carbon composition resistor
Metal film resistor
Metal oxide film resistor
Wire wound resistor
Thick film resistor
Thin film resistor
Metal glaze resistor
Foil resistor
85. List different types of variable resistors
The different types of variable resistors include:
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Trimmer

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86. List various applications of variable resistors
The various applications of variable resistors are:
Oscillators
Audio control
TV receivers
Transducers
87. Define wire wound resistor.
Wire wound resistor is a type of resistor in which metal wires are used to
reduce the flow of electric current
88. List different types of wire wound resistors
The wire wound resistors are mainly classified into two types:
Precision wire wound resistors
Power wire wound resistors
89. List various applications of wire wound resistors
The various applications of wire wound resistors are:
Current sensing
Telecommunication
Computers
Medical electronic equipments
Audio and video equipments
Current and voltage balancing
Telephone switching systems
Transducers instrumentation
Defense and space
90. What are the advantages of wire wound resistors?
High accuracy
High stability
Low cost

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91. Define carbon composition resistor.
Carbon composition resistor is a type of fixed resistor which reduces the
flow of e
92. What are the advantages of carbon composition resistors?
Able to withstand at high energy pulses.
Low cost
93. What are the disadvantages of carbon composition resistors?
Generate high noise
Low accuracy
Poor stability
94. List various applications of carbon composition resistors
The various applications of carbon composition resistors are:
Welding controls
Current limiting
High voltage power supplies
Protection of circuits
95. Define carbon film resistor.
Carbon film resistor is a type of fixed resistor which uses carbon film as
the resistive element to restrict electric current.
96. What are the advantages of carbon film resistor?
Low cost
Wide operating range
Generates low noise
Low tolerance
97. What are the various applications of carbon film resistor?
The various applications of carbon film resistors are:
Power supplies
X-rays
RADAR

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98. Define metal film resistor.
Metal film resistor is a type of fixed resistor which uses metal film as the
resistive element to restrict electric current.
99. What are the advantages of metal film resistors?
Very small in size
Low cost
Low tolerance
Wide operating range
Generates less noise
Long-term stability
Low temperature co-efficient of resistance
100. Define metal oxide film resistor.
Metal oxide film resistor is a type of fixed resistor which uses metal
oxide film as the resistive element to restrict electric current.
101. What are the advantages of metal oxide film resistors?
High reliability
Generate low noise
Low cost
High stability
Small size
102. Define metal glaze resistor.
Metal glaze resistor is a type of fixed resistor which uses glass powder
and metal particles mixture as the resistive element to restrict the flow of
electric current.
103. Define potentiometer.
Potentiometer is a type of variable resistor in which the resistance is
manually varied to control the flow of electric current.

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104. List various applications of potentiometers
The various applications of potentiometers are
Television
Computer
Frequency attenuation
Changing loudness
Audio equipments
105. Define rheostat.
Rheostat is a type of variable resistor which is used to control the flow of
electric current by manually increasing or decreasing its resistance.
106. List various applications of rheostat
Rheostats are used to increase or decrease the volume of a radio.
Rheostats are used in dim lights to change the intensity of light.
Rheostats are used to increase or decrease the speed of an electric motor.
107. Define thermistor.
Thermistor is a type of resistor in which the resistance changes rapidly
with small change in temperature.
108. List different type of thermistors
Thermistors are classified into two types
Negative Temperature Co-efficient (NTC) thermistors
Positive Temperature Co-efficient (PTC) thermistors
109. What are the advantages of thermistors?
Low cost
Small size
It is easy to carry from one place to another place.
110. What are the disadvantages of thermistors?
Not suitable for wide operating range
Resistance vs temperature characteristics is highly non-linear
List various applications of thermistors

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 Medical equipments
Inrush current limiter
Temperature sensors
3d printers
Computers
111. Define magneto resistor.
Magneto resistor is a type of resistor in which the resistance changes
when an external magnetic field is applied.
112. List various applications of magneto resistors
Hard disk drives
Bio-sensors
Measuring electric current
Magnetic field sensors
113. Define photoresistor.
Photoresistor is a type of resistor in which the resistance decreases when
the intensity of applied light increases.
114. Define humistor.
Humistor is a type of resistor in which the resistance changes when
humidity of surrounding air changes.
115. Force sensitive resistor.
Force sensitive resistor is a type of resistor in which the resistance
decreases when the applied force increases.
116. Define capacitor.
A capacitor is a two terminal device that store energy in the form of
electric field.

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117. Define electric charge.
Electric charge is the physical property of particles such as electrons and
protons which causes them to experience attractive or repulsive force.
118. Define capacitance.
The ability of an object to store electric charge is called capacitance.
119. What is the SI unit of capacitance?
Farads (F)
120. Who invented capacitor?
Ewald Georg von Kleist
121. What is the basic construction of a capacitor?
A basic capacitor is made of two electrodes separated by a dielectric
medium or material. The electrodes or conductive plates are good
conductors of electricity. So they easily allow electric current through
them. The dielectric medium or material present between the conductive
plates is poor conductor of electricity. So it does not allow electric current
through it.
The electric charges that try to move from one plate to another plate will
be trapped within the electrode or plate because of the strong opposition
from the dielectric.
As a result, electric charge is builds up on the electrodes.
122. When capacitor starts charging?
When voltage is applied to the capacitor, it starts charging.
123. When capacitor stops charging?
When external voltage source is removed from the circuit, the capacitor
stops charging. However, the electric charge stored in the capacitor
cannot be removed unless it is connected to an external device.
124. When capacitor starts discharging?
When capacitor is connected to any device such as electric bulb, it starts
discharging.

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125. Define fixed capacitor.
The capacitor which stores fixed amount of electric charge is called fixed
capacitor.
126. List different types of capacitors
The different types of capacitors are as follows
Plastic capacitor
Paper capacitor
Ceramic capacitor
Mica capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor
Supercapacitor
127. Define plastic capacitor
The capacitor which uses plastic film as dielectric to store electric charge
is called plastic capacitor.
128. List various applications of plastic capacitors
Peak voltage detectors
A/D converters
Motor run
129. Define paper capacitor.
The capacitor which uses paper as dielectric to store electric charge is
called paper capacitor.
130. Define ceramic capacitor.
The capacitor which uses ceramic material as dielectric to store electric
charge is called ceramic capacitor.
131. List various applications of ceramic capacitors
Resonant circuit
Tone compensation
Antenna coupling

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132. Define mica capacitor.
Mica capacitor is a high precision capacitor which uses mica as insulating
or dielectric material to store electric charge.
133. What are the different types of mica capacitors?
Stacked mica capacitors and silvered mica capacitors are the two types of
mica capacitors.
134. List various applications of mica capacitors
RADAR
LASER
Coupling circuits
Resonance ciruits
135. Define electrolytic capacitor.
Electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that stores large amount of
charge on a small volume.
136. Define supercapacitor.
Supercapacitor is a type of capacitor that stores large amount of charge
than any other capacitors.
137. List various advantages of supercapacitors
Low cost
Long life time
High power density
Supercapacitors store large amount of charge compared to the normal
capacitors
138. List various applications of supercapacitors
Solar power applications
Flash light applications
Supercapacitors are used in electronic devices such as photovoltaic
systems, hand held devices and laptop computers.

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