Honors Geometry Notes

Unit 2 - It’s Only Logical

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning: the use of pattern identification and application to make a prediction

Conjecture: a conclusion based on inductive reasoning- it is unproven and based on observation

Counterexample: a specific case used to prove a conjecture false

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning: uses facts, definitions, accepted properties, and the laws of logic to form a logical
argument/conclusion

Conditional Statement: A “logical” statement that has 2 parts, a hypothesis and a conclusion. The hypothesis
begins with “if” and the conclusion begins with “then”.

Example:

If a quadrilateral has four right angles, then it is a square.

Underline the hypothesis once and the conclusion twice.

What is the truth value (is it true or false) of this statement?

Can you provide a counterexample?

A converse is where:

If both the conditional and its converse are true, you can combine them as a ________________________________.

Ex: If a triangle is a right triangle, then it contains one 90 degree angle. Truth Value?________

Converse:____________________________________________________________________________ Truth Value?________

Biconditional:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

The negation of a statement _______________________________________________________________________________________

Ex. It is hot outside. Negation: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ex. It isn’t humid. Negation: _______________________________________________________________________________

The inverse of a conditional statement ___________________________________________________________________________

The contrapositive of a conditional statement ___________________________________________________________________

Using the following conditional statement, write its converse, biconditional (if possible) , inverse, and
contrapositive.

If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle. TV: _______

Converse:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________TV: ____

Biconditional:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________TV: ____

Inverse:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________TV: ____

Contrapositive:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________TV: ____

Point, Line, and Plane Postulates

● Through any two points there is exactly one line

● A line contains at least two points

● If two lines intersect, then their intersection is a point

● Through any three noncollinear points there exists exactly one

● A plane contains at least three noncollinear points

● If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing them lies in the plane

● If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line

If m // n, and n // k, then ____________.

Sketch the scenario. Is this always true? If not, show a counterexample.

If a ⊥ b, and b ⊥ c, then ________________

Sketch the scenario. Is this always true? If not, show a counterexample.

Concept Summary: Interpreting a diagram

When you interpret a diagram, you can only assume information about size or measure if it’s marked.

You can assume:

All points shown are ________________.

<________ and <BHD are a linear pair.

<________ and <BHD are vertical angles.

A, H, J, and D are _________________.

Line AD and BF intersect at ____________.

You cannot assume:

G, F, and E are _________________.

Line BF and CE do or do not intersect.

<BHA ≅ <CJA

Line AD ⊥ BF or m<AHB = 90°

Which of the following statements can and cannot be

assumed from the
diagram?

E, D and C are collinear. __________

The intersection of lines BD and EC is D. ____

Line BD ⊥ EC _____________

Line EC ⊥ plane G ____________

Properties of Equality and Congruence

Properties of Congruence

___ ___
• Reflexive Property of congruence – AB ≌ AB
∠A ≌ ∠A
___ ___ ___ ___
• Symmetric Property of congruence – If AB≌CD, then CD≌AB
If ∠A ≌ ∠B, then ∠ B≌∠A
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
• Transitive Property of congruence – If AB≌CD and CD≌EF then AB≌EF
If ∠A ≌ ∠B and ∠B≌∠C, then
∠A≌∠C.

A proof is a _______________ argument that shows a statement is ________.

A ______________ unlike a postulate, is a statement that must be proven to be true.

Name the property illustrated in the statement.

a. If <R ≅ <T and <T ≅ <P, then <R ≅ <P.

b. If 𝑁𝐾≅𝐵𝐷 then 𝐵𝐷≅𝑁𝐾

Use properties to fill in the reasons to solve the equation.
Prove that if -2x+ 3/2=8, then x = -13/4
Angle Pairs

Right Angles Congruence Theorem:________________________________________________________________________________

Congruent Supplements Theorem: ________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Congruent Complements Theorem: _______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Linear Pair Postulate: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Given: <1 ≅<4 and <3≅<5

Prove: <2 is supplementary to <4

Given: C is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐷and B is the midpoint of𝐴𝐶

Prove: 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐶𝐷
Angles and Parallel Lines

Parallel Lines- coplanar lines that do not intersect

Skew lines- non-coplanar lines that do not intersect

Parallel planes- two planes that do not intersect

Transversal A line that intersects two or more

coplanar lines at different points

Corresponding Occupy corresponding positions

angles

Alternate interior Between the two lines on opposite sides

angles of the transversal

Alternate exterior Outside the two lines on opposite sides

angles of the transversal

Consecutive interior Lie between the two lines on the same

angles (same side side of the transversal
interior)
If there is a line, and a point not on the line, then there is ______________ line through the point that is parallel to the
given line. (draw an image)

If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is ____________ line through the point perpendicular to the
given line. (draw an image)

Think of each segment in the figure as part of a line.

1. Name a line parallel to line AF and containing point E.

2. Name a line skew to line AF and containing point J.

3. Name a line that appears to be perpendicular to line AF

containing Point B.

4. Name a plane parallel to plane FGH

Find two of the indicated angle pairs.

Alternate interior angles_______________________

Alternate exterior angles ______________________

Corresponding angles ________________________

Same side interior angles (consecutive):

___________________________

Vertical angles _______________________________

Linear pairs_________________________________
Parallel lines angle theorems Shorthand Image

If two parallel lines are cut by a ___________________

transversal, then the pairs of
corresponding angles are ___________________
congruent

If two parallel lines are cut by a ___________________

transversal, then the pairs of
alternate interior angles are ___________________
congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a ___________________

transversal, then the pairs of
alternate exterior angles are ___________________
congruent.

If two parallel lines are cut by a ___________________

transversal, then the pairs of
same side interior angles are ___________________
supplementary
Parallel Line Theorem Converses

// line theorem converses Shorthand Image

If two lines are cut by a transversal ___________________

so the corresponding angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel. ___________________

If two lines are cut by a transversal ___________________

so the alternate interior angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel. ___________________

If two lines are cut by a transversal ___________________

so the alternate exterior angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel. ___________________

If two lines are cut by a transversal ___________________

so the same side interior angles are
supplementary, then the lines are ___________________
parallel

Transitive Property of Parallel Lines:

If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are ____________ to each other.

Proofs

Given: a//b

Prove: <5 ≅ < 4

Statements Reasons
1. a // b 1. Given

2. <5≅<7 2. ____________________________

3. <4≅<7 3. ____________________________

4. <5≅<4 4. ____________________________
Given: <1 and <4 are supplementary

Prove: a // b

Statements Reasons
1. <1 and <4 are supplementary 1. Given

2. m<1 + m<4 = 180 2. ____________________________

3. m<3 + m<4 = 180 3. ____________________________

4. m<1 + m<4 = m<3 + m<4 4. ____________________________

5. m<4 = m<4 5. ____________________________

6. m<1 = m<3 6. ____________________________

7. <1≅<3 7. ____________________________

8. a // b 8. ____________________________

Given: <5 and <8 are supplementary

Prove: a // b

Statements Reasons
1. <5 and <8 are supplementary 1. Given

2. <7 and < 8 are supplementary 2. ____________________________

3. <5≅<7 3. ____________________________

4. a // b 4. ____________________________
Distance from a point to a line:

______________________________________________________________.

If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of congruent

angles, then the lines are __________________.

If <1≅ <2 , then ______________.

If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect to form four

____________.

If a⊥b, then <1,<2,<3 and <4 are____________

If you are given that <1≅ <2, what can you conclude about
lines a and b?

If two sides of two adjacent acute angles are

perpendicular, then the angles are ___________.

If line BA ⊥ BC, then <1 and <2 are _______________

Perpendicular Transversal Theorem

If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is ___________ to the other.

If h ║ k, and j⊥h, then j ______ k.

Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem

In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, then they are ________ to each other.

If m⊥p and n⊥p, then m _______n.

What is the exact and approximate distance from line m to line n?

Slopes of Lines

Slope: ____________________________________________________

m = ____________
Slopes of Parallel Lines:
In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same ___________.

Slopes of Perpendicular Lines:

In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes are
_________________.

If the product of two numbers is -1, then the numbers are called _____________________.

Find the slopes of the given lines.

Line k passes through (1,-2) and (5,6). Graph the line perpendicular to k that passes through the point (2,5).

Line b passes through (2,-2) and (5,7). Line e passes through (-3,4) and (1,-8). Are the two lines parallel,
perpendicular or neither?

Line a passes through (1,6) and (8,4). Line b passes through (0,5) and (2,12). Are the lines parallel, perpendicular,
or neither?
Graphing Lines & Writing Equations

Transform each equation into slope intercept form and then graph the line

1. 2x-3y=9 2. 4x-3y=0 3. 3x-4y=8

Y=____________ y= ______________ y=______________

4. 3x+y=-2 5. x=4 6. 4x+5y=-10

Y=__________ y = __________ y = ___________

Write the equation of a line, to do so, you must know the slope and a point on the line. After you have these two
pieces of information, fill them into the point slope formula.

y - y1=m(x - x1) (m is the slope and (x1, y1) is the point on the line)

After you fill in the point slope formula, change the equation to standard form.

Ax + By = C

In standard form, there are no fraction or decimal coefficients and we want the coefficient of x to be positive.

The formula to calculate the slope of a line is:

Write a standard form equation for each line described below:

Example 1:
Line with slope of 3 containing the point (5,2)

Example 2:
Line through (-6,-7) and (-2,-4)

Example 3:
Line through (5,4) and parallel to y=2x + 7

Example 6:
Line through (-2,5) and perpendicular to y=2x+7
Comparing Euclidean To Spherical Geometry

We have been learning Euclidean Geometry, which is the geometry of flat planes.

In Spherical Geometry:
● Through any point not on a line, there is no line parallel to the given line.
● Two distinct lines intersect in _____________.
● Through two any given points, there is __________.
● The shortest distance between two points is the ________ of a ____________.
Think about the path of an airplane.
Draw a graphical representation
of the flight path.

Does the flight path follow a great circle?

If so, why?

How many angles are formed by the

intersection of two lines in
spherical geometry?

What about two perpendicular great circles?

What angles are formed?
What are their measurements?

How many triangles are formed with 3 lines in spherical geometry?

Latitude vs longitude.
The equator is a line of latitude. It is the only
line of latitude that is a great circle. Why?

All lines of longitude are great circles.