KIET School of Management

Practical file
Session 2022-23 Name of Student SWATI KORI
Subject IT SKILLS LAB-2 Univ Roll No 220290700163
Subject Code KMBN251 Class, Sem, Sec MBA, 2nd , Sec C,
Index
Signature of Date
SN Topic Content
Teacher
 Meaning of Chart
1 Understanding Chart Types  Uses of Chart in Business
 Various types of Charts
 Meaning of column chart
2 Column Chart  Use of column chart in Business
 How to make column chart
 Meaning of bar chart
3 Bar Chart  Use of bar chart in Business
 How to make bar chart
 Meaning of line chart
4 Line Chart  Use of line chart in Business
 How to make line chart
 Meaning of pie chart
5 Pie Chart  Use of pie chart in Business
 How to make pie chart
 Meaning of XY Scatter chart
6 XY Scatter Chart  Use of XY Scatter chart in Business
 How to make XY Scatter chart
 Meaning of Area chart
7 Area Chart  Use of Area chart in Business
 How to make Area chart
 Meaning of surface chart
8 Surface Chart  Use of surface chart in Business
 How to make surface chart
 Meaning of bubble chart
9 Bubble Chart  Use of bubble chart in Business
 How to make bubble chart
 Use of combined chart: column and line in Business
10 Combined Chart: Column And Line
 How to make combined chart: column and line
 Use of combined chart: column and area in Business
11 Combined Chart: Column And Area
 How to make combined chart: column and area
Change The Chart Type For A Defined
12  Purpose
Data Series
Add, Delete A Data Series In A Chart, Re-
13  Purpose
Position Chart Title, Legend, Data Labels
Change Scale Of Value Axis: Minimum,
14 Maximum Number To Display, Major  Purpose
Interval
Change Display Units On Value Axis
15 Without Changing Data Source:  Purpose
Hundreds, Thousands, Millions
Format Columns, Bars, Pie Slices, Plot
16  Purpose
Area, Chart Area To Display An Image
17 Developing Pivot Table  Meaning, Purpose, Procedure
Analyzing Data Using Goal Seek And
18  Purpose, Procedure
Solver
Scenarios Create Named Scenarios
19  Meaning, Purpose, Procedure
Show, Edit, Delete Scenarios
20 Creating A Scenario Summary Report  Purpose, Procedure
Validating And Auditing: Set, Edit
Validation Criteria For Data Entry In A
21 Cell Range Like: Whole Number,  Purpose, Procedure
Decimal, List, Date, Time, Trace
Precedent, Dependent Cells
22 Identify Cells With Missing Dependents  Purpose, Procedure
Creating Applications In Spreadsheet And
23  Purpose, Procedure
Macros
 1. Understanding of chart

 Meaning of chart
In Microsoft Excel, charts are used to make a graphical representation of any set of data. A chart is a visual
representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols such as bars in a bar chart or lines in a
line chart.

A chart is a powerful tool that allows you to visually display data in a variety of different chart formats such
as Bar, Column, Pie, Line, Area, Doughnut, Scatter, Surface, or Radar charts. With Excel, it is easy to create
a chart. Here are some of the types of charts that you can create in Excel.

 Uses of chart in business

Charts are used to display series of numeric data in a graphical format to make it easier to understand large
quantities of data and the relationship between different series of data. Excel supports many types of charts
to help you display data in ways that are meaningful to your audience.

Most business presentations include at least one chart, and often several. There’s a reason for this —
because charts can quickly convey a great deal of information and help viewers remember the data
presented, they enable businesspeople to more quickly make informed decisions and take action.

As companies become increasingly data-driven and monitor more data, charts have become an increasingly
valuable tool. They help executives quickly get the pulse of their business, while department heads might
use charts to examine the effectiveness of a new strategy or campaign and its impact on their team.

 TYPES OF CHARTS

 Bar or column chart

Bar charts are the most common chart types we see, and that’s because they are so easy to read and
understand. If you’re working with numeric or quantitative data, a bar chart is often the best chart to
use.

These charts help people see and compare differences in values or amounts, so they are perfect for
analyzing and explaining the number of customers, sales, revenue, and more.

These charts are also incredibly versatile. Sometimes they look like vertical columns (hence the
name column charts).

Sometimes businesses want to make multiple comparisons at once, and in this case you can either
show a series of bar charts.

 Line chart (or line graph)

Line charts (line graphs) are almost as common as bar charts, but they are useful for more specific
scenarios. They are best used to show how a change in one number relates to changes in another.

A line chart is a go-to solution if you need to communicate how numbers have changed over time.
 For example, a line chart could be used to describe how revenue has changed from quarter to
quarter, or how employee satisfaction has varied from year to year. Visualizing these numbers in a
line chart allows businesses to more easily spot trends and patterns and perhaps even make
forecasts for the future.

Line charts are also good for other types of continuous data, or data that cannot be counted in whole
numbers and that can have any imaginable value including fractions or decimal points. You can use
a line chart to illustrate temperature, measurements, cost, etc.

 Pie chart

Pie charts are the last of the three most common chart types. They are often a go-to chart type, but
it’s always worth asking whether they actually fit the bill.

Pie charts are appropriate if you are comparing percentages of a whole, particularly if you have
only a few.

 Area chart

An area chart is essentially a line chart with the area beneath the line colored. The colored area
draws a lot of attention, so they are most useful if you are looking to communicate how percentage
rates have changed over time.

Area charts can be great alternatives to pie charts if you want to show not only percentages but
change over time.

 Scatter plot chart

Like a line chart, a scatter plot allows for comparisons between two variables or numbers, each of
which is on an axis of the chart. However in a scatter plot chart, the data points do not create a line
because the relationships between the variables are more varied.

Scatter plot charts are useful if you want to understand complex relationships between various
measurements. For example, here’s a scatter plot chart that shows relationships between not only
sales and revenue (on the axes) but also how these relate to types of customers:

 Bubble chart

Bubble Charts are also used to compare numbers. Research has shown that it’s harder for us to
compare sizes of areas, so these charts are only useful if precision isn’t important, if you just want
to show the big-picture themes.
1. Column chart
 Meaning of column chart
A column chart, also known as a vertical bar chart, is a graphical representation of data that uses vertical
bars to compare data values. Column charts are used to compare values across different categories or to
show changes in data over time.

 To make a column chart in Excel:

1. Enter your data in a table format with the first column containing the categories and the other columns
containing the corresponding data values.
2. Highlight the data range that you want to include in your column chart.
3. Click on the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon.
4. Click on the "Column" chart icon.
5. Choose the column chart style that you prefer.

 Uses of column chart in business

Column charts are widely used in businesses to display and compare data in a clear and easy-to-understand way.
Here are some specific uses of column charts in businesses:

 Sales analysis: Column charts are often used to display sales data for different products or services,
making it easy to compare sales figures and identify trends over time. This helps businesses to track their
performance and make informed decisions about marketing and sales strategies.
 Budget analysis: Column charts can be used to display budget data for different categories, such as
expenses or revenue streams. This helps businesses to track their spending and revenue, and identify
areas where they may be overspending or underperforming.
 Performance tracking: Column charts are a great way to track the performance of different departments
or teams within a business. By comparing performance metrics, such as sales or customer satisfaction
scores, over time, businesses can identify areas of improvement and set benchmarks for success.
 Project tracking: Column charts can be used to track the progress of projects, displaying milestones and
deadlines over time. This helps businesses to ensure that projects stay on track and are completed on
time.
 Market research: Column charts can be used to display data from market research studies, such as
customer surveys. By comparing different responses or data points, businesses can gain insights into
customer preferences and behaviors, and make informed decisions about product development and
marketing strategies

MBA Students

Community Mumbai Delhi UP

Hindu 5,457 18,720 4,751

Muslim 449 1,775 151

Sikh 595 2,125 238

Christian 2,775 8,309 2,162

Total 9,276 30,929 7,302

MBA Students
 Gender Mumbai Delhi UP

Male 4,443 14,305 3,733

Female 4,833 16,624 3,569

Total 9,276 30,929 7,302

ANALYSIS
The given data presents the number of MBA students based on their community and gender, in three different
regions of India: Mumbai, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh (UP).

 Community-wise Analysis:

1. The highest number of MBA students are from the Hindu community in all three regions.
2. The Hindu community has a significantly higher representation in Mumbai and Delhi as compared to UP.
3. Muslims have the lowest representation among MBA students in all three regions.
4. Sikhs and Christians have a relatively lower representation compared to Hindus, but their representation
is higher in Delhi and Mumbai compared to UP.

 Gender-wise Analysis:

1. The number of male MBA students is higher than female MBA students in all three regions.
2. Mumbai has the highest number of female MBA students, while Delhi has the highest number of male
MBA students.
3. UP has the lowest number of both male and female MBA students among the three regions.

MBA STUDENTS community wise

32,500
27,500
22,500
17,500
No. of students

12,500
7,500
2,500
Hindu Muslim Sikh Christian Total
Mumbai 5457 449 595 2775 9276
Delhi 18720 1775 2125 8309 30929
UP 4751 151 238 2162 7302

Community

Mumbai Delhi UP
 MBA Students Gender wise
17,000
15,000
13,000
11,000
No. of students

9,000
7,000 Male
5,000 Female
3,000
1,000
Mumbai Delhi UP
Male 4443 14305 3733
Female 4833 16624 3569

gender wise city data

2. Bar chart
 Meaning of bar chart
A bar graph is a type of graphical representation that displays data using rectangular bars or columns. The
length or height of each bar represents the quantity or frequency of a particular data point or category, with
the bars typically arranged along a horizontal or vertical axis.
 How to make bar graphs
To make a bar graph in Microsoft Excel, follow these steps:

1. Enter your data: Enter your data into an Excel worksheet. Each category or group should be entered in a
separate column, and the corresponding values for each category should be entered in the adjacent
columns.
2. Select the data: Highlight the data that you want to use for your bar graph.
3. Insert the chart: Click on the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon and select "Bar" chart from the "Charts"
section.
4. Choose a chart type: Choose the type of bar chart that you want to create. You can choose from options
such as clustered, stacked, and 100% stacked.
5. Customize the chart: You can customize the chart by adding labels, changing colors, and formatting the
chart as needed.
6. Save and share: Once you have customized your chart, save the Excel file and share it with others.

 Uses of bar chart in business

Bar graphs are a widely used tool for visualizing and presenting data in businesses. Here are some practical
uses of bar graphs in businesses:

1. Sales: Bar graphs can be used to represent sales data over a period of time, for different products,
regions, or categories. This can help businesses to identify which products or regions are performing well
or which categories are generating the most revenue.
2. Expenses: Bar graphs can be used to represent the proportion of expenses by category, such as salaries,
rent, and marketing. This can help businesses to identify areas where they can potentially reduce
expenses and improve profitability.
3. Employee performance: Bar graphs can be used to represent employee performance over time, such as
the number of sales made, tasks completed, or projects delivered. This can help businesses to identify
areas where employees need support or training to improve their performance.
4. Customer feedback: Bar graphs can be used to represent customer feedback over time, such as customer
satisfaction scores or net promoter scores. This can help businesses to identify areas where they need to
improve their products or services to better meet customer needs.
 Stock Trend Comparison
24 Months from May 2020 to May 2022

Bombay Stock Exchange

Individual Stock Prices

Date Nike Adidas Columbia

02-May-22 59.59 65.00 57.86

01-Apr-22 61.59 64.55 58.57

01-Mar-22 62.92 58.39 60.09

01-Feb-22 63.16 53.05 59.52

04-Jan-22 61.52 51.44 55.12

01-Dec-21 66.66 48.51 48.76

02-Nov-21 65.60 48.32 46.83

01-Oct-21 61.91 44.73 54.85

01-Sep-21 54.32 40.34 58.79

03-Aug-21 57.41 37.50 61.37

01-Jul-21 54.92 40.93 71.54

01-Jun-21 50.88 38.46 60.48

01-May-21 50.39 39.11 56.05

01-Apr-21 49.77 41.10 62.70

02-Mar-21 49.38 39.55 60.90

02-Feb-21 45.96 38.96 55.98

02-Jan-21 47.52 34.54 42.50

01-Dec-20 48.85 34.51 44.54

03-Nov-20 46.72 39.97 45.05

01-Oct-20 43.85 36.31 38.54

02-Sep-20 39.64 37.40 35.78

01-Aug-20 38.39 37.40 76.16

01-Jul-20 39.00 39.56 74.76

02-Jun-20 38.36 39.00 82.65

 Analysis
 This table shows the stock prices of three companies (Nike, Adidas, and Columbia) on the
Bombay Stock Exchange over a 24-month period from May 2020 to May 2022.
 To analyse the stock trends, we can create a line graph with the date on the x-axis and the stock
prices on the y-axis. By looking at the line graph, we can identify trends in the stock prices over
time.
 From the graph, we can see that Nike's stock prices have generally increased over the 24-month
period, with a few fluctuations. Nike's stock prices were at their highest in Dec 2021, at 66.66.
 Adidas' stock prices have also generally increased over the 24-month period, with a few
fluctuations. Adidas' stock prices were at their highest in May 2022, at 65.00. The lowest point
was in Dec 2020, at 34.54.
 Columbia's stock prices have been more volatile than the other two companies, with more
frequent fluctuations. Columbia's stock prices were at their highest in June 2020, at 82.65. The
lowest point was in September 2020, at 35.78.
 Overall, the trend for all companies except Columbia has been upwards over the 24-month period,
with some fluctuations along the way. This suggests that the companies are performing well and
may be good investment opportunities. However, investors should always conduct further research
and analysis before making investment decisions.
3. Line chart
 Meaning of Line chart
A line chart, also known as a line graph or a plot, is a graphical representation of data that displays a
series of data points connected by a straight line. Line charts are used to show trends over time,
highlighting how values change in relation to one another.

 How to make a line chart in Excel:

1. Enter your data in a table format with the first column containing the time or dates and the other
columns containing the corresponding data values.
2. Highlight the data range that you want to include in your line chart.
3. Click on the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon.
4. Click on the "Line" chart icon.
5. Choose the line chart style that you prefer.

 Uses of Line chart

 Practical uses of line charts in businesses include tracking sales performance over time, tracking
website traffic over time, tracking the performance of marketing campaigns over time, and
tracking the progress of project timelines.
 Line charts can also be used to compare the performance of multiple variables over time, allowing
businesses to identify correlations and patterns.
 They are a useful tool for visualizing data in a way that makes it easy to understand and interpret.
 Line charts can help businesses make informed decisions based on trends and patterns in their
data, enabling them to adjust their strategies and tactics accordingly.

 Analysis
The stock increased up to Jun 20221 with fluctuations in the volume but then kept decreasing till May
2022 because of irregular fluctuations in the market price and volume of the shares/

Stock Trend Comparison

24 Months from May 2020 to May 2022

Bombay Stock Exchange

Average Closing Price Change in Price

Date Month Volume Close NASDAQ % change

02-May-22 Month 1 35,72,300 46.39 0% 0%

01-Apr-22 Month 2 14,61,900 51.70 -59% 11%

01-Mar-22 Month 3 21,12,900 45.87 -41% -1%

01-Feb-22 Month 4 37,11,200 45.65 4% -2%

04-Jan-22 Month 5 14,47,700 80.24 -59% 73%

01-Dec-21 Month 6 7,48,600 94.22 -79% 103%

02-Nov-21 Month 7 13,56,400 97.03 -62% 109%

01-Oct-21 Month 8 12,92,000 83.96 -64% 81%

01-Sep-21 Month 9 17,34,700 79.78 -51% 72%

03-Aug-21 Month 10 15,46,700 94.17 -57% 103%

01-Jul-21 Month 11 14,39,300 104.74 -60% 126%

01-Jun-21 Month 12 9,46,400 115.30 -74% 149%

01-May-21 Month 13 13,64,200 113.21 -62% 144%

01-Apr-21 Month 14 9,06,700 97.84 -75% 111%

02-Mar-21 Month 15 7,89,000 92.52 -78% 99%

02-Feb-21 Month 16 15,13,700 94.01 -58% 103%

02-Jan-21 Month 17 6,84,800 80.76 -81% 74%

01-Dec-20 Month 18 7,63,000 84.76 -79% 83%

03-Nov-20 Month 19 12,22,000 83.88 -66% 81%

01-Oct-20 Month 20 15,37,700 82.59 -57% 78%

02-Sep-20 Month 21 15,36,200 72.65 -57% 57%

01-Aug-20 Month 22 14,67,900 65.49 -59% 41%

01-Jul-20 Month 23 12,46,200 65.00 -65% 40%

02-Jun-20 Month 24 14,28,300 71.33 -60% 54%

ClosING sTOCK Price

140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
/ 2 l/ 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 l/ 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
J un /Ju Aug S ep Oct Nov Dec Jan F eb Mar Apr ay Jun /Ju Aug S ep Oct Nov Dec Jan F eb Mar Apr ay
1/ 1 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/M 1/ 1 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/M
 NASDAQ
10%

0%

1/ 21

2
1/ /20

1/ /21
1/ r/21

1/ /21

1/ /22
1/ r/22
1/ 20
1/ /20

1/ /20

1/ /20

1/ /20

1/ 20

1/ /21

1/ /21

1/ 21
1/ /21

1/ /21

1/ /21

1/ /21

1/ 21

1/ /22

1/ /22

/2
-10%

/
/

c/

n/

c/
ay

ay
v

v
p

b
un

n
ar

ar
t

t
l

l
g

g
Ju

Ju
Ap

Ap
Oc

Oc
No

No
De

De
Au

Ju

Au
Se

Fe

Se

Fe
Ja

Ja
M

M
M

M
J
1/

-20%

-30%

-40%

-50%

-60%

-70%

-80%

-90%

6. Pie chart
 Meaning of pie chart

Pie charts are a type of graphical representation that displays data as a circular graph, divided into slices
or wedges to represent proportions of a whole. Each slice of the pie chart represents a specific category or
group, with the size of the slice proportional to the percentage or fraction of the data that belongs to that
category.
In general, pie charts are most effective when used to display a small number of large and easily
distinguishable categories.

 How to make Pie Charts

1. To make a pie chart in Microsoft Excel, follow these steps:
2. Enter your data: Enter your data into an Excel worksheet.
3. Select the data: Highlight the data that you want to use for your pie chart.
4. Insert the chart: Click on the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon and select "Pie" chart from the "Charts"
section.
5. Choose a chart type: Choose the type of pie chart that you want to create. You can choose from options
such as 2D or 3D, exploded or not exploded, etc.
6. Customize the chart: You can customize the chart by adding labels, changing colours, and formatting the
chart as needed.
7. Save and share: Once you have customized your chart, save the Excel file and share it with others.

 Uses of pie chart in businesses

Pie charts can be a useful tool for businesses to visualize and analyse data. Here are some practical uses
of pie charts in business:
  Sales: A pie chart can be used to visualize the percentage of sales by product, region, or time
period. This can help a business to identify which products are selling well, which regions are
performing well, and which time periods are generating the most revenue.
 Expenses: A pie chart can be used to visualize the proportion of expenses by category, such as
salaries, rent, and marketing. This can help a business to identify areas where they can potentially
reduce expenses and improve profitability.
 Market share: A pie chart can be used to visualize the market share of different companies in a
particular industry. This can help businesses to understand their competitive position and identify
potential areas for growth.
 Customer demographics: A pie chart can be used to visualize the demographics of a company's
customer base, such as age, gender, and location. This can help a business to tailor their
marketing and advertising strategies to better reach their target audience.
 Productivity: A pie chart can be used to visualize the proportion of time spent on different tasks
or projects by employees. This can help a business to identify areas where they can improve
productivity and optimize workflow.

IT Skill Class Grade Distribution

Number of Students Percent Comparison

Excel Classes All Excel Classes

Grade 2021-22 2022-23 Spring 2016 2016/17

A to A- 11 21 17% 32%

B+ to B- 23 20 35% 31%

C+ to C- 16 18 25% 28%

D+ to D- 10 5 15% 8%

F 5 1 8% 2%

Total 65 65 100% 100%

 Analysis
 Looking at the data for IT Skill Class Grade Distribution for 2021-22 and 2022-23, we can see
that the total number of students remains the same at 65 for both years. However, there are some
notable changes in the grade distribution between the two years.
 In 2021-22, 11 students received an A to A- grade, while in 2022-23, that number increased to 21,
representing a 10% increase. This indicates that the students in 2022-23 were more successful in
their IT Skill Class than the students in 2021-22.
 On the other hand, the number of students who received a B+ to B- grade decreased slightly from
23 in 2021-22 to 20 in 2022-23. The percentage comparison of B+ to B- grades remained the
same at 31% for both years.
 There was a slight increase in the number of students who received C+ to C- grades, from 16 in
2021-22 to 18 in 2022-23. This represents a 2% increase, and the percentage comparison for this
grade range also increased from 25% in 2021-22 to 28% in 2022-23.
 The number of students who received D+ to D- grades decreased from 10 in 2021-22 to 5 in
2022-23, representing a 50% decrease. However, the percentage comparison for this grade range
decreased only slightly from 15% in 2021-22 to 8% in 2022-23.
 Finally, the number of students who received an F grade decreased from 5 in 2021-22 to 1 in
2022-23, representing a significant improvement in student performance. The percentage
comparison for this grade range also decreased from 8% in 2021-22 to 2% in 2022-23.
  Overall, the grade distribution data for IT Skill Class suggests that the students in 2022-23
performed better than the students in 2021-22. This could be due to a number of factors, such as
improved teaching methods, better student engagement, or more effective study techniques. It
will be interesting to see if this trend continues in future years, and if any specific factors can be
identified as contributing to student success.

7. xy scatter CHART
 Meaning of XY Scatter chart
 A scatter chart, also called a scatter plot, is a chart that shows the relationship between two variables.
They are an incredibly powerful chart type, allowing viewers to immediately understand a relationship or
trend, which would be impossible to see in almost any other form

 Uses of XY Scatter Chart in business

A scatter diagram is one of seven core tools in project management. It is used to plan and monitor
operations to improve quality-related issues in an organization. Scatter diagrams are graphical statistical
tools. They are simple to use and help in improving business processes.

 How to make a XY Scatter chart

 Select the data you want to plot in the scatter chart.
 Click the Insert tab, and then click Insert Scatter (X, Y).
 Click to select the scatter plot chart which you want. After selecting the chart, you may get the chart
next to the Excel data table.

Number of
Product Category Sales Available in Stock
Orders
Socks Garment 300 2300 6
Jeans Garment 400 2400 9
Headphones Electronics 500 2500 10
USBs Electronics 600 3000 8
Paintings Decoration 700 12000 7
Mirrors Decoration 800 13000 9
Knee Bands Fitness 900 8000 12
Yoga Mats Fitness 400 4500 15
Jogging Shoes Footwear 850 30000 18
Sneakers Footwear 1000 35000 22

product's sales,order& Availability

12

10

8
units of stock

Number of Orders
6 Sales
Available in Stock
4

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Products

 Analysis
 Looking at the data for Sales, Available stock and number of orders, we can see that the number of
orders remains less than available stock and sales. However, there are some notable point that we
can see that it is the case in all the segments of business.
  In Garments, Stocks and Jeans are two products. But number of orders, sales, available stock of
Jeans is more than socks. This indicates that in Garments category there is a need there is a need of
improvement in sales of socks.
 On the other hand, In Electronics, Headphones and USBs are two products. But number of orders,
sales, of USBs is more than Headphones and the stock available of headphones is more than USBs.
This indicates that in Garments category there is a need there is a need of improvement in sales of
USBs.
 There was a slight increase in the number of orders, available stock and sales of mirror in
comparison to the Paintings.
 The number of orders and sales in knee bands is more than Yoga mats but the stock available of
Yoga mats is more than Knee bands .
 In case of Footwear segment, number of orders, sales and available stock of sneakers is more than
Jogging shoes .So, there is need of improvement in Jogging Shoes sales.
 Overall, In all the segments , one products is performing better than the other. So, It will be
interesting to see if this trend continues in future years, and if any specific factors can be identified
as contributing to improve sales. There could be better inventory management.

7. AREA CHART
 Meaning Of area chart
An area chart is a graph that combine a line chart and a bar chart to show changes in quantities over
time. It’s similar to a line graph in that data points are plotted and connected by line segments.
However, the area below the line is colored in or shaded. Then, other values are plotted below the
lines and shaded in a different color, resulting in a chart with layers.

 Uses of Area Chart in business

Showing the scale of quantitative information: Area charts demonstrate scale more effectively than line
charts. Showing comparisons between different groups: For example, a business can use a stacked area
chart to compare the contributions that different sales teams have made to the overall sales in one month.

 How to make an area chart

 Select the whole data or range for which we have to make the chart:
 Then, go to the “Insert” tab and select “Area Chart” like below:
 We have to select one of the graphs shown in the drop-down list.

Jogging
Product Socks Jeans Headphones USBs Paintings Mirrors Knee Bands Yoga Mats Sneakers
Shoes
Actual
2300 2400 2500 3000 12000 13000 8000 4500 30000 35000
Sales
Profit 600 500 400 800 1500 1550 1000 400 4000 5450
Expected
2500 3000 2400 3200 14000 13500 9000 4000 31500 33000
Sales
 Actual sales and profit
37500

32500

27500

22500
Actual sales and profit

17500

12500 Actual Sales

Profit
7500

2500
Socks Jeans Head- USBs Paint- Mirrors Knee Yoga Jogging Sneak-
phones ings Bands Mats Shoes ers

Actual 2300 2400 2500 3000 12000 13000 8000 4500 30000 35000
Sales
Profit 600 500 400 800 1500 1550 1000 400 4000 5450

Products

Figure 1 Actual sales and profit

 Analysis
According to above shown graph and table it can be concluded that:-
1. Profit is almost less than half of actual sales.
2. By selling the more of a product, businessman is getting less amount of profit in comparison to
sales.
3. The widest gap between sales and profit is during the sales of Sneakers, and Joggings shoes.
4. However socks. Jeans, headphones and USBs are somehow earning profit of more than 20% of
actual sales.
 Actual Sales and Expected Sales
37500

32500

27500
Actual sales and expected sales

22500

17500

12500
Actual Sales
7500 Expected Sales

2500
Socks Jeans Head- USBs Paint- Mirrors Knee Yoga Jogging Sneak-
phones ings Bands Mats Shoes ers

Actual 2300 2400 2500 3000 12000 13000 8000 4500 30000 35000
Sales
Expected 2500 3000 2400 3200 14000 13500 9000 4000 31500 33000
Sales

Products

Figure 2 Actual sales and expected sales

 Analysis
1. There is very less gap between actual sales and expected sales.
2. Actual sales are almost close to the sales expected in almost every product.
3. However in case of sneakers and jogging shoes, actual sales is more than expected.

8. surface chart
 Meaning of surface chart
A surface chart plots sets of values in the form of a surface. It is basically a line chart where the points for
a data series for a category are displayed behind one another. Structure. As in a topographic map, colors
and patterns indicate areas that are in the same range of values.
 Uses of surface chart in business
Surface charts are useful when you want to find the optimum combinations between two sets of data. As
in a topographic map, the colors and patterns indicate the areas that are in the same range of values. To
create a Surface chart, ensure that both the categories and the data series are numeric values.
 How to make surface chart
 Arrange the data in columns or rows on the worksheet.
 Select the data.
 On the INSERT tab, in the Charts group, click the Stock, Surface or Radar Chart icon on the
Ribbon. You will see the different types of available Surface charts

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-1 1 0.84 0.76 0.76 0.84 1 1.24 1.56 1.96 2.44 3
-0.8 0.84 0.64 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.64 0.84 1.12 1.48 1.92 2.44
-0.6 0.76 0.52 0.36 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.52 0.76 1.08 1.48 1.96
-0.4 0.76 0.48 0.28 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.28 0.48 0.76 1.12 1.56
-0.2 0.84 0.52 0.28 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.28 0.52 0.84 1.24
 0 1 0.64 0.36 0.16 0.04 0 0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64 1
0.2 1.24 0.84 0.52 0.28 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.28 0.52 0.84
0.4 1.56 1.12 0.76 0.48 0.28 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.28 0.48 0.76
0.6 1.96 1.48 1.08 0.76 0.52 0.36 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.52 0.76
0.8 2.44 1.92 1.48 1.12 0.84 0.64 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.64 0.84
1 3 2.44 1.96 1.56 1.24 1 0.84 0.76 0.76 0.84 1

f(x,y) =x2+y2-xy
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

 Analysis
 The response surface is curved because the model contains quadratic terms that are statistically
significant.
 The highest values of rating for wrinkle resistance of cotton cloth are in the upper right corner of
the plot, which corresponds with high values of both formaldehyde concentration (Conc) and
catalyst ratio (Ratio).
 The lowest values of rating for wrinkle resistance are in the lower left corner of the plot, which
corresponds with low values of both Conc and Ratio.

9. bubble chart
 Meaning of bubble chart
A bubble chart is a variation of a scatter chart in which the data points are replaced with bubbles, and an
additional dimension of the data is represented in the size of the bubbles. Just like a scatter chart, a
bubble chart does not use a category axis — both horizontal and vertical axes are value axes.

 Uses of Bubble chart in business

1. Evaluating an investment portfolio. Chart all your options on cost, risk, and value to see
different dimensions in the business relationships of each project. The bubble chart will show
those options that have the lowest cost and risk with the highest potential return.
2. Reviewing a marketing campaign. Use a bubble chart to visualize the statistics related to
multiple ongoing campaigns. You can chart the cost per click, clicks or views, and conversions.
A bubble chart can simultaneously highlight the highest performing ads that could have more
budget added to them and the lowest performing ads that need to be adjusted to improve
performance.
 3. Understanding employee satisfaction. Use a bubble chart to plot out data from an employee
satisfaction survey. Show their overall satisfaction with their job compared to the number of
hours worked and salaries to see if there are any notable correlations.
4. Tracking store performance. Use a bubble chart on a map visualization to track revenue in
geographic areas for each store. It will show which stores are top performers and highlight any
performance clusters based on geography.

 How to make a bubble chart

1. Select the data that you want to plot in the bubble chart.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, click on the bubble chart icon.
3. The bubble chart will be displayed according to the selected data.

Name X axis Y axis Bubble size

A 1 3 5
B 0.5 0.8 50
C 1.5 2 10

3.5

3 A

2.5

2 C

1.5

1
B
0.5

0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

 Analysis
 In the bubble chart below, each bubble represents a country, its area is proportional to its
population size, the colour indicates the continent, and the horizontal and vertical positions relate
to GDP per capita and life expectancy, respectively.
 In this we are highlighting the association between GDP, HDI and Population .
 Size of bubble will increase with respect to the increase in Population or any other variable .
 As we can see from the chart that B has greater size as compared to A and C so it is performing
better.

Combined chart ( area chart)

The following is the data of gross value added product or GDP at base price of different sectors.

Industry/ Electricity,
Quarter Agriculture, Mining & Manufacturing Construction Trade, Hotels, Financial, Real Public
Year Gas,
 Forestry Water
Quarrying Transport, Estate and Administration,
and Supply &

Other
Fishing Communication Professional Defence and
Utility

and Services Services Other Services

Related to

Broadcasting

Q1 336109 67873 356022 46302 186777 338658 404493 232898

Q2 269074 56967 333104 46466 190701 340497 410626 265771

2011-12
Q3 500966 64849 333674 46623 195724 348957 340343 242760

Q4 395798 71346 387184 47277 204133 385006 375416 284553

Q1 341199 70780 358340 48480 189866 374095 442487 249343

Q2 274362 55618 373953 47290 186137 376921 452821 280806

2012-13
Q3 506049 64859 355778 48004 194069 383184 377983 247602

Q4 402678 71352 398803 47861 209978 416943 406740 291896

Q1 354450 68134 383076 49464 198716 388784 494883 268723

Q2 289365 55661 387587 50076 194458 401895 524246 290609

2013-14
Q3 539360 64419 377186 49637 198470 417976 409823 258070

Q4 426023 74892 412860 50423 209127 443407 438455 293393

Q1 362653 79536 422169 53900 209579 432298 540067 276954

Q2 299494 57940 423757 54880 204912 432834 592769 312770

2014-15
Q3 522894 68663 389833 53221 206558 440658 459478 315706

Q4 420673 82547 448178 52046 214180 501900 481401 297685

Q1 371273 87184 466224 55232 218253 475242 594978 291805

Q2 307806 63469 472855 57848 205790 467655 669973 332828

2015-16
Q3 511553 75875 450360 55200 216449 484331 506288 336948

Q4 425514 91445 514411 55878 224843 565595 523546 315216

Q1 389610 93382 512045 62529 234541 520053 675149 311418

Q2 326769 67441 508974 62355 222844 503823 745019 354769

2016-17
Q3 549199 82751 487553 60850 232427 522805 532370 367659

Q4 460426 105674 546193 60763 226632 599698 540429 362136

Q1 413332 84065 511989 69161 235401 579122 694096 350940

Q2 348962 69707 553424 69359 226647 557968 740833 379770

2017-18
Q3 581219 79546 537525 66571 243991 578637 550115 395191

Q4 496510 96293 606490 67559 258266 652692 552146 386642

Q1 433154 83092 565139 74425 251354 625854 735941 378185

Q2 364398 67688 583154 76048 239219 597786 791142 408118

2018-19
Q3 589160 79356 563759 72708 260988 620625 586811 419690

Q4 491886 96681 616940 70967 275228 694493 600328 419484

Q1 451612 81745 565388 79722 260990 662521 797125 393926

2019-20 Q2 383768 63762 562325 77536 241820 636279 857419 436867

Q3 623983 76114 544150 70576 258984 661351 616488 449141

 Q4 534963 95513 587843 72963 281636 729908 627211 452470

Q1 468898 67377 396729 67405 134682 334525 789709 340536

Q2 400330 58622 612975 74489 230026 519061 813960 383384

2020-21
Q3 653929 72018 613680 71071 280638 598341 676213 426651

Q4 553170 91888 702054 74792 338273 707568 678971 449519

Q1 484982 75606 600990 78422 238390 473100 812166 362621

Q2 419687 64853 653141 82533 254755 587179 871337 447829

2021-22
Q3 668835 75924 621928 75330 281276 653240 705027 471945

Q4 575618 94033 706414 79826 354947 742929 710296 472868

Q1 497266 82664 639243 90134 277110 594900 882147 439726

2022-23 Q2 429755 64594 629798 87449 269647 679015 933441 472794

Q3 693475 78732 614982 81537 304883 716297 745836 481331

Analysis
 The graph shows that most of the sectors have improved in 4th quarters compared to other quarters in the
whole year.
 Trade, hotels, financial services, real estate have contribted more as compared to other sectors.

(SCATTER CHART)

Products Type Products Profit cost no. of orders

Cosmetic Face Primer 15.79 90 10

Cosmetic Foundation 20.13 70 12

Cosmetic Concealer 38.62 190 9

Cosmetic Blush 34.62 880 16

Cosmetic Highlighter 71.84 900 22

Cosmetic Bronzer 71.84 600 23

Cosmetic Powder 32.77 600 42

Cosmetic Eye Primer 21.8 1300 19

Electronics TVs 110 590 28

Electronics refrigerators 12.61 390 11

Electronics washing machines 70.21 490 41

Electronics air conditioners 70.21 390 18

Electronics printers 68.83 260 17

Electronics speakers 17.55 210 2

Electronics keyboards 54.74 170 23

Electronics e-readers 12.66 170 13

Garments mobile phones 47.36 140 27

Garments Sweater 83.64 110 13

Garments Hoodies 83.64 110 12

Garments T-shirts 22 760 6

Garments Jeans 75 1500 7

Garments sweatshirts 11.75 1000 19

Garments formal trousers 98 150 10

Garments polo shirts 27.77 380 14

Analysis
The above graph and table shows the relationship between profit, cost and no. Of orders of a retail store.
 There is almost 5-6% profit on cost which this company is earning. However due to heavy cost incurred , it
is earning less profits but it is able to get good no. Of orders if we compare it with the cost.
 The company is earning enough profit so that it can survive in the market du to huge number of competitors.

PIE CHART

Analysis
It
S.No. Country / Region 2021-2022 2022-2023(Apr-Feb) %Growth is

1 RUSSIA 73,65,491.49 3,35,66,987.83 41.12389245

2 AUSTRALIA 1,25,02,983.17 1,39,42,701.51 2.259673318

3 QATAR 98,45,979.53 1,24,23,963.33 4.046208932

4 JAPAN 1,07,29,740.27 1,18,50,101.29 1.758434155

5 BRAZIL 42,57,459.26 50,50,033.90 1.243965376

6 NETHERLAND 33,38,595.24 44,22,559.90 1.701309174

7 FRANCE 43,05,326.35 44,17,939.61 0.176749279

8 CANADA 23,35,021.65 30,27,681.04 1.087145936

9 MOROCCO 16,76,101.74 19,59,491.67 0.44478746

10 FINLAND 6,53,834.72 11,08,721.47 0.713955934

11 POLAND 8,39,631.37 9,40,128.20 0.157732245

12 SRI LANKA DSR 7,52,969.65 7,98,363.42 0.071246638

13 MYANMAR 7,48,529.90 7,13,475.60 -0.055018585

14 NORWAY 15,58,625.32 6,83,460.93 -1.373592019

15 NEPAL 10,20,811.55 6,27,851.24 -0.616760864

16 DENMARK 6,64,439.10 5,67,190.61 -0.152633895

17 MALDIVES 51,652.36 4,02,859.28 0.551227892

18 NEW ZEALAND 2,79,008.16 3,49,576.78 0.110759183

19 BHUTAN 4,05,416.62 3,43,570.89 -0.097068393

20 AFGHANISTAN 3,80,601.68 3,26,593.85 -0.084766617

21 JAMAICA 1,341.98 3,547.18 0.003461116

Total 6,37,13,561.10 9,75,26,799.53

India's Total 45,72,77,458.90 52,57,29,781.81

%Share 13.9332 18.5507

shown from the above data of ministry of commerce and industry that the export - import from these customised
countries have increased or decreased during the last two year period.
 Export and import with Russia have to a greatr extent which is almost 42% from the last year data.
 However it has decreased with some asian countries due to some political factors such as Afganistan, Nepal,
Norway, etc.