OBS

10 1

2.
3.

4
% %
Activity
TOPIC
Limits

AIM analytically find the limit

To check the continuity of the
function at x=cand offunction
at the point.
MATERIAL FOR ANALYSISOVAVY
Paper, pen, calculator.

ANALYSSIS
x#3
1. Consider the function
6 x=3

2. Take some points on the left and right hand neighbourhood of point x =3 (c) which are
very near to c.
3 Find the corresponding values off(«).
4. Record the values in the tables below

Table 10.1: For points in left hand neighbourhood of x = 3

2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999
f() 5.9 5.99 5.999 5.9999 5.99999

Table 10.2: For points in right hand neighbourhood of x =3

3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001
f) 6.1 6.01 6.001 6.0001 6.00001

Mathematls Lab Manual- XI

 OBSERVATION
The value off (*)
1
The value
approaches to
2 off (*) approaches to as x ’3
So Ltf) =....... from left.
3. and Lt fx)=........ as x ’3
from right.
I-3
Therefore,
. . and f(3) =
5 Is f)=f3) =...
6. Since f(3) = Lð() so the (Yes/ No)
I-3 function is
at x = 4
CONCLUSION (continuous/ not continuous).
o
function is said to be
osof fx) from right harnd continuous if the values from left hand limit is
limit when x approaches to cboth the equal to
value at each point. values are equal to f) the
i.e.

VIVA VOCE
1. State point of discontinuity for fu) = .
Ans. *=5.

2. When does limit off () said to exist?

Ans. Limit exist if LHL= RHL.
3. State the points where graph of lxl is continuous.
Ans. The graph of lxl is continuous at xeR.
4 At which point, a function is said to be continuous ?
Ans, A function is said to be continuous at a point if the graph of the function has no jump or
break.
when glc) *0.
5. Given that fg are continuous functions. Is fg continuous at x =c,
Ans. Yes.
() at x =c.
What is removable discontinuity of functionf
6.
said to have removable discontinuity at x= cif t fx) exists but not equal
Ans. Afunction f(x) is
tof (c).

Mathematics Lab Manual-XI

 OBSERVA

13 7.
Meas
tan
The
2.
Th
% 4
He

Activity 5

6.
N

TOPIC 7
Function
Increasing and Decreasing 8
9.
CON
AIM functions.
To understand the concept of increasing and decreasing T

when
MATERIAL FOR ACTIVITY
toothpicks, trigonomet:
Cardboard, white chart paper, adhesive, geometry box, wires,
tables.
1.
ACTIVITY
A
1 Take a cardboard of size 30 cm x 30 cm and paste white chart paper on it.
2Draw two perpendicular lines to represent x andy axis.
3 Paste the wires bent it in shape of curve representing two functions as in Figure 13.1.
2

yT Curve 1 Curve 2

A
B

Figure 13.1
4.
Show tangents with toothpicks and paste taking suitable
By B Bg on curve 2. points A, Ay, Az on curvel and

Mathematlcs Lab Manual- XIl

 OBSERVATION
Measure the angles for curve 1,
tan 0, * . . , tan 0, 0,-
values off is tan 0, ..., tan0, 0,
The tan O, tan 0, is
point A, Ag.........
2 slopes of
Thus, tangents at (tve, -ve).
Ag is ... (tve, -ve).
Hence, the function is
4 Now measure the
angles for curve(increasing/
2at decreasing)
points B, B, B, .Measure of Z4
The values of tan ,=
6
The values of is tan tan , tan is .....
tan ..tan
Thus, slopes of .(tve, -ve).
tangents at point B, B, B is ...
Hence, the function is (tve, -ve).
9.
CONCLUSION (increasing/ decreasing)
The function is strictly increasing when slope of
hen slop of tangent is negative. tangent is positive and strictly decreasing

VIVA VOCE
1
Examinef )=** for increasing or decreasing?
Ans. fx)= f() =3r3
As whole squares are always positive, so f(x) >0.
Thus, f) is increasing.
2 Examine thef) =sin x on 0,5 as increasing or decreasing,
Ans. )=sin x, f() = cos x
As cos x>0for all xe0.5|
Thus, fr) is increasing.
3. What is monotonicity of a function?
Ans. When a function is either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing, it is called monotonic
function.
4 What is increasing function?
x increases or if f () decreases asx
Ans. Afunctionfis said to be increasing iff () increases as
decreases.
5. What decreasing function?
fis said to be decreasing if f (x) increases as x decreases or if f () decreases as x
Ans. Afunction
increases.

Mathematics Lab Manual- XII

 6.

14 7.

OBS
% %
Activity
TOPIC
Minima
Local Maxima and

AIM point of inflexion,

maxima, minima and
To understand the concept oflocal
MATERIAL FOR ACTIVITY
of length 2 cm (5 pieces).
Cardboard, adhesive, white chart paper, toothpicks, wires
ACTIVITY
it.
1 Take a cardboard of size 30 cm x 30 cm and paste white chart paper on
2 Draw two perpendicular lines to mark and y axis.
3. Bent the wires W,, W, Wa, Wa W, and paste them on white chart paper as in Figure 14.1,

W
P
W

Figure 14.1
4
Toothpicks at points P, Q RS, Trepresents tangents to curves and parallel to the axis.
The slopes of tangents at these points are zero. Thus, the value of first
points is zero. derivatives at these
5 Atpoint Pand Rthe sign of first derivative changes from
points of local minima. negative to positive, so they are
28
Mathemattcs Lab Manual- X1
 At point Q and T, the
sign of first
are points of local maxima.
At Point Sthe sign of
derivative changes from positive to negative, so they
7

OBSERVATION TABLE
derivatives does not
changes so it issa point of inflexion.
Point Sign of derivate at left
Sign of derivative at right
P neighbourhood neighbourhood
R
S

(a) P,R are points of local

(c) Tare points of local
(c) Sispoint of.
CONCLUSION
1. The change in sign of first derivative predicts the local maimum or minimum of a
function.
2 The concept of maxima/ minima are useful in problems of daily life such as making
packages of maximum capacity at a minimum cost.

VIVA VOCE
a critical point then
1. In second derivative test if the sign of double derivative is positive at
the function is mnaximum or minimum at that point?
Ans. Minimum.

2 What is a critical point?

doest not exist.
Ans. Point where f(r) =0 or
3. What is point of inflexion? minimum, it is point of change of
concavity of a function.
neither maximum nor
Ans. Point of
f") for local maxima and local minima?
4 What is the sign of and local minimaf"() is positive.
f() is negative absolute minima?
Ans, For local maxima minima is always
maxima is always absolute maxima or local
5. Is local
Ans. No.

Mathematics Lab Manual-Xl