1. The smallest structural and functional unit in a multicellular organism is a(n) A) cell. B) tissue.

C)
organ. D) organ system. E) organism.
2. Which level of biological organization is composed of several tissues? A) organism B) organ system
C) organ D) cell E) molecules
3. Which sequence correctly lists the different levels of biological organization, from the smallest and
simplest to the largest and most complex? A) cells-organs-tissues-organ systems-organism B) cells-
tissues-organ systems-organs-organism C) tissues-cells-organs-organ systems-organism D) tissues-
organs-organ systems-organism-cells E) cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism
4. The three major domains of life are A) plantae, animalia, and archaea. B) bacteria, fungi, and
eukaryotes. C) eukarya, prokarya, and animalia. D) archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. E) eukarya,
prokarya, and fungi.
5. An informed statement that can be tested in a manner suited to the processes of science is known
as a A) hypothesis. B) phenomenon. C) control. D) variable. E) theory.
6. Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order? A) hypothesis,
observation, experiment, conclusion, data collection B) conclusion, hypothesis, observation,
experiment, data collection C) observation, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, conclusion D)
observation, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion, data collection E) data collection, conclusion,
hypothesis, experiment, observation
7. Technology is the A) application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans. B) study of living
organisms. C) study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment. D)
application of common knowledge for a practical purpose. E) application of laws to benefit society.
8. When you are overheated, you perspire, and when you are too cold, you shiver to generate heat.
Which property of life is best represented by this example? A) homeostasis B) development C)
behavior D) organization E) adaptation
9. Which classification category includes the most species? A) family B) genus C) class D) phylum E)
kingdom
10. Which of these classification categories contains the most closely related group of organisms? A)
domain B) genus C) family D) phylum E) kingdom
11. Which of the following domains contains organisms that are adapted to life in extreme
environments? A) domain Archaea B) domain Bacteria C) domain Eukarya D) domain Animalia E)
domain Plantae
12. Which domains contain organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus? A) Archaea and Bacteria B)
Archaea and Eukarya C) Bacteria and Eukarya D) Eukarya and Animalia E) Archaea and Animalia
13. You have discovered a previously unknown organism. It is multicellular with a filamentous form, and
it absorbs food from its environment. Upon microscopic examination, you see that the cells have
nuclei. How would you classify this organism? A) domain Bacteria B) kingdom Animalia C) kingdom
Protista D) kingdom Fungi E) kingdom Plantae
14. Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning used to form a hypothesis? A) Every fungus that
has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi. B) All
fungi absorb their food; if mushrooms are fungi, then the mushroom absorbs its food. C) A
mushroom is classified in the kingdom Fungi of the domain Eukarya. D) The cell from a mushroom
has a nucleus. E) Fungi are not capable of photosynthesis.
15. Which of the following represents a potential threat to biodiversity? A) People construct artificial
reefs to support marine life. B) Humans clear land for agriculture and housing. C) Energy flows
 through an ecosystem, with much lost as heat. D) Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are found
where solar energy is the most abundant. E) In a food chain, one organism feeds on another
16. Which statement regarding science and technology is true? A) Science, without the assistance of
technology, has brought about life-improving discoveries, such as antibiotics. B) Technology, without
the assistance of science, helps us to understand the causes of cancer. C) Science is defined as the
application of technological knowledge. D) Combining both science and technology may ease the
feeding of the world population by producing new plant strains.
17. You are conducting an experiment to determine what concentration of disinfectant is most effective
in killing bacteria. In this example, the concentration of disinfectant would represent the A) control.
B) experimental variable. C) response variable. D) data. E) hypothesis.
18. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method are true? Check all that apply. A)
Deductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis. B) Observations are used to form a hypothesis. C)
Experiments need to be repeatable. D) The control and experimental groups are identical except for
one variable. E) The response variable is also known as the independent variable
19. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method are true? Check all that apply. A)
Scientific studies are reported in scientific journals. B) At the end of an experiment, a hypothesis is
determined to be absolutely true or absolutely false. C) The control is not subjected to the
experimental variable. D) Data is analyzed using statistical tests. E) When analyzing data, a higher
the p value means results are not likely due to chance.
20. All living organisms A) are prokaryotes. B) are either unicellular or multicellular. C) are eukaryotes.
D) are multicellular. E) are unicellular.
21. Organisms that extract energy from nonliving environmental resources are called A) heterotrophs.
B) decomposers. C) parasites. D) consumers. E) producers.
22. You are sorting cards with pictures of organisms and their descriptions into groups. You would place
the card with an osprey and the description "organisms that obtain energy by consuming other
organisms" with cards for other A) autotrophs. B) plants. C) heterotrophs. D) producers. E)
photosynthesizers.
23. In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _____. 1. A) are more structurally complex 2. B) are larger
3. C) are smaller 4. D) do not have membranes
24. Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but
do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? 1. A) animal 2. B) plant 3. C) archaean 4.
D) fungi
25. When a person gets dehydrated while exercising on a hot day, their pituitary gland releases ADH, a
hormone that signals the kidneys to retain more water. This is an example of 1. A) Positive feedback
regulation 2. B) Negative feedback regulation 3. C) Chemical cycling 4. D) Emergent properties
26. Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? 1. A)
Bacteria and Eukarya 2. B) Archaea and Monera 3. C) Bacteria and Protista 4. D) Bacteria and
Archaea
27. Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? 1. A)
informatics 2. B) taxonomy 3. C) genomics 4. D) evolution
28. Which statement about spontaneous generation is false? A) It addresses the formation of living cells
from previously nonliving material. B) It apparently occurred at least once—when life on Earth
began. C) It occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species. D) Pasteur
demonstrated that it does not occur under normal laboratory conditions.
29. In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _____. A) are more structurally complex B) lack any cell
membranes C) are larger D) are smaller
30. What will happen to the cell if the solution where the cell placed is concentrated? Swell remain
constant mutate shrink divided
31. TRUE/FALSE 1) It would make sense to say that the difference in how two species of spiders make
their webs is genetic. 2) Instincts are “hardwired” and cannot be modified by experience. 3)
Imprinting is a type of learning in which an animal learns to associate a behavior with the
consequences of that behavior. 4) The heritability of a trait can be estimated from the results of an
artificial selection experiment using this equation: h 2 = VG/VP 5) Functional explanations do NOT
imply that animals know why they do what they do. 6) Although your offspring may inherit your
good looks, it would be inaccurate to say that your good looks are heritable. 7) The development of
all behaviors requires both genes and the environment. 8) If the amount of environmental variation
in a trait increases, the heritability of the trait should decrease. 9) The relative abundance of less
profitable prey is the main factor determining whether a species foraging on two types of prey
should specialize on one type or consume both types. 10) Predators can influence the costs and
benefits of sociality in prey species
32. 11) Knowledge of the proximate causes of a behavior is essential for understanding the behavior’s
evolved function. 12) Animals are born with innate predispositions that affect what they are capable
of learning. 13) If the heritability of territorial aggression in purple-bellied newts is 0.8, then identical
twins of this species should develop the same level of territorial aggression whether they are raised
in the same environment or not. 14) Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning that enables
animals to prepare for events that are usually preceded by some sort of environmental cue. 15) In
Fisher’s Runaway process, female preferences evolve because the offspring of choosy females have
higher survival than the offspring of unchoosy females. 16) Sexual selection is a subset of survival
selection. 17) The term “female choice” implies that females understand which traits are indicators
of mate quality. 18) According to Trivers, female-biased parental investment overrides the
anisogamy effect while male-biased parental investment augments it. 19) In species with variable
mating systems, in which males alternate between harem polygyny and lekking in response to
changes in population density, lekking occurs at relatively high population densities. 20) We expect
the sensory systems of parasitoids to evolve to be most sensitive to signals produced by their prey.
21) Sperm competition refers to competition between the sperm of different males inside a female’s
reproductive tract. 22) Males are expected to guard their mates when the probability of the female
mating again (without guarding) is negligible. 23) When female Drosophila were experimentally
prevented from coevolving with males, the toxicity of the male’s seminal products decreased. 24)
Behavioral ecologists assume that animals consciously evaluate the fitness consequences of
alternative behaviors. 25) Lekking is a type of resource defense polygyny
33. Which of the following statements about behavior genetics and learning is false? a) The differences
in the behavior of identical twins reared apart are purely environmental. b) The development of all
behaviors is influenced by both genes and the environment. c) What animals are capable of learning
is affected by their genes. d) Most animals can be trained to do anything they are physically capable
of doing. e) None of the above.
34. 31) Which of the following statements about evolution is true? a) Natural selection cannot change
the phenotype of existing individuals. b) Individuals, not populations, are what actually evolve. c)
 Natural selection is a consequence, not a cause, of evolutionary change. d) Natural selection leads to
steady progress toward increasingly advanced life forms. e) None of the above
35. Behaviors controlled by genes that help an animal survive or reproduce a. increase tness. b. evolve
by natural selecon. c. become more common in the species. d. all of the above
36. Compared with learned behaviors, innate behaviors are more a. exible. b. predictable. c. variable.
d. all of the above
37. Which of the following animal behaviors is a learned behavior? a. building a nest b. spinning a web c.
making a cocoon d. using a twig as a tool
38. When a human infant grasps a nger placed in its palm, it is performing a(n) a. learned behavior. b.
condioned response. c. reex behavior. d. insight behavior
39. Ways animals may learn behaviors include a. observing. b. playing. c. condioning. d. all of the
above
40. When you teach a dog to sit on command by rewarding it with treats, the type of learning involved
is a. insight learning. b. condioning. c. reex learning. d. habituaon.
41. Which types of animals have been observed making and using tools to solve problems? a. only
humans b. only primates c. only mammals d. both mammals and birds
42. Nonhuman animals may communicate using a. hearing. b. sight. c. smell. d. any of the above
43. How do ants communicate the locaon of a food source? e. They do a waggle dance. f. They mark
the trail to the food source with chemicals. g. They use gestures to point toward the food source. h.
none of the above
44. Social animals include m. bees. n. ants. o. wolves. p. all of the above
45. A dog marks its territory by a. releasing chemicals in urine. b. barking and growling. c. showing its
teeth. d. raising its fur.
46. Which statement about animal migraon is false? a. Migraon is most common in birds, sh, and
insects. b. All birds migrate south for the winter. c. Migrang animals generally follow the same
route each year. d. Migraon is triggered by changes in the environment
47. The biological clock causes changes in biology and behavior that repeat every a. month. b. week. c.
year. d. day.
48. Matching 1. _______ any behavior that occurs only after experience or practice. 2. _______ way of
learning that involves a reward or punishment. 3. _______ any way that an animal interacts with
other animals or the environment. 4. _______ learning from past experiences and reasoning. 5.
_______ simple response that always occurs when a certain stimulus is present. 6. _______ learning
to get used to something after being exposed to it repeatedly. Terms a. habituaon b. innate
behavior c. reex behavior d. animal behavior e. condioning f. learned behavior g. insight learning
49. A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine
deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following is a PROXIMATE cause of this behavior? a.
It announces to the males that she is in heat. b. Female cats that did this in the past attracted more
males. c. It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. d. The female cat
learned the behavior from observing other cats. e. All of the above are ultimate causes of behavior.
50. In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another
male by functioning as… a. A pheromone b. A sign stimulus c. A fixed action pattern d. A search
image e. An imprint stimulus
51. A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that
is difficult to modify through later experiences is.. a. Insight b. Imprinting c. Habituation d. Operant
conditioning e. Trial-and-error learning
52. You turn on a light and observe cockroaches scurrying to dark hiding places. What have you
observed? a. Taxis b. Learned behavior c. Migration d. Visual communication e. Operant
conditioning
53. Which of the following statements about learning and behavior is incorrect? a. Operant conditioning
involves associating a behavior with a reward or punishment b. Associative learning involves linking
one stimulus with another. c. Classical conditioning involves trial-and-error learning. d. Behavior can
be modified by learning, but some apparent learning is due to maturation. e. Imprinting is a learned
behavior with an innate component acquired during a sensitive period.
54. Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of
the following might you use to describe this behavior? a. The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed
action pattern. b. The dog is performing a social behavior c. The dog is trying to protect its territory.
d. The dog has been classically conditioned. e. The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning
55. The foundation for the germ theory of disease was set down by 󰯭 Robert Koch 󰯰 Ronald Ross 󰯳 Louis
Pasteur 󰯶 Walter Reed
56. Microorganisms are found in which of the following kingdom of five kingdom concept
57. Which of the following is/are included in Kingdom Prokaryotae? 󰯭 Bacteria 󰯰 Protozoa 󰯳 Fungi 󰯶 All
of these
58. All of the following are features of prokaryotes except 󰯭 nitrogen fixation 󰯰 photosynthesis 󰯳 sexual
reproduction 󰯶 locomotion
59. Which of the following structure is absent in eukaryotic cells? 󰯭 Mitochondria 󰯰 Chloroplasts 󰯳 Golgi
structure 󰯶 Mesosome
60. Which one is not studied in microbiology? 󰯭 Bacteria 󰯰 Animal behaviour 󰯳 Fungi 󰯶 Algae
61. A characteristic of protein synthesis in both the archaea and eukarya is 󰯭 transcription and
translation are coupled 󰯰 translation is inhibited by diphtheria toxin 󰯳 proteins are synthesized from
D
62. Cell theory includes all of the following except 󰯭 all organisms are composed of one or more cells 󰯰
the cell is the most primitive form of life 󰯳 the cell is the structural unit of life 󰯶 cells arise by division
of preexisting cells
63. Living organisms have many complex characteristics. Which one of the following is shared by non-
living matter as well? 󰯭 Homeostasis 󰯰 Tissues 󰯳 Reproduction 󰯶 Molecules
64. Mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and chlamydiae are 󰯭 types of fungi 󰯰 small bacteria 󰯳 species of protozoa
󰯶 forms of viruses
65. Which of the following is not true for eukaryotic cells? 󰯭 Nucleus is bounded by nuclear membrane 󰯰
Chromosomes contain histones 󰯳 Chloroplasts and mitochondria contains 70S ribosomes 󰯶 Gas
vacuoles are present
66. Which of the following is not true for prokaryotic organism? 󰯭 Nucleus is not bounded by nuclear
membrane 󰯰 Chromosomes does not contain histones 󰯳 80S ribosomes are distributed in cytoplasm
󰯶 Cell wall contains peptidoglycan as one of the major component
67. Gram staining was introduced by 󰯭 Christian gram 󰯰 Alfred Gram 󰯳 Robertcook 󰯶 Louis Pasteur
68. The phospholipids present in cytoplasm membrane of the archaeobacteria is 󰯭 phosphoglycerides 󰯰
polyisoprenoid 󰯳 polyisoprenoid branched chain lipids 󰯶 none of the above
69. The unifying feature of the archaea that distinguishes them from the bacteria is 󰯭 habitats which are
extreme environments with regard to acidity 󰯰 absence of a nuclear membrane temperature 󰯳
presence of a cell wall containing a characteristic outer membrane 󰯶 cytoplasmic ribosomes that are
70S
70. The bacteria deficient in cell wall is 󰯭 Treponema 󰯰 Mycoplasma 󰯳 Staphylococcus 󰯶 Klebsiella
71. Which of the following is not true about peptidoglycan? 󰯭 It is a polymer consisting of N-acetyl
glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid and amino acids (alanine, lysine, etc.) 󰯰 It is present in
prokaryotic cell wall 󰯳 It occurs in the form of a bag shaped macro molecule surrounding the
cytoplasm membrane 󰯶 None of the above
72. The common word for bacteria which are spherical in shape is 󰯭 cocci 󰯰 bacilli 󰯳 spirilla 󰯶
pleomorphic
73. Single or clusters of flagella at both poles is known as 󰯭 monotrichous 󰯰 petritrichous 󰯳
amphitrichous 󰯶 none of these
74. Which of the following bacterial genera (that produces endospore) have medical importance? 󰯭
Clostridium 󰯰 Bacillus 󰯳 Both (a) and (b) 󰯶 None of these
75. The cocci which forms a chain is 󰯭 Streptococci 󰯰 diplococci 󰯳 Staphylococci 󰯶 Tetracocci
76. The arrangement, in which flagella are distributed all round the bacterial cell, is known as 󰯭
lophotrichous 󰯰 amphitrichous 󰯳 peritrichous 󰯶 monotrichous
77. Periplasm is 󰯭 the area between the inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria 󰯰 the
area between the inner and outer membranes of Gram-positive bacteria 󰯳 the interior portion of
mitochondria 󰯶 the area outside the cell membrane that is influenced by the polymers
78. Which of the following has peptidoglycan as a major constituent of cell wall? 󰯭 Gram-negative
bacteria 󰯰 Gram-positive bacteria 󰯳 Fungi 󰯶 None of these
79. The common word for bacteria which are helically curved rods is 󰯭 cooci 󰯰 pleomorphic 󰯳 bacillus 󰯶
spirilla
80. Cytoplasmic inclusions include 󰯭 ribosomes 󰯰 mesosomes 󰯳 fat globules 󰯶 all of these
81. The cocci which forms a bunch and irregular pattern are 󰯭 Staphylococci 󰯰 diplococci 󰯳 Tetracocci 󰯶
Streptococc
82. Chemotaxis is a phenomenon of 󰯭 swimming away of bacteria 󰯰 swimming towards a bacteria 󰯳
swimming away or towards of bacteria in presence of chemical compound 󰯶 none of the above
83. The structure responsible for motility of bacteria is 󰯭 pilli 󰯰 flagella 󰯳 sheath 󰯶 capsules
84. The cell wall of 󰯭 gram-positive bacteria are thicker than gram-negative bacteria 󰯰 gram-negative
bacteria are thicker than gram-positive bacteria 󰯳 both have same thickness but composition is
different 󰯶 none of these
85. Peptidoglycan is also known as 󰯭 N-acetyl muramic acid 󰯰 murein mucopeptide 󰯳 N
acetylglucosamine 󰯶 mesodiaminopimetic acid
86. Genetic system is located in the prokaryotes in 󰯭 nucleoid 󰯰 chromatin 󰯳 nuclear material 󰯶 all of
these
87. Which is most likely to be exposed on the surface of a gram-negative bacterium? 󰯭 Pore protein
(porin) 󰯰 Protein involved in energy generation 󰯳 Lipoteichoic acid 󰯶 Phospholipids
88. The last step in synthesis of peptidoglycan is 󰯭 attachment of a peptide to muramic acid 󰯰 attaching
two amino acids to form a cross-link 󰯳 attachment of a portion of peptidoglycan to a membrane lipid
󰯶 binding of penicillin to a membrane protein
89. Bacteria having no flagella are unable to 󰯭 move 󰯰 reproduce 󰯳 stick to tissue surfaces 󰯶 grow in
nutrient agar
90. Which of the following is true about cell wall of gram-positive bacteria? 󰯭 It consists of multiple
layers 󰯰 It is thicker than that associated with gram-negative bacteria 󰯳 It contains teichoic acids 󰯶 All
of these
91. A cluster of polar flagella is called 󰯭 lophotrichous 󰯰 amphitrichous 󰯳 monotrichous 󰯶 petritrichous
92. The protein from which hook and filaments of flagella are composed of, is 󰯭 keratin 󰯰 flagellin 󰯳
gelatin 󰯶 casein
93. The cooci which mostly occur in single or pairs are 󰯭 Streptococci 󰯰 Diplococci 󰯳 Tetracocci 󰯶 None of
these
94. Which of the following transport bacterial DNA to other bacteria via bacteriophages? 󰯭 Conjugation
󰯰 Transduction 󰯳 Transformation 󰯶 Translation
95. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true in regards to F+ x F- mating events? 󰯭 DNA is
transferred from F- to F+ cells 󰯰 DNA is transferred from F to F- cells 󰯳 No DNA is transferred
because F+ cells are unable to perform conjugation 󰯶 No DNA is transferred because F cells are
unable to perform conjugation
96. In lysogeny, 󰯭 a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA 󰯰 bacteria take up double stranded DNA from
the environment 󰯳 DNA-degrading enzymes in the extracellular medium would stop the process 󰯶 a
bacteriophage genome is integrated into the bacterial genome
97. Which of the following statement describes plasmids? 󰯭 Another name for a protoplast 󰯰 A complex
membrane structure that covers the chromosome of bacteria 󰯳 Small, circular DNA molecules that
can exist independently of chromosomes commonly found in bacteria 󰯶 None of the above
98. Thermus thermopiles is a 󰯭 gram negative eubacteria 󰯰 gram positive eubacteria 󰯳 gram negative
archebacteria 󰯶 gram positive archebacteri
99. Most commonly asexual reproduction in the Protozoa is by 󰯭 conjugation 󰯰 gametangial contact 󰯳
binary fission 󰯶 binary fusion
100. Which of the following is not a function of cysts for Protozoa? 󰯭 Protect against adverse
environments 󰯰 Sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division 󰯳 Serve as a means of transfer
between hosts in parasitic species 󰯶 All of the above
101. Which of the following is not true of protozoa? 󰯭 Lack cell wall 󰯰 Produce no sporebearing
structures 󰯳 Comprise the microbial population known as phytoplankton 󰯶 Form active feeding
forms called trophozoites
102. Sexual reproduction in the Protozoa occurs most commonly by 󰯭 conjugation 󰯰 gametangial
contact 󰯳 binary fission 󰯶 binary fusion
103. Organisms with complex life cycles which include a mammalian host and an insect host and
involves schizogony as part of the cycle belong to which phylum of Protozoa? 󰯭 Sarcomastigophora 󰯰
Microspora 󰯳 Apicomplexa 󰯶 Myxozoa
104. A protozoan is defined as 󰯭 motile prokaryotic unicellular protist 󰯰 motile eukaryotic unicellular
protist 󰯳 motile eukaryotic unicellular photosynthetic protist 󰯶 motile eukaryotic multicellular protist
105.