Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Articulos Ingles Terminado
Articulos Ingles Terminado
CICLO: IV
ICA - PERÚ
2023
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SUMMARY
The nervous system (SN) is the most important control system in the body and,
together with the endocrine system, performs most of the regulatory functioIn
general, the SN controls rapid activities of the body, such as contractions. muscles,
rapidly evolving visceral phenomena, and even secretions of some endocrine
glands. On the other hand, the endocrine system regulates mainly the metabolic
functions of the organism.
Introduction
The nervous system is usually divided into the central nervous system (CNS),
which includes the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS), made up of the autonomic nervous system and the cranial and spinal
nerves. It is estimated that the human CNS contains 10 to 9 neurons, without
counting the cerebellum, which would contain about 30 x 10 to 9; the approximate
number of glial cells could be from 10 to 12 (Majovski, 1989). Human behavior is
the result of the integral functioning of this set of nerve cells.
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES.
somatic sensory nerve: nerve that collects sensory impulses related to the so-
called "relational life", that is, not referring to the activity of the viscera;somatic
motor nerve: a nerve that carries motor impulses to voluntary muscles;
visceral sensory nerve: a nerve that collects sensation from the viscera;visceral
elector nerve: a nerve that carries motor, secretory, etc. impulses to the viscera.In
addition, the nerves that perform only one of the four functions listed above are
called pure nerves, while those that are simultaneously somatic sensory and
somatic motor (or that are also simultaneously somatic and visceral) are called
mixed nerves.However, the nomenclature of the nerves has been established
based on the territory in which they are distributed: there will be, for example,
muscular nerves and cutaneous nerves. Muscle nerves enter striated muscles,
essentially carrying motor fibers. Each fiber divides, inside the muscle, into many
twigs, each of which reaches the motor plate of a muscle fiber. The group of
muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber is called the Sherrington motor
unit.For their part, the cutaneous nerves are those that reach the skin, picking up
its sensitivity. Each cutaneous nerve is distributed in a certain area of skin, called a
dermatome.
ABSTRACT
The article attempts to explain the emergence of humanistic psychology in the 1960s,
highlighting their origins and distinctive characteristics, the objectives of his birth and
evaluating their achievements, as well as newly discovered psychological phenomena.
An emerging new paradigm, known as Philosophy of the Implicit created by Eugene
Gendlin, Focusing discoverer described. Finally highlights the contributions of
humanistic psychology that have endured after half a century of existence.
The world was surprised by the ideological end of the macro war conflict of the First
World War in 1919 when its end was settled by a coup d'état in Germany of imminent
ideological inspiration. After 25 years, humanity was stunned when the advanced
scientific technology of modern physics put an end to the world conflict on that fateful
August 6, 1945, when the first atomic bomb was dropped on humanity in Hiroshima.
Since then, the world would have faced the use of nuclear weapons that made war
conflicts unfeasible, faced with a type of war never seen before, known as the cold
war, a conflict in which two exclusive ideological models of society confront each other
on the part of the major corporations. powers. The objective of the Cold War was not
to win it, but to avoid losing it, since the most successful model had to demonstrate its
superiority. Both systems were inspired by a vision of man as a being who must
conquer nature and the universe through a civilization that was extremely scientifically
developed but profoundly ineffective in resolving conflicts through dialogue. Humanity
was then faced with an era of cultural revolution at the level of change and questioning
of everything that existed. The world came to need a Psychology in accordance with a
historical development that would allow society to seek and provide a peaceful solution
to conflicts between nationals, which could no longer be resolved technologically. It
was necessary to discover a new way of conceiving this science whose prevailing
paradigm until 1945 did not have much to offer in the face of the great problems that
man has with man, in the words of Martin Buber (1878-1965).
Humanistic Psychology was officially born in the USA in 1962, when a group of
psychologists and progressive thinkers of the time declared their willingness to develop
a new approach that transcended the determinisms and fragmentation of the current
models of Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism; The desire was then to develop a new
Psychology that deals with Subjectivity and Internal Experience, with the Person as a
whole, without fragmentations such as behavior or the unconscious, or perception or
language, but rather contemplating the Person as an object. study light.
This group of thinkers was made up of singular exponents of a new cultural concern:
Kurt Goldstein, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Rollo May,
Karen Horney, Aldous Huxley, Herbert Marcuse, and they were also part of this
revolutionary group of contemporary thought, two young psychotherapists, they were
Sidney Jourard and Eugene Gendlin, both 26 years old, becoming the first president of
the Humanistic Association and the future discoverer of Focusing, respectively.
IN SUMMARY
SUMMARY
The concept of a couple, due to its complexity, needs to be constantly reviewed considering
that it is influenced by social, historical and cultural characteristics. Some myths and
stereotypes about couple's choice, which are gradually assimilated through the process of
socialization, are shown. In addition, different classifications about the couple's cycle are
identified, which allows to conclude that there is no an unique criterion to determine it, and
that each cycle could be considered acceptable depending on the researcher's perspective.
Also, seven phases of formation of the couple are proposed, pointing out the most
significant aspects. Finally, the similarities and differences between the homosexual and
heterosexual couples are reviewed, promoting the identification of general aspects as well
as the specific characteristics of the couple we are working on within the psychotherapeutic
Introduction
The couple relationship is one of the most complex forms of interaction because biological,
psychological, interactional, social and cultural aspects are involved, so if we are going to
talk about a couple, it is necessary to specify from which perspective it is going to be
approached and in what context.
Couple concept
From the point of view of psychology, some perspectives from which the study can be
approached are: focused on the couple, on the structure, on the interaction or on the
children, on conflicts or their solution, on the learning and developing skills that allow them
to establish a better relationship with themselves and with others.
SUMMARY
Cognitive development is the process by which a person acquires knowledge about what
surrounds them and thus develops their intelligence and abilities. It begins from birth and
continues throughout childhood and adolescence.
PIAGET'S THEORY
To determine the different stages of development that a person goes through, the
psychologist Jean Piaget and his theory of cognitive development are the most used
references.
Sensorimotor stage
From the moment he is born until he is two years old, the baby acquires a better perception
of his surroundings as well as his own movements. This is already born with a series of
reflexes that allow it to begin to understand the cause and consequences of things from its
first month of life.
Preoperational stage
This stage ranges from two to seven years old. Mental representations are especially
developed and thinking in general is much faster and more efficient. The child is capable of
thinking not only about the immediate and present, but also about more timeless thoughts.
It occurs from ages seven to 11. The child's thinking increasingly resembles that of an
adult, and he begins to establish relationships between objects, to reflect logically.
Stage of formal operations
From the age of 12 and during adolescence. The child is already capable of thinking
abstractly. Reasoning and reflection, therefore, begin to be really effective when it comes to
understanding the world around them. With them they reach more complex deductions
about reality than before.
ARTICLE SEVEN:
Summary
article eight
INTRODUCTION
Man's belonging to a certain society does not presuppose the existence of a automatic,
simplified, rectilinear determination of your individual conscience. Considering your life
and immediate experiences, the life of each man It takes place along a vital journey through
different groups and institutions and in contexts specific social (Fuentes, 1990)
The social psychology of intergroup relations is the area of psychology that studies the
causes and consequences of the actions and perceptions that individuals have about
themselves and others as members of different social groups. Sherif and Sherif (1979)
defined this field of research as the analysis of those behaviors and attitudes that arise from
concrete or desired membership in a human group. This line of work then deals with the
intergroup behaviors of the subjects, that is, with the similarities and uniformities in the
behavioral patterns that emerge from the perception of oneself and others in terms of their
affiliation to a social group.
norms, principles and mechanisms, which are different from individual behavior. In
general terms, when there is an interrelationship between two groups, there are two models
that prevail: cooperation or conflict.An example of cooperation would be two countries that
collaborate to face a crisis, whether economic, environmental, health, etc.
On the other hand, an example of conflict between groups would be a war between two
countries or a war between the same country (civil war).
The social psychologist Muzafer Sherif and his collaborators carried out a well-known
social experiment called “the den of thieves” in 1954:The experiment was carried out
without the knowledge of the children participating in it, but with the consent of the
parents. In this, two groups of children about eleven years old camped near each other
without either knowing the existence of the other group.
The celebration of October 10 as World Mental Health Day can serve as an auspicious occasion to
have a moment of reflection on the main mental health problems, so that we can acquire awareness
of its dimension, as well as review various recommendations proposed by international
organizations with the purpose of achieving improvements in this field.There is no doubt that
mental disorders, also called neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders, have been become a real
concern for people who suffer from them, for themselves. The causes of mental disorders include a
combination of biological, genetic, psychological, emotional, psychosocial, cognitive,
environmental and social. The approach model currently used is biopsychosocial that includes
biological and psychosocial factors. The biological component includes alterations in some areas of
the brain and the psychosocial component, alterations in interpersonal functioning.
Articles
Summary
Talking about self-concept or self-esteem can be a bit tricky, since it entails a psychological
aspect of the person where not everyone likes what they are, who they are, and even what
their inner Self means in their life and environment; However, in the stage of adolescence,
this process of self-knowledge and acceptance can mean big problems and even existential
SELFCONCEPT
What do we understand by self-concept and what is the background of this term? It has
been defined as: the individual's perceptions of himself, which are based on his experiences
with others and on the attributions that he himself makes of his own behavior, as well as the
concept that the individual has of himself as a be physical, social and spiritual; The
importance of self-concept basically focuses on its relationship to the construction of
personality, since it is linked to social competence, influencing how the person feels, how
they think, how they learn, how they value themselves, their general behavior
SELF-ESTEEM