PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING 1041

Taguchi optimization of
surface roughness in grinding
of cryogenically treated
AISI 5140 steel
Fuat Kara, Uğur Köklü and Ufuk This study investigated the performance of the grinding parameters
Kabasakaloğlu, Düzce, Turkey used in the cylindrical grinding process of AISI 5140 steel and identi-
fied optimum grinding conditions via the Taguchi optimization method.
Experiments were carried out via the L18 orthogonal array. Control
factors for optimum surface roughness (Ra) values were determined
Article Information
by using the Taguchi method. Two different grinding wheels (SiC and
Al2O3), three different cryogenic samples (CHT, DCTT-15 and DCTT-30)
Correspondence Address
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fuat Kara and depth of cuts (100, 200 and 300 μm) were selected as control
Düzce University factors. The cylindrical grinding test results showed that optimal Ra
Faculty of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
values were obtained on specimens cryogenically treated for 30 h
81620, Düzce, Turkey (DCTT-30). Linear and quadratic regression analyses were conducted
E-mail: fuatkara@duzce.edu.tr for the experimental results. The correlation coefficients (R2) were
Keywords found to be 0.957 and 0.993 with linear and quadratic regression
Cryogenic treatment, cylindrical grinding,
regression analyses, surface roughness,
models, respectively. Finally, confirmation tests were performed and
Taguchi method. showed that the optimization had been successfully implemented.

Tempered steel is alloyed and unalloyed
manufacturing steel whose chemical com-
position is suitable for hardening, espe-
cially in terms of carbon content, and
which exhibits high toughness at a certain
tensile strength at the end of the treatment.
Tempered steel is mainly used for various
machine and engine parts, forgings, nuts,
bolts and studs, crankshafts, axles, control
and drive parts, piston rods, various mill-
ers, gears and shafts due to its superior
mechanical properties in machine-manu-
facturing parts [1]. The selection of the ap-
propriate tempered steel and the applica-
tion of the correct tempering process is a
tradition that requires great care and expe-
rience. The good results of this process (to
achieve desired hardness and toughness
values) are closely related to the cleaning
of the steel used. Hygienic cleaning refers
to the removal of dissolved impurities (hy-
drogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) from the liq-
uid steel core and the removal of oxide,
sulfur inclusions [2]. Cryogenic treatment,
also referred to as sub-zero treatment, is a
supplementary and additive process to the
conventional heat treatment (CHT) of tool
steel and usually involves cooling to liquid
nitrogen temperatures (-196 °C) [3].
The grinding process is one of the most
important manufacturing methods which
enable the workpieces to be obtained in
desired dimension, shape, position and
measurement tolerances [4]. This method
is generally used in cases where work-
pieces cannot be manufactured with suffi-
cient completeness and surface quality by
machining methods such as turning and
milling. Especially for the workpieces pro-
duced, the grinding process is required in
cases where the dimensional stability, tol-
erances, surface quality and appearance
are important [5]. In order to obtain good
surface roughness in the grinding opera-
tion, the grinding parameters must be se-
lected in the most appropriate way. Experi-
mentally, it is necessary to carry out con-
siderable processing to determine
optimum conditions, which is undesirable
in terms of both time and cost. For this rea-
son, different optimization techniques
such as the Taguchi method, artificial neu-
ral networks, response surface methodol-
ogy, fuzzy logic and a genetic algorithm
can be applied to experimental results in
order to determine optimal processing con-
ditions with fewer experiments [3, 6, 7].
The Taguchi method is one of these tech-
niques for determining optimum process-
ing conditions. By reducing the number of
trials and thus reducing production and
testing costs, it provides a simple, efficient
and systematic approach to minimum time
intervals [8]. There are many studies in
the literature on the subject of the Taguchi
method [9-11].

62 (2020) 10 © Carl Hanser Verlag, München Materials Testing

1042 PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING
Kahraman [12] focused on optimizing
machining parameters based on the Tagu-
chi method in order to minimize surface
roughness in the turning of studs manufac-
tured from AISI 5140 steel. Rotational
speed, feed rate and depth of cut were con-
sidered as control factors for surface rough-
ness, and the L9 orthogonal array was se-
lected for the experiment trials. The or-
thogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and
analysis of variance (ANOVA) were em-
ployed to investigate surface roughness
characteristics. Minimum surface rough-
ness was obtained at a 2000 rpm rotational
speed, 0.2 mm/rev feed rate and 0.5 mm
depth of cut. Optimal surface roughness
was calculated as 1.70 μm by using optimal
levels of the design parameters. The confir-
mation test showed that the Taguchi
method could be used for precise optimiz-
ing of the machining parameters in the
turning of AISI 5140 steel [12].
In the present study, the effects of the fac-
tors of grinding wheels, cryogenic holding
times and depth of cut on surface roughness
were statistically evaluated in the cylindri-
cal grinding of AISI 5140 steel, which is
widely used in automotive industry. For this
purpose, the experiments were designed ac-
cording to the Taguchi L18 orthogonal array,
C Si Mn
0.38-0.43 0.15-0.35 0.7-0.9
Table 1: Chemical composition of AISI 5140 (wt.-%)
Grinding form
Grinding wheels
EKW 60 K 6 V Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Wheel standard
Wheel diameter
Wheel inner diameter
Wheel width
Wheel grain size
Wheel grain texture
Hardness of wheel
Wheel speed
Grinding length
Workpiece feed rate
Surface speed of workpiece
Dressing conditions
Generax special grinding fluid (concentration: % 5) pH: 9.7
Cooling mode
Table 2: Experimental conditions for cylindrical grinding
and optimal grinding parameter values giv-
ing the lowest surface roughness were de-
termined. For the experimental results, two
different multiple regression analyses (lin-
ear and quadratic) were performed. At the
same time, the effects of the control factors
on surface roughness (Ra) were determined
by ANOVA. Finally, the validation of the op-
timization was tested by confirmation ex-
periments.
Materials and method
Test specimen and experimental setup.
This study aimed to determine the optimum
grinding conditions by investigating the ef-
fects of the cylindrical grinding parameters
on the surface roughness conventional heat-
treated and cryogenically treated AISI 5140
steel. The AISI 5140 steel used in the tests
was manufactured in workpiece dimensions
of ∅39 × 170 mm, and its chemical compo-
sition is given below.
AISI 5140 steel samples were defined as
conventionally heat treated (CHT), cryo-
genically treated for 15 h (DCTT-15) and for
30 h (DCTT-30). Deep cryogenic treatment
(DCT) was performed at a temperature of
-196 °C. The samples were held at the same
temperature for 15 h and 30 h, respec-
S P Cr Fe
0.04 0.035 0.7-0.9 97.39-98.07
Cylindrical grinding
SCG 60 K 6 V Silicon carbide (SiC)
TS 291-3 EN 12413
350 mm
127
40 mm
60
6
K
1440 rpm
170 mm × four passes
8 m/min
135 rev/min
single point diamond dresser
dressing depth: 0.020 × 10 = 0.20 mm
dressing time: 2 minute
flow rate: 25 l/min
tively. After DCT, all samples were tem-
pered at 200 °C for 2 h. The experiments
were performed on AISI 5140 steel bars
using a cylindrical grinding machine. The
experimental conditions and specifications
of the grinding wheels are shown in Ta-
ble 2.
Surface roughness measurement. Meas-
uring and evaluating surface roughness is
very important in grinding applications.
For the surface roughness measurements
of the ground surfaces, a Zygo Zegage 3D
optical surface profilometer was used. The
surface roughness (Ra) value was calcu-
lated as the average of three measurements
taken from the ground surfaces.
Taguchi experimental design. In order
to achieve a successful outome when con-
ducting experimental studies, it is essen-
tial that the experiments be designed cor-
rectly. For this reason, the Taguchi method,
developed by Genichi Taguchi, was applied
for the design and analysis of the experi-
ments. In this method, results are analyzed
using the signal to noise (S/N) ratio to sta-
tistically measure the performance. The
evaluation of the experimental results is
carried out using the signal factor (S) as
the actual value from the system and the
noise factor (N) not as an element of the
experimental design, but as an influencing
factor on the result. The sources of the
noise include all the variables causing a
deviation in the desired performance quali-
ties from the target value. Dependent upon
the quality characteristic, three cases are
used when calculating the S/N ratio: ‘the
nominal is the best’, ‘the largest is the best’
and ‘the smallest is the best’ [13]. In the
present study, as the lowest values for Ra
were desired for achieving machining effi-
ciency, the S/N values were calculated ac-
cording to ‘the smallest is best’ formula, as
expressed in Equation (1).
Figure 1: Surface roughness measurements with
Zygo Zegage 3D optical surface profilometer
62 (2020) 10
 PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING 1043

Symbol Control factors Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

A Grinding wheels - GW Al2O3 SiC –
B Cryogenic holding times – HT (h) 0 15 30
C Depth of cut – DOC (μm) 100 200 300

Table 3: Control factors and levels

1 n 
S / N =
10log   y 2i  (1) 200 °C for 2 h after the cryogenic process.
 n i=1  Tempering after cryogenic treatment pro-
vides a homogenous distribution of car-
with yi: measured surface roughness val- bides and the formation of fine carbides. Figure 2: Variation of surface roughness
depending on grinding parameters
ues and n: number of tests performed. Therefore, better surface quality is ob-
The machining parameters chosen were tained [15, 16]. In addition, the grindabil-
grinding wheels (GW), cryogenic holding ity of the DCT samples improved due to
times (HT) and depth of cut (DOC). The or- their increased hardness after cryogenic ure 2) that the Ra obtained for the SiC
thogonal array of L18 (21 × 32) was selected treatment [16]. This resulted in a reduction grinding wheel is lower when compared
as most suitable to determine the optimal in the Ra values because a better surface with that of the Al2O3 grinding wheel for all
grinding parameters and to analyze the ef- finish can be obtained on a harder material grinding conditions. This may be explained
fects of the parameters. The control factors than on a softer one under the same cut- by the fact that the SiC grinding wheel ex-
and levels used in the cylindrical grinding ting conditions [17]. It is apparent (see Fig- hibited higher thermal conductivity than
of AISI 5140 steel are given Table 3. The
L18 mixed orthogonal array was used for
conducting the experiments. By applying
ANOVA at a 95 % CI on the experimental
results, the effect levels of the variables on
Ra were determined. The experimental de-
sign and statistical analysis according to
the Taguchi method were performed using
Minitab 16 software.

Findings and discussion

Experimental results. Variations in the Ra

values measured from the CHT and DCT
samples depending on depth of cut for both
grinding wheels are shown in Figure 2.
The Ra values measured varied in the
range of 0.30 μm to 1.50 μm in the cylin-
drical grinding of AISI 5140 steel. The Ra
slightly increased with increasing depth of
cut for both grinding wheels. It is well
known that the depth of cut is one of the
most influential parameters negatively af-
fecting Ra. When the depth of cut in-
creases, the grinding temperature also in-
creases, resulting in thermal softening of
the work material. This softening makes
the material flow around the grits, and in
subsequent passes, the small particles
loosely adhering to the wheel weld again to
the parent material. This effect causes poor
surface quality [14]. Consequently, the
depth of cut should be reduced as much as
possible in order to improve the surface
quality.
With regard to the heat treatments, the
DCTT-30 samples yielded the lowest Ra val-
ues when compared with the CHT and
DCTT-15 samples. In this study, post tem-
pering was carried out at a temperature of Figure 3: 3D surface images of the ground surfaces

62 (2020) 10
1044 PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING

the Al2O3 grinding wheel. Moreover, the values. The best surface integrity was ob- crostructure reduced friction between the
lowest Ra values were obtained in the cy- tained for the DCTT-30 samples ground grinding wheel and the workpiece. Due to
lindrical grinding experiments performed with both the SiC and Al2O3 wheels. In the all of these findings, it can be deduced that
with the DCTT-30 samples for both grind- cylindrical grinding process, higher tem- DCT was responsible for lower grinding
ing wheels. This is attributed to the more peratures occur during the cutting due to temperatures in the cutting zone. The
homogeneous distribution of carbides and friction between the grinding wheel and lower temperatures in the grinding zone
the precipitation of finer carbides in the the workpiece. These high temperatures af- provided better surface integrity.
microstructure of DCTT-30 samples after fect the mechanical property of both the Optimization of surface roughness. The
the tempering process [18, 19], because grit and the work material. The material S/N ratios calculated on the basis of the Ra
finer carbide particles in the microstruc- starts to flow around the grit and its in- values obtained as a result of the grinding
ture of the bearing steel led to lower sur- creased ductility aids the flow, resulting in tests performed on the AISI 5140 steel ac-
face damages. a poor surface. As mentioned in the litera- cording to the Taguchi L18 test design are
The surface images of the samples ture, the DCT resulted in improved micro- given in Table 4.
ground with the SiC and Al2O3 grinding structure [15, 20]. In addition, the second- The S/N responses generated by the Ta-
wheels are shown in Figure 3. It can be ary carbides were precipitated after the guchi method were used to determine the
clearly seen that the DCT has improved the tempering process following DCT, and the most effective control factors on the opti-
surfaces of the ground bearing steel sam- carbide grains shrank in the microstruc- mum levels and performance characteris-
ples. These results are similar to the Ra ture [21]. These improvements in the mi- tics (surface roughness). The highest S/N
values in this table show the optimum level
of each control factor. The S/N responses
A B C Surface Ra – S/N showing the effect of each control factor on
Experiment
Grinding wheels-GW Cryogenic holding Depth of cut- roughness ratio surface roughness are given in Table 5. It
number
(Al2O3-SiC) times – HT (hours) DOC (μm) Ra (μm) (dB)
can be seen that the most effective factors
1 Al2O3 0 (CHT) 100 0.5 6.0206 on the surface roughness were the grind-
2 Al2O3 0 (CHT) 200 0.532 5.4818 ing wheels, heat treatment and depth of
3 Al2O3 0 (CHT) 300 0.626 4.0685 cut, respectively. These results were con-
firmed by ANOVA.
4 Al2O3 15 (DCTT-15) 100 0.486 6.2673
When Table 5 is examined, it can be seen
5 Al2O3 15 (DCTT-15) 200 0.514 5.7807 that the most effective factors on the sur-
6 Al2O3 15 (DCTT-15) 300 0.524 5.6134 face roughness were the grinding wheels,
7 Al2O3 30 (DCTT-30) 100 0.313 10.0891 cryogenic holding times and depth of cut,
respectively. These results were confirmed
8 Al2O3 30 (DCTT-30) 200 0.409 7.7655
by ANOVA. Moreover, the optimum surface
9 Al2O3 30 (DCTT-30) 300 0.457 6.8017 roughness for the cylindrical grinding of
10 SiC 0 (CHT) 100 1.281 -2.1510 the AISI 5140 steel was obtained at the first
11 SiC 0 (CHT) 200 1.446 -3.2034 level (A1) of the grinding wheel, at the third
level (B3) of the cryogenic holding times
12 SiC 0 (CHT) 300 1.545 -3.7786
and at the first level (C1) of the depth of cut.
13 SiC 15 (DCTT-15) 100 1.124 -1.0153 The main effect graph showing the opti-
14 SiC 15 (DCTT-15) 200 1.227 -1.7769 mum values of the control factors, i. e., the
15 SiC 15 (DCTT-15) 300 1.254 -1.9660 grinding parameters, is given in Figure 4.
As in the S/N response table, the highest
16 SiC 30 (DCTT-30) 100 0.788 2.0695
S/N values in the main effect graph show
17 SiC 30 (DCTT-30) 200 1.05 -0.4238 the optimum level for that parameter. Thus,
18 SiC 30 (DCTT-30) 300 1.124 -1.0153 the optimum values for the surface rough-
ness determined for the grinding wheels,
Table 4: The experimental results and S/N ratios values

Control factors
Levels
GW HT DOC
Level 1 6.432 1.073 3.547 Figure 4: Main effects
Level 2 -1.471 2.151 2.271 plot of S/N ratios for Ra

Level 3 4.214 1.621

Delta 7.905 3.141 1.926
Rank 1 2 3

Table 5: S/N response tables

62 (2020) 10
 PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING 1045

cryogenic holding times and depth of cut
were the Al2O3, DCTT-30 and 100 μm, re-
spectively.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA). A vari-
ance analysis was performed to determine
how all the control factors used in the ex-
perimental design influenced each other,
what effect this had on the performance
characteristics, and what kind of changes
occurred in the performance characteris-
tics at the different levels of the parameters
[22]. The ANOVA results for the effect lev-
els of the control factors on surface rough-
ness and energy consumption are given in
Table 6. Here, the F values and the percent-
age contribution ratio (PCR) showing the
significance level of each variable can be
seen. This analysis was performed at a
95 % CI and 5 % significance level. The ef-
fect of the control factors was determined
by comparing the F values. The F factor is
the biggest factor and has the most influ-
ence on the result.
According to the ANOVA results, the
most important parameter affecting the
surface roughness was found to be the
grinding wheels (83.70 %). Following the
GW was the cryogenic holding times
(9.60 %), while the depth of cut was effec-
tive on Ra at low levels (3.34 %). The results
of the S/N responses in Table 5 and the re-
sults of the main effect graphs in Figures 4
were verified by ANOVA.
Multiple regression analysis of surface
roughness. Regression analysis is a statis-
tical analysis used to transform a criterion
variable into an interesting quantification
between one or more estimation variables.
In this study, the independent variables
were grinding wheels (GW), cryogenic
holding times (HT) and depth of cut (DOC),
whereas the dependent variable was sur-
face roughness (Ra). Multiple regression
analysis was used to obtain the predictive
equations (for both linear and quadratic re-
gression models) for Ra, as seen in Equa-
tions (2).
Ra = –0.259 + 0.720 GW – (2)
0.00994 HT + 0.000865 DOC
The R2 value of the equations obtained by
the linear regression model for Ra was
found to be 0.957. The predictive equation
for the quadratic regression of Ra is given
below in Equations (3).
Ra = –0.331 + 0.718 GW +
0.00449 HT + 0.00081 DOC –
0.000069 HT2 – 0.000003 DOC2 – (3)
0.00923 GW.HT + 0.000703 GW.DOC +
0.000008 HT.DOC
The R2 value of the equation obtained by
the quadratic regression model for Ra was
found to be 0.993. Hence, the predicted val-
ues obtained via the quadratic regression
model were more extensive compared to
those of the linear regression model. As a
result, the quadratic regression model was
considered as successful for the estimation
of Ra. The statistical results obtained
through quadratic regression analysis for
the Ra are given in Figure 5.
In Figure 5a, showing the normal proba-
bility plot vs. the residuals of the quadratic
models, it can be seen that the residuals
are arranged in a relatively straight line.
This denoted a normal distribution of er-
rors and signified that the terms stated in
the model were significant. Moreover, a
good correlation was found between the ex-
perimental vs. predicted Ra values [23],
Source Degree of freedom Sum of squares
Ra (DF) (SS)
GW 1 2.33136
HT 2 0.26768
DOC 2 0.09289
Error 12 0.09363
Total 17 2.78555
Table 6: ANOVA table for Ra
and their close similarity was noted. The
residuals versus fit for Ra are given in Fig-
ures 5b, while the maximum deviation val-
ues varied between 0.050 and -0.075 for
surface roughness. As seen in the figure,
the model using quadratic regression anal-
ysis was capable of accurately predicting
the surface roughness.
Confirmation tests. By applying the Ta-
guchi optimization approach, the optimal
results for surface roughness were ob-
tained in the experimental study. Analysis
of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to re-
veal the percentage distributions of the pa-
rameters effective on the result. In the final
step, confirmation experiments were per-
formed to assess the validity of the optimi-
zation process. Surface roughness values
were determined via the Taguchi method
and calculated using Equations 4 and 5
[24]. As a result of the calculations using
these equations, under optimum condi-
tions, surface roughness value was found
to be 0.345 μm.
Ra – ηG = ηG + (A1 – ηG) + (4)
(B3 – ηG) + (C1 – ηG)
Racal = 10-ηG/20 (5)
with ηG: S/N ratio calculated for the opti-
mum levels, ηG: average of the S/N ratios of
all variables, A1: optimal level of S/N ratio of
the A factor, B3: optimum level of the S/N
ratio of the B factor, C1: optimum level of S/N
Mean square PCR
F ratio P
(MS) (%)
2.33136 298.81 0.000 83.70
0.13384 17.15 0.000 9.60
0.04644 5.95 0.016 3.34
0.00780 3.36
100.00

Figure 5: Statistical
results for Ra

62 (2020) 10
1046 PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING
Taguchi method
Levels
Exp. Pred. Error (%)
A1B3C1 (Opt.) 0.313 0.345 9.27
A2B1C3 (Random) 1.545 1.537 0.52
Table 7: Predicted values and confirmation test results by Taguchi method and regression equations
ratio of the factor C and Racal: calculated sur-
face roughness for the optimum level.
 1 1
CI Ra = F
,1,fe  Ve  + 
 neff r 
with Fα,1,fe: F ratio at 95 % CI, a: level of sig-
nificance, fe: degrees of freedom of error,
Ve : error variance, neff: effective number of
replications and R: number of replications
for the confirmation experiments.
N effects of the grinding parameters on the
neff =
1+ Tdof
with N: total number of experiments and
Tdof: total main factor degrees of freedom.
By these equations, the following values
can be calculated:
F0.05,1,12 = 4.747 (from F test table),
Ve = 0.00780(Table 6), r = 3 (Equation (6)).
N = 18, Tdof = 5 and neff = 3 (Equation (7)).
By using Equations (6) and (7) the CI
was calculated as CIRa = ± 0.157. The aver-
age optimal Ra (CI 95 %) was:
(Raopt – CIRa) < Raexp < (Raopt + CIRa) =
(0.345 – 0.157) < 0.313 < (0.345 + 0.157) =
0.188 < 0.313 < 0.502
The experimental values of Raexp fell within
acceptable CI limits. Consequently, the
surface roughness values were success-
fully optimized via the Taguchi method
(p = 0.05). The results obtained from the
confirmation experiments reflected the
success of the optimization performed.
Confirmation tests for the control factors
were made via the Taguchi method at opti-
mum levels. Table 7 shows the comparison
of experimental test results with the pre-
dicted values obtained using the Taguchi
method. The predicted values and the ex-
perimental values were very close to each
other. For reliable statistical analyses, the
error values must be less than 20 % [25,
26]. When the surface roughness values in
Table 7 are compared, it is noticeable that
the difference between the confirmation
test results and the results obtained from
the Taguchi approach is at an insignificant
Linear regression model Quadratic regression model
Exp. Pred. Error (%) Exp. Pred. Error (%)
0.313 0.248 26.20 0.313 0.327 4.28
1.545 1.439 7.36 1.545 1.518 1.78
level. Therefore, the results obtained from
the confirmation tests reflect successful
optimization.
(6) Conclusions
In this study, a series of cylindrical grind-
ing experiments were carried out to pro-
cess conventional heat-treated and deep
cryogenically treated AISI 5140 steel using
Al2O3 and SiC grinding wheels. The experi-
ments were designed according to the Ta-
guchi L18 orthogonal array. In addition, the
(7)
surface roughness were determined via
ANOVA. The validity of the optimization
was tested with confirmation experiments.
The results obtained in this context are
listed as follows.
• In general, the deep cryogenically treated
samples (DCTT-15 and DCTT-30) pro-
duced lower surface roughness values.
• After conducting the experimental stud-
ies, 30 h (DCTT-30) was found to be the
optimal holding time for the Ra.
• The surface roughness was significantly
increased in parallel with the depth of cut.
• The Al2O3 grinding wheel exhibited bet-
ter surface roughness performance com-
pared to the SiC grinding wheel.
• The optimum values were obtained by
taking the highest values of the average
S/N ratios, thus determining the best re-
sult for surface roughness to be the first
level of grinding wheels (Al2O3), the
third level of cryogenic holding times
(30 hours-DCTT-30) and the first level of
depth of cut (100 μm).
• According to the ANOVA results, the
most effective parameter on the Ra was
the grinding wheels (83.70 %), followed
by the cryogenic holding times (9.60 %),
and the depth of cut (3.34 %).
• The results of the confirmation test
showed the measured values to fall within
the confidence interval (CI) of 95 %.
• The developed quadratic regression
models demonstrated a very good rela-
tionship, with high correlation coeffi-
cients (R2 linear = 0.957 and R2 quad-
ratic = 0.993) between the measured and
predicted values for surface roughness.
The optimization results demonstrated that
the Taguchi experimental design method
had been successfully applied to determine
the optimum surface roughness of
AISI 5140 steel in cylindrical grinding.
Acknowledgement
The work was supported by the
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Sci-
entific Research Project Division (Grant
No. 13-M-13).
References
1 U. Kabasakaloglu, H. Saruhan: Effects of
induction hardened surface depth on the
dynamic behavior of rotating shaft systems,
Materials Testing 61 (2019), No. 3, pp. 277-281
DOI:10.3139/120.111316
2 K. H. Prabhudev: Handbook of Heat Treatment
of Steels, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Education, New
Delhi, India (1988)
3 F. Kara, A. Çiçek, H. Demir: Multiple regression
and ANN models for surface quality of cryo-
genically-treated AISI 52100 bearing steel,
Journal of Balkan Tribology Association 19
(2013), No. 4, pp. 570-584
4 U. Madopothula, V. Lakshmanan,
R. B. Nimmagadda: Time dependent behavior
of alumina grains manufactured by two differ-
ent routes while grinding of AISI 52100 steels,
Archive Civil and Mechanical Engineering 17
(2017), pp. 400-409
DOI:10.1016/j.acme.2016.11.004
5 U. Köklü: Grinding with helically grooved wheels,
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechani-
cal Engineering 228 (2014), No. 1, pp. 33-42
DOI:10.1177/0954408912470775
6 U. Köklü: Optimisation of machining parame-
ters in interrupted cylindrical grinding using
the Grey-based Taguchi method, International
Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
26 (2013), No. 8, pp. 696-702
DOI:10.1080/0951192X.2012.749537
7 B. Şener, H. Kurtaran: Optimization of process
parameters for rectangular cup deep drawing
by the Taguchi method and genetic algorithm,
Material Testing 58 (2016), No. 3, pp. 238-245
DOI:10.3139/120.110840
8 G. Taguchi, S. Chowdhury, Y. Wu: Taguchi’s
Quality Engineering Handbook, John Wiley &
Sons Inc., New Jersey, USA (2005)
9 M. Günay, E. Yücel: Application of Taguchi
method for determining optimum surface
roughness in turning of high-alloy white cast
iron, Measurement 46 (2013), pp. 913-919
DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2012.10.013
10 O. Özbek, N. Altan Özbek: Application of
Taguchi method in the optimization of cutting
parameters for surface roughness in turning
of hardened AISI 4140 steel, Journal of
Advanced Technology Sciences 5 (2016),
No. 3, pp. 41-48
11 A. M. Pınar, S. Filiz, B. S. Ünlü: A comparison
of cooling methods in the pocket milling of
AA5083-H36 alloy via Taguchi method, The In-
ternational Journal of Advanced Manufactur-
62 (2020) 10

ing Technology 83 (2016), pp. 1431-1440
DOI:10.1007/s00170-015-7666-1
12 F. Kahraman: Optimization of cutting parame-
ters for surface roughness in turning of studs
manufactured from AISI 5140 steel using the
Taguchi method, Material Testing 59 (2017),
No. 1, pp. 77-80
DOI:10.3139/120.110968
13 F. Kara: Taguchi optimization of surface rough-
ness and flank wear during the turning of DIN
1.2344 tool steel, Material Testing 59 (2017),
No. 10, pp. 903-908
DOI:10.3139/120.111085
14 G. Manimaran, M. Pradeep-Kumar: Effect of
cryogenic cooling and sol–gel alumina wheel
on grinding performance of AISI 316 stainless
steel, Archive Civil and Mechanical Engineer-
ing 13 (2013), pp. 304-312
DOI:10.1016/j.acme.2013.03.002
15 M. Koneshlou, K. A. Meshinchi,
F. K. Homamizadeh: Effect of cryogenic
treatment on microstructure, mechanical and
wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel,
Cryogenics 51 (2011), pp. 55-61
DOI:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.11.001
16 R. Sri-Siva, M. Arockia-Jaswin, D. Mohan-Lal:
Enhancing the wear resistance of 100 Cr6
bearing steel using cryogenic treatment,
Tribology Transactions 55 (2012), pp. 387-393
DOI:10.1080/10402004.2012.664837
17 S. Chinchanikar, S. K. Choudhury: Investiga-
tions on machinability aspects of hardened
AISI 4340 steel at different levels of hardness
using coated carbide tools, International Journal
of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 38
(2013), pp. 124-133
DOI:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2013.01.013
18 D. Das, A. K. Dutta, K. K. Ray: Influence of
varied cryotreatment on the wear behavior of
62 (2020) 10
View publication stats
PRODUCTIONORIENTED TESTING
AISI D2 steel, Wear 266 (2009), pp. 297-309
DOI:10.1016/j.wear.2008.07.001
19 K. Amini, A. Akhbarizadeh, S. Javadpour:
Investigating the effect of holding duration on
the microstructure of 1.2080 tool steel during
the deep cryogenic heat treatment, Vacuum 86
(2012), pp. 1534-1540
DOI:10.1016/j.vacuum.2012.02.013
20 D. Das, A. K. Dutta, K. K. Ray: Sub-zero treat-
ments of AISI D2 steel: Part I. Microstructure
and hardness, Materials Science and Engi-
neering A 527 (2010), pp. 2182-2193
DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.070
21 V. Firouzdor, E. Nejati, F. Khomamizadeh:
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on wear
resistance and tool life of M2 HSS drill,
Journal of Material Processing Technology 206
(2008), pp. 467-472
DOI:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.072
22 M. Karabatak, F. Kara: Experimental optimiza-
tion of surface roughness in hard turning of
AISI D2 cold work tool steel, Journal of Poly-
technic 19 (2016), No. 3, pp. 349-355
DOI:10.2339/2016.19.3 349-355
23 A. K. Sahoo, B. A. Sahoo: A comparative study
on performance of multilayer coated and
uncoated carbide inserts when turning AISI D2
steel under dry environment, Measurement 46
(2013), No. 8, pp. 2695-2704
DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2013.04.024
24 E. Yücel, H. Saruhan: Design optimization of
rotor-bearing system considering critical
speed using Taguchi method, Proc. of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:
Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering
231 (2017), No. 2, pp. 138-146
DOI:10.1177/0954408915578581
25 P. J. Ross: Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engi-
neering, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA 1996
1047
26 F. Kara: Optimization of surface roughness in
finish milling of AISI P20+S plastic mold steel,
Materials and Technology 52 (2018), No. 2,
pp. 195-200
DOI:10.17222/mit.2017.088
Bibliography
DOI 10.3139/120.111583
Materials Testing
62 (2020) 10, pages 1041-1047
© Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
ISSN 0025-5300
The authors of this contribution
Fuat Kara completed his BSc degree at the Univer-
sity of Dumlupınar, Kütahya in 2005 and his
MSc degree at the University of Afyon Kocatepe,
Afyonkarahisar in 2010. He received his PhD de-
gree in Mechanical Education from the University
of Karabük, Karabük, Turkey in 2014. His research
interests are machining, cryogenic treatment,
Taguchi method, ANOVA and regression analysis.
Uğur Köklü completed his BSc degree at the
University of Dumlupınar, Kütahya in 2001
and his MSc degree at Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya in 2005. He received his PhD degree in
Mechanical Education from Marmara University,
İstanbul, Turkey in 2010. His research interests
are machining, grinding, cryogenic treatment,
Taguchi method, ANOVA and regression analysis.
Ufuk Kabasakaloğlu completed his BSc degree
at the University of Selçuk, Konya in 2008 and
his MSc degree at University of Düzce, Düzce,
Turkey in 2018. Currently, he is pursuing his
PhD. studies at the University of Düzce, Düzce,
Turkey. His research interest focuses on the
dynamic behavior of shafts.