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ScienceDirect
Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
Structural
Procedia Integrity
Structural Procedia
Integrity 24 00 (2019)
(2019) 000–000
939–948 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

AIAS 2019 International Conference on Stress Analysis

AIAS 2019 International Conference on Stress Analysis
Fluid-structure
Fluid-structure interaction
interaction problem
problem of
of aa deformable
deformable lamina
lamina solved
solved
with an original OpenFOAM
with an original OpenFOAM codecode
Pierluigi Fanelliaa , Chiara Stefaninia,∗, Andrea L. Faccia , Stefano Ubertinia
a Department
Pierluigi Fanelli , Chiara Stefaninia,∗, Andrea L. Faccia , Stefano Ubertinia
of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Universit, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
a Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Universit, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

Abstract
Abstract
Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems regard multiphysics systems where structures interact with fluid flows. The structure is
Fluid-structure interactionloads;
subjected to flow-related (FSI)as problems regard multiphysics
a consequence, systems where
structural displacements andstructures
oscillationsinteract withthe
influence fluid flows.
fluid The field.
motion structure
Manyis
subjected to flow-related loads; as a consequence, structural displacements and oscillations influence
engineering fields require the resolution of FSI problems, yet a comprehensive study of such problems remains a challenge due the fluid motion field. Many
engineering
to their strong fields require theand
non-linearity resolution of FSI problems,
multidisciplinary nature. Inyet a comprehensive
order to investigate study of such
the physics problems
involved remains
in this a challenge
complex due
interaction,
to their strong non-linearity and multidisciplinary nature. In order to investigate the physics involved
numerical simulations may be employed. The partitioned approach is the numerical procedure used to build the here-described FSI in this complex interaction,
numerical simulations(MODalSuperpositionFsiFoam),
solver, modsFsiFoam may be employed. The partitioned in approach
OpenFOAM, is theannumerical
opensourceprocedure
software used to build for
developed the Linux
here-described FSI
distributions
solver, modsFsiFoam
and released under a GPL(MODalSuperpositionFsiFoam),
license with the C++ source code. in OpenFOAM, an opensource
It has enabled software
to treat the fluid developed
and the structurefor asLinux distributions
two computational
and released
fields, which under a GPL
have been license
solved with the with
separately C++ their
source code. It has
respective meshenabled to treat the
discretization. In fluid and theit structure
particular, has allowed as two
the computational
application of
fields, which have been solved separately with their respective mesh discretization. In particular,
two different methods for fluid and solid solutions. It has to be considered that in OpenFOAM environment several it has allowed the application
FSI solvers,of
two different methods for fluid and solid solutions. It has to be considered that in OpenFOAM environment
based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM) for both fluid and structural solutions, can be found. Since satisfactory results have several FSI solvers,
based
not beenon obtained,
the Finite forVolume Method (FVM)solver
the here-described for both
it hasfluid
beenandchosen,
structural solutions,
in relation to can
the be found. Since
structural satisfactory
solution, to replaceresults have
the FVM,
not been obtained, for the here-described solver it has been chosen, in relation to the structural
with a theoretical approach based on modal superposition. The FVM has been used instead to solve the Navier-Stokes equations solution, to replace the FVM,
with
for ana incompressible
theoretical approach laminarbased
flowonofmodal superposition.
Newtonian fluid. The The FVM hasconditions
interfacial been usedhave instead
beento used
solveto thepass
Navier-Stokes
informationequations
between
for
the an incompressible
domains through a laminar
couplingflow of Newtonian
algorithm. In this fluid.
paper,The interfacial
a specific conditions have
2D application of thisbeen used
solver ontoa pass
simple information
system, made between
of a
the domains through a coupling algorithm.
deformable lamina interacting with an air flow, is shown.In this paper, a specific 2D application of this solver on a simple system, made of a
deformable lamina interacting with an air flow, is shown.
c 2019

© 2019The TheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V. B.V.
c 2019

This The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This isisan
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the BY-NC-ND
the CC CC BY-NC-NDlicenselicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an
Peer-review open
Peer-reviewunder access article
line: responsibility
Peer-review of under the CC
the AIAS2019
under BY-NC-ND
of thelicense
organizers
responsibility AIAS2019(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
organizers.
Peer-review line: Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019 organizers.
Keywords: FSI problems; deformable lamina; OpenFOAM; modsFsiFoam.
Keywords: FSI problems; deformable lamina; OpenFOAM; modsFsiFoam.

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems regard multiphysics systems in which a fluid flow interacts with a par-
Fluid-structure
tially interactionstructure.
or totally deformable (FSI) problems
In theseregard multiphysics
problems, systems
the structure in which to
is subjected a fluid flow
a wide interacts
range withrelated
of loads a par-
tially or totally deformable structure. In these problems, the structure is subjected to a wide range of loads
to the presence of the flow, in particular dynamic loads; as a consequence, structure displacements and oscillationsrelated
to the presence of the flow, in particular dynamic loads; as a consequence, structure displacements and oscillations

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-0761-357046 ; fax: +39-0761-357046.

∗ Corresponding
E-mail address:author. Tel.: +39-0761-357046 ; fax: +39-0761-357046.
chiara.stefanini@unitus.it
E-mail address: chiara.stefanini@unitus.it
2210-7843  c 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
2210-7843
This c 2019

is an open The Authors.
access Published by Elsevier B.V.
2452-3216 © 2019 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open
Peer-review line:access article under
Peer-review the
underthe CC BY-NC-ND
responsibility license
of thelicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
AIAS2019 organizers.
This is an open access article under CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019 organizers organizers.
Peer-review line: Peer-review under responsibility of the AIAS2019
10.1016/j.prostr.2020.02.082
940 Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948
2 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

influence the fluid motion field.

FSI problems have a key-role in several engineering applications; nonetheless, a comprehensive study of these prob-
lems is a treat due to their strong non-linearity and multidisciplinarity. The main fields of interest of Fluid Structure
Interaction regards marine (Ma et al. (2017)), aeronautical and aerospace (Seddon and Moatamedi (2006), Patel et al.
(2014), Groth et al. (2019)), biomedical (Gerbeau et al. (2005), Kanyanta et al. (2007), Friedman et al. (2010), Lee
et al. (2012)) and energy engineering (Singh et al. (2012), Campbell and Paterson (2011), Korobenko et al. (2013),
Yoon et al. (2009), Falcucci et al. (2011)). Moreover, a wide range of laboratory tests allows a deep analysis of FSI sys-
tems in the above-mentioned engineering fields (Steen and V (1987), Todd (1951), Gad-el Hak (1987), Ringsberg et al.
(2017), Faltinsen and Timokha (2010)). During these tests, data acquisition requires the use of direct measurements-
suited sensors and of non-invasive techniques, such as image analysis techniques (PIV and PIBV) (Thielicke and
Stamhuis (2014), Facci et al. (2015)).
Nevertheless, in great part of FSI problems an analytical solution for the model equations cannot be reached, whereas
laboratory experiments are limited in scope; thus, numerical simulations are required for the investigation of the fun-
damental physics related to the complex interaction between fluids and solids.
The numerical procedures for FSI problems solution may be broadly classified into two approaches: the monolithic
approach and the partitioned approach (Hou et al. (2012a)).
In monolithic approach, the fluid and structure dynamics are treated in a single mathematical framework, with the
aim of forming a single system of equations for the whole problem, which is simultaneously solved through a unified
algorithm. In the solution procedure interfacial conditions are implicit. This kind of approach can potentially allows
the reach of a better accuracy, but it may require more resources and expertise in development like a specialized code.
On the other hand, a partitioned approach deals with fluid and structure as two different computational fields, which
solutions are obtained separately with their respective mesh discretization and numerical algorithm. The interface con-
ditions are applied with the aim of communicating explicitly informations between the fluid and structure solutions.
A motivation for this later approach is to integrate available disciplinary (i.e., fluid and structural) algorithms and to
save code development time by exploiting advantages of the legacy codes or numerical validated algorithms, used
for complex fluid or structural problems solution. As a consequence, an effective partitioned method can solve a FSI
problem with complex fluid and structural physics.
A Partitioned approach, referring to with the structural solution, can be based on numerical methods. In past years,
the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been the most popular method for solid body stress analysis applications.
Otherwise, the Finite Volume Method (FVM) has been established as a very effective way for fluid flow problems
solution. It is known that solid body mechanics and fluid mechanics share the same governing equations, and differ
in constitutive relations only, has meant that, in the last years, many attempts in applying FEM to thermofluidody-
namic analyses and FVM to structural analyses have been taken place. Although they are inherently similar, these two
methods have both advantages and disadvantages, which make them better suited for different classes of problems.
Nevertheless, the situation is not as clear-cut. In fact, it is not known in advance whether the block solution of the
FEM gives an advantage over the FVM segregated solver even for a simple linear elastic problem. This is a question
of the trade-off between the high expense of the direct solver for a large matrix and the cheaper iterative solvers with
the necessary iteration over the explicit cross-component coupling. Although the FV discretization may be thought to
be less suited than the FEM in linear elasticity, the first mentioned method is inherently good in treating complicated,
coupled and non-linear differential equations, typical of fluid flows. By analogy, as the more complex mathematical
model becomes (e.g. in the case of FSI problems), the the more interesting is FVM as an alternative to the FEM (Jasak
and Weller (2000)).
In addition, in the partitioned approach, still in relation to structural solution, it is possible to consider other analyses
to obtain structural displacement and strain fields (Heil et al. (2008), Hou et al. (2012b)).
The partitioned approach is the numerical procedure used to build the here-described FSI solver in OpenFOAM, an
opensource software developed for Linux distributions and released under a GPL license with the C++ source code. It
has allowed the application of two different methods for fluid and solid solutions. It has to be considered that in Open-
FOAM environment several FSI solvers, such as icoFsiElasticNonLinULSolidFoam that belongs to SolidMechanics
folder and based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM) for both fluid and structural solutions, can be found. Since
satisfactory results have not been obtained in previous works, it has been chosen to build the original here-described
code that, in relation to the structural solution, replaces the FVM with a theoretical approach based on modal super-
 Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948 941
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

position. This approach, making use also of dynamic reduction strategies (Salvini and Vivio (2006), Salvini and Vivio
(2007)), allows to face complex structures with high frequency behavior.
This paper describes a specific 2D application of this solver on a simple FSI system. The here-described case recreates
the flapping phenomenon of an elastic inverted flag interacting with a wind flow. The structure, fixed at one of the
chamber walls, is loaded by a coaxial flow.

2. modsFsiFoam workflow

The modsFsiFoam solver refers to the structure of the icoFsiFoam OpenFOAM solver, which belongs to the Solid-
Mechanics field, tested in previous works with bad results.
It has been chosen to refer to the structure of this solver because of its simplicity and linearity, before the application
of further modifications.
This FSI solver is applied as transient solver for incompressible, laminar flow of Newtonian fluids with mesh motion.
The applied modifications are based on the resolution of the structural domain through the theoretical-based approach,
the modal superposition, and, consequently, on the chosen techniques for the pressure field transmission to the struc-
ture and for the communication of the structure displacement, in terms of fluid mesh movement, which is the input of
the FVM fluid dynamic solution. The solver workflow is shown in the figure (1).

t FVM CFD solution

Fluid patch pressure extrapolation

Modal analysis: modal frequencies and vibration modes

Dynamic analysis: solid CV nodes displacement vector

Fluid patch movement

t+1 FVM CFD solution

Fig. 1. modsFsiFoam solver workflow

942 Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948
4 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

3. Theoretical background: modal superposition method

In case of a n-DOFs system, the dynamic equation of motion is:

[M] { ẍ} + [C] { ẋ} + [K] {x} = { f (t)} (1)

where [M] is the inertial matrix, [K] is the stiffness matrix, [C] is the damping matrix, {x} is the displacement
vector for the n-DOFs dynamic and { f (t)} is the force vector for the n-DOFs:

 T
{ f (t)}T = f1 (t) f2 (t) ... fn (t) (2)

By considering the natural coordinates {η}, it can be obtained:

[M] [Φ] {η̈} + [C] [Φ] {η̇} + [K] [Φ] {η} = { f (t)} (3)

where [Φ] is the modal matrix, which has n-degrees of freedom as rows and a number of columns equal to the
considerated vibration modes.
By multiplicating both the equation members of (3) by [Φ]T , it states:

[Φ]T [M] [Φ] {η̈} + [Φ]T [C] [Φ] {η̇} + [Φ]T [K] [Φ] {η} = [Φ]T { f (t)} (4)

Under the proportional damping hypothesis, from (4) derives:

[M]C {η̈} + [C]C {η̇} + [K]C {η} = [Φ]T { f (t)} (5)

where [M]c = [Φ]T [M] [Φ], [C]c = [Φ]T [C] [Φ] and [K]c = [Φ]T [K] [Φ].
The subscript C denotes matrices deriving from the mass normalisation process. (5) represents a decoupled equations
system where vector [Φ]T f (t) members are the modal forces:

 
V11 f1 (t) + V21 f2 (t) + ... + Vn1 fn (t)
 
[Φ]T { f (t)} = V12 f1 (t) + V22 f2 (t) + ... + Vn2 fn (t) (6)
 
V1n f1 (t) + V2n f2 (t) + ... + Vnn fn (t)

V terms in equation (6) are the modal matrix components.

Relationship between natural coordinates and principal, or modal, coordinates can be expressed by the modal matrix
as follows:
{x(t)} = [Φ] {η(t)} (7)

The equations of motion can be released by substituting in the system equations of motion (1) real coordinates with
modal coordinates.
The equations system (1), because of the orthogonality of vectors associated to vibration modes, can be reduced to
n decoupled equations of motion for each degree of freedom. For this reason, indicated with ω the pulsation, the
respective equation of motion for each i degree can be obtained as (Botis (2012)):
FC i
{η̈i (t)} + 2ξi ωi {η̇i (t)} + ω2i {ηi (t)} = (8)
MCi

where
FCi = {Φ}Ti { f (t)} (9)
 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5
Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948 943

α + βω2i
ξi = (10)
2ωi
Duhamel convolution integral can be taking into account to solve decoupled equations of motion. Displacement re-
sponse obtained through the Duhamel convolution integral on each dynamic degrees of freedom is:
 t
1
ηi (t) = FCi (τ)e−ξi ωi (t−τ) sin ωCi (t − τ)dτ (11)
MCi ωCi 0

where:

ωCi = ωi 1 − ξi 2 (12)

The n-dof system dynamics analysis is reduced to calculation of the Duhamel convolution integral.

4. Numerical approach: trapezoids method

Trapezoids method is the simplest method used to integrate numerically the Duhamel convolution integral. It is
based on approximating the area delimited by the function g : [a, b] → R with a trapezoid area. By dividing the
interval [a, b] into two sub-ranges [a, x1 ] and [x1 , b], the integral of g(x) can be approximated as:
 b  x1  b
δ  δ 
g(x)dx = g(x)dx + g(x)dx ≈ g(a) + g(x1 ) + g(b) + g(x1 ) =
a a x1 2 2

δ  b−a 
= g(a) + 2g(x1 ) + g(b) = g(a) + 2g(x1 ) + g(b) (13)
2 4
In order to reduce the integration error, [a, b] interval should be divided in n sub-ranges so that δ = (b − a)/n. The
integral of g(x) can be estimated as:
 b  x1  b
δ  δ 
g(x)dx = g(x)dx + ... + g(x)dx ≈ g(a) + g(x1 ) + ... g(b) + g(xn−1 ) =
a a xn−1 2 2

δ  b−a 
= g(a) + 2g(x1 ) + ... + 2g(xn−1 ) + g(b) = g(a) + 2g(x1 ) + ... + 2g(xn−1 ) + g(b) (14)
2 2n
The numerical error due to the method of trapezoids is linked to the integration step δ. The decrease of this value leads
to an error reduction. In the here-presented work, the trapezoids method has been applied on the relation (11) for the
determination of Y and Z coefficients:
 τ
F(τ) −ξω(t−τ)
η(t) = e sin ω(t − τ)dτ =
0 mω

 τ   τ 
F(τ) ξωτ F(τ) ξωτ
= e cos ωτdτ e−ξωt sin ωt− e sin ωτdτ e−ξωt cos ωt =
0 mω 0 mω

= Y(t)e−ξωt sin ωt − Z(t)e−ξωt cos ωt (15)

944 Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948
6 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

where:
 τ
F(τ) ξωτ
Y(t) = e cos ωτdτ (16)
0 mω

 τ
F(τ) ξωτ
Z(t) = e sin ωτdτ (17)
0 mω

5. modsFsiFoam solver code

Here-presented source code has been developed for a simple system, i.e. a 2D cantilever subjected to a single fluid
flow; through proper modifications, the source code can be extended to more complex applications, such as biphasic
flux interacting with structures typical of impact tests. Moreover, as a further semplification, for each control volume
1DOF has been considered; for the structural solution, the first four vibration modes have been used.
Boundary conditions have been imposed on the fluid-dynamic solution, through the imposition of the fluid velocity
and pressure fields. For each timestep, the pressure acting on the fluid patch obtained through the fluid-dynamic
solution is collected; the so obtained pressure field value acting on the control volume face is then multiplied for the
area of the face itself, in order to calculate the force acting on each face center. Through these steps, the mechanical
system forces vector is obtained.
With this aim, the starting point is the extrapolation of the position of the center points of each face of the patch
interface between the fluid and the solid domain. The following step consists in the assembly of a matrix which
contains, for each face center, the related pressure field value. In order to calculate the pressure value equal to the
sum of the loads acting on points with the same abscissa and, therefore, acting on the same solid mesh nodes, it is
necessary to reorder the same pressure values in function of the abscissa value of the loading point. This allows to
describe the analysed system by referring to the lamina model subjected to n-loads acting above the midline.
In order to get the displacement for each cell center through the modal superposition method, a modal analysis is
done to obtain the cantilever pulsations for each vibration mode and, consequently, to collect the modal matrix of the
mechanical system.
The dynamic analysis of the system starts from the Duhamel convolution integral through the trapezoids method. For
each vibrating mode, in each timestep, the above-mentioned Y and Z values are obtained, with the aim of calculate the
η displacement vector in natural coordinates related to each vibrating mode. By considering the system modal matrix
and the associated natural coordinates, the displacement field for each control volume can be obtained.
The structure displacement field should be passed to the fluid patch. The nodes positions are modified by referring to
the structure displacement due to the pressure field. With this aim, it has been developed an algorithm, through which
the displacements are passed in the OpenFOAM order, i.e. the original order.
By considering the before-calculated structural data, the solver reaches the fluid-dynamic solution through the FVM
applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, by using the PISO algorithm for the pressure-velocity coupling.

6. Application

With the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the solver, it has been applied on a typical fluid-structure interaction
case found in literature. Such system is composed by an inverted flag, here modelled as a flexible lamina, clamped to
a wind tunnel wall, in which an airflow is introduced in axial direction. By considering experimental tests described
in Cossé et al. (2014), it has been chosen an attack angle θ of 0 deg with respect to the wall.

The polycarbonate plate (Young modulus E = 2.38GPa, Poisson ratio ν = 0.38, density ρ s = 1200kg/m3 )
has a 25.5cm length (l), 51cm height (w) and 0.8mm thickness (h); the related flexural rigidity (R), defined in equation
(18), is equal to 0.12.
Eh3
R=   (18)
12 1 − ν2
 Author name Fanelli
Pierluigi / Structural
et al.Integrity Procedia
/ Procedia 00 (2019)
Structural 000–000
Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948 7
945

For the air flow, instead, a 1.2kg/m3 density ρ f and a 1.510−5 m2 /s kinematic viscosity ν f have been assumed.
By referring to the dimensional wind velocity (Υ) as:
ρ f U 2 L3
Υ= (19)
R
with the aim of comparing the numerical and the literature results, it has been chosen to work with a non-dimensional
wind velocity of 1.5, which implies a flow velocity U of 3 m/s. The wind tunnel (figure (2)) in which experimental
tests have been taken place has a 1.2 m length (L), 1.2 m heigth (H) and a 1.2 m width (W).

h H
l

Fig. 2. FSI case system

In reference to the initial conditions of the simulation, it has been imposed a zero movingWallVeocity value for
the fluid patch with the aim of reproducing the analysed case. It has been set a fixedVelocity to the inlet, while the
zeroGradient velocity condition has been chosen for the outlet. Concerning pressure initial conditions, it has been
applied a null value to the outlet and zeroGradient condition for all the other patches.
Since the problem under investigation is bidimensional, the empty condition is applied to the frontAndBack faces, in
order to avoid the solution computation along the z direction.

In order to evaluate simulation results, displacement values of the lamina free edge (last Control Volume
node) have been extrapolated, with the aim of comparing vibrations trends and values.
The first 75ms of the experimental test have been simulated, because of the high computational burden of the process.
In this time range, the lamina free edge, in according to the experimental reference values, oscillates around an
equilibrium position by following a sinusoidal trend. Vibration peaks are in the order of 10−9 m, which are comparable
with the reference values (figure (3)).
946 Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948
8 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

·10−9 Free-edge Displacement comparison

2.5
Numerical displacement
2 Experimental displacement

1.5

Displacement [m]
0.5

−0.5

−1

−1.5

−2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time [s] ·10−2

Fig. 3. Comparison between simulated and experimental free-edge displacement.

By referring to the fluid domain, the velocity and pressure last timestep values are reported (figures (4) and (5)).

Fig. 4. Air flow velocity in m/s.

Fig. 5. Air flow pressure in Pa.

7. Conclusions

In this paper an original solver for FSI problems has been presented; this solver has been implemented in Open-
FOAM, an opensource software developed for Linux distributions and released under a GPL license with the C++
source code. This solver, modsFsiFoam, allows to reach the fluid-dynamic solution through the Finite Volume Method.
Considering the bad results obtained through FSI solvers based on the FVM for both computational fields, it has been
 Pierluigi Fanelli et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 24 (2019) 939–948 947
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 9

chosen to use a theoretical approach based on modal superposition in order to obtain a certain solution. The code
has been tested on a simple FSI system, which consists in the flapping phenomenon of an inverted flag. The obtained
numerical results have been compared with an experimental test, reported in the literature; this comparison leads to
encouraging conclusions concerning solver potential in FSI applications. Referring to the here-shown good results,
modsFsiFoam will be tested on increasing complexity FSI cases in future experimental campaigns.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research under PRIN grant No.
20154EHYW9 Combined numerical and experimental methodology for fluid structure interaction in free surface
flows under impulsive loading, with Prof. C. Biscarini as principal investigator.

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